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{{Rubella}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
In the United States, [[endemic]] [[rubella virus]] [[transmission]] has been eliminated since 2001. From 2004 to 2013, 10 cases of [[rubella]] [[infection]] was diagnosed in the immigrants.


==Epidemiology==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
Rubella is a disease that occurs worldwide. The virus tends to peak during the spring in countries with temperate climates. Before the vaccine to rubella was introduced in 1969, widespread outbreaks usually occurred every 6-9 years in the United States and 3-5 years in Europe, mostly affecting children in the 5-9 year old age group.<ref name="pmid11798368">{{cite journal
'''Incidence'''
|author=Reef SE, Frey TK, Theall K, ''et al''
*In the [[United States]], [[endemic]] [[rubella virus]] transmission has been eliminated since 2001.
|title=The changing epidemiology of rubella in the 1990s: on the verge of elimination and new challenges for control and prevention
*From 2004 to 2013, a median of 10 (range, 4–18) imported cases were reported annually in the [[United States]], and 6 cases of [[congenital rubella syndrome]] were reported during the same period. The patients diagnosed with the infection are the immigrants.
|journal=JAMA
*In 2013, 2 large outbreaks were reported in Poland and Japan; cases were mostly among adolescent boys and adult men, but [[pregnant]] women were also affected, and their children subsequently developed [[congenital rubella syndrome]].<ref name="pmid26233074">{{cite journal| author=Korczyńska MR, Paradowska-Stankiewicz I| title=Rubella in Poland in 2013. | journal=Przegl Epidemiol | year= 2015 | volume= 69 | issue= 2 | pages= 213-8, 341-3 | pmid=26233074 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26233074  }} </ref>
|volume=287
|issue=4
|pages=464–72
|year=2002
|pmid=11798368
|doi=
|url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11798368
}}</ref> Since the introduction of vaccine, occurrences have become rare in those countries with high uptake rates. However, in the UK there remains a large population of men susceptible to rubella who have not been vaccinated. Outbreaks of rubella occurred amongst many young men in the UK in 1993 and  in 1996 the infection was transmitted to pregnant women, many of whom were immigrants and were susceptible. Outbreaks still arise, usually in developing countries where the vaccine is not as accessible.<ref name="pmid16989272">{{cite journal
|author=Reef S
|title=Rubella mass campaigns
|journal=Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol.
|volume=304
|issue=
|pages=221–9
|year=2006
|pmid=16989272
|doi=
}}</ref>
 
During the epidemic in the US between 1962-1965, Rubella virus infections during pregnancy were estimated to have caused 30,000 still births and 20,000 children to be born impaired or disabled as a result of CRS.<ref name="pmid11348695">{{cite journal
|author=Plotkin SA
|title=Rubella eradication
|journal=[[Vaccine]]
|volume=19
|issue=25-26
|pages=3311–9
|year=2001
|pmid=11348695
|doi=
|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264410X01000731
}}</ref><ref>Cooper,L.Z. Congenital Rubella in the United States. 1975 In: Krugman,S Gershon,A (eds), Symposium on Infections Of the Fetus and Newborn Infant. New York, Alan R. Liss Inc.,p.1.</ref>
Universal immunisation producing a high level of [[herd immunity]] is important in the control of epidemics of rubella.<ref name="pmid11105178">{{cite journal
|author=Danovaro-Holliday MC, LeBaron CW, Allensworth C, ''et al''
|title=A large rubella outbreak with spread from the workplace to the community
|journal=JAMA
|volume=284
|issue=21
|pages=2733–9
|year=2000
|pmid=11105178
|doi=
|url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11105178
}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Teratogens]]
[[Category:Viral diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Togaviruses]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Dermatology]]

Latest revision as of 00:04, 30 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Kuchkuntla, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

In the United States, endemic rubella virus transmission has been eliminated since 2001. From 2004 to 2013, 10 cases of rubella infection was diagnosed in the immigrants.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

  • In the United States, endemic rubella virus transmission has been eliminated since 2001.
  • From 2004 to 2013, a median of 10 (range, 4–18) imported cases were reported annually in the United States, and 6 cases of congenital rubella syndrome were reported during the same period. The patients diagnosed with the infection are the immigrants.
  • In 2013, 2 large outbreaks were reported in Poland and Japan; cases were mostly among adolescent boys and adult men, but pregnant women were also affected, and their children subsequently developed congenital rubella syndrome.[1]

References

  1. ↑ Korczyńska MR, Paradowska-Stankiewicz I (2015). "Rubella in Poland in 2013". Przegl Epidemiol. 69 (2): 213–8, 341–3. PMID 26233074.


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