Rhinitis classification
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fatimo Biobaku M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
Rhinitis can be classified into allergic and nonallergic rhinitis.[1] Some forms of rhinitis are not easily classified as either allergic or nonallergic. The classification of nonallergic rhinitis is challenging due to its heterogenous nature and it is less understood compared to the allergic type.[2] Nonallergic rhinitis can be induced by non-specific triggers such as exposure to chemical odors, cigarette smoke, spicy food, exercise, cold air, etc.
Classification
Rhinitis can be broadly classified into allergic and nonallergic rhinitis, however, some forms of rhinitis cannot be easily classified into these two categories.[1] A comprehensive classification of rhinitis based on the etiology is depicted below:
| Classification of Rhinitis[1][3] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Class | Types/causes | |
| Allergic rhinitis | US Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters(JTF) classification of allergic rhinitis | Seasonal |
| Perennial | ||
| Episodic | ||
| Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma(ARIA) classification of allergic rhinitis | Intermittent | |
| Persistent | ||
| Nonallergic rhinitis | Vasomotor rhinitis | Irritant triggered |
| Cold air/Dry air | ||
| Exercise | ||
| Emotional | ||
| Undetermined or poorly defined triggers | ||
| Gustatory rhinitis | ||
| Infectious | Acute | |
| Chronic | ||
| NARES
(Nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome) |
||
| Occupational rhinitis | IgE-mediated
(caused by protein and chemical allergens) |
|
| Immune mechanism uncertain
(caused by chemical respiratory sensitizers) |
||
| Work-aggravated rhinitis | ||
| Other rhinitis syndromes | Hormonally induced | Gestational |
| Menstrual cycle related | ||
| Drug-induced | Rhinitis medicamentosa | |
| Oral contraceptives | ||
| Antihypertensives and cardiovascular agents | ||
| Aspirin/NSAIDs | ||
| Other drugs | ||
| Atrophic rhinitis | ||
| Rhinitis associated with inflammatory-immunologic disorders | Granulomatous infections | |
| Wegener granulomatosis | ||
| Sarcoidosis | ||
| Midline granuloma | ||
| Churg-Strauss | ||
| Relapsing polychondritis | ||
| Amyloidosis | ||
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Wallace DV, Dykewicz MS, Bernstein DI, Blessing-Moore J, Cox L, Khan DA; et al. (2008). "The diagnosis and management of rhinitis: an updated practice parameter". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 122 (2 Suppl): S1–84. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.06.003. PMID PMID:18662584 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Paraskevopoulos, Giannis; Kalogiros, Lampros (March 2016). "Non-Allergic Rhinitis". Current Treatment Options in Allergy. Volume 3 (Issue 1): 45–68. doi:10.1007/s40521-016-0072-6. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
- ↑ Sacre-Hazouri JA (2012). "[Chronic rhinosinusitis in children]". Rev Alerg Mex. 59 (1): 16–24. PMID 24007929 PMID: 24007929 Check
|pmid=value (help).