Rhinitis causes

Revision as of 17:01, 17 January 2017 by Fatimo Biobaku (talk | contribs)
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Rhinitis Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Rhinitis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Chest X Ray

CT

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Rhinitis causes On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Rhinitis causes

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Rhinitis causes

CDC on Rhinitis causes

Rhinitis causes in the news

Blogs on Rhinitis causes

Directions to Hospitals Treating Rhinitis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Rhinitis causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fatimo Biobaku M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

One of the most common diseases presenting to physicians is chronic rhinitis, and determination of the etiology is crucial to ensure appropriate management.[1] Allergic rhinitis is the most common type of chronic rhinitis,[2][3] and it has been estimated as the fifth most common chronic ailment overall in the U.S.[3] Allergic rhinitis is triggered by the inhalation of indoor and outdoor aeroallergens such as pollens, molds, and animal dander.[4][5] Nonallergic rhinitis is a heterogenous group which is still poorly defined and understood.[6]

Causes

Common Causes

  • Allergic rhinitis- This is the most common cause of chronic rhinitis.[7] The common triggers are listed in the table below.
  • Infectious rhinitis- 98% of acute infectious rhinitis are due to viral upper respiratory infections.[8] Common viruses implicated are rhinoviruses, influenza viruses and parainfluenza viruses.[9]
  • Vasomotor rhinitis- This is the most common type of nonallergic rhinitis in the adult population.[10][6] The causes of vasomotor rhinitis are listed below.
Class Causes of Rhinitis[8][11][12][4]
Allergic rhinitis Indoor and outdoor airborne substances such as:
  • Pollens
  • Molds
  • Dust mite fetal particles
  • Coakroach residues
  • Animal danders
Nonallergic rhinitis Vasomotor rhinitis
  • Irritant triggered- Strong odors from chemicals like chlorine, cooking smells, flowers, perfumes, environmental tobacco smoke and pollutants
  • Cold air/Dry air
  • Exercise
  • Emotional
  • Trauma[13]
  • Undetermined or poorly defined triggers
Gustatory rhinitis- Triggered by solid/liquid food ingestion such as
  • Hot food
  • Spicy food
  • Alcohol
Infectious
  • Viruses
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Parasites
Occupational rhinitis Caused by protein and chemical allergens, chemical respiratory sensitizers, or unknown mechanisms
  • Noxious fumes/vapors/smoke/dust- Pesticides, chromium vapors, volatile organic compounds, tthermal degradation products of polyurethanes, grain and cotton dust, chlorine, formaldehyde, ammonia, wood dust, waste handling, solder fumes, detergent powder
Other rhinitis syndrome Hormonally induced
  • Gestational/Pregnancy-induced
  • Menstrual cycle related
Drug-induced[14]
  • Rhinitis medicamentosa
  1. Nasal decongestant sprays- Sympathomimetics(Amphetamine, Benzedrine, Ephedrine, Phenylephrine, Phenylpropanolamine), Imidazolines(Naphazoline, Oxymetazoline, Xylometazoline)
  2. Intranasal cocaine and methamphetamine
  • Oral contraceptives and Exogenous estrogens
  • Antihypertensives and cardiovascular agents- ACE inhibitors, Beta blockers(oral and intraocular), Calcium channel blockers, Thiazides diuretics, centrally acting sympatholytics(clonidine, guanfacine, methyldopa, moxonidine, reserpine), peripherally acting sympatholytics(prazosin, guanethidine,indoramin, doxazosin, phentolamine), Hydralazine.
  • Aspirin/NSAIDs
  • Other medications such as phosphodiesterase-5 selective inhibitors(sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil), Gabapentin, some antipsychotic medications(chlordiazepoxide, chlorpromazine, risperidone, thioridazine)
Primary atrophic rhinitis- causes include:
  • Infection with organisms such as Klebsiella ozaenae
  • Turbulent air flow
  • Climate factors
  • Racial factors

Secondary atrophic rhinitis- causes include:

  • Extensive surgery
  • Granulomatous diseases
  • Direct trauma
  • Radiotherapy
Rhinitis associated with inflammatory-immunologic disorders


Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Butorphanol, Cefpodoxime, Desmopressin, Dimercaprol, Dornase Alfa, Flunisolide, Flurbiprofen, Ivacaftor, Moxifloxacin ophthalmic, Nilutamide, Rifaximin, Rimexolone, Sertraline, Tamsulosin, trichophyton mentagrophytes and trichophyton rubrum, Thalidomide, Tizanidine, Topiramate
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. Settipane RA, Charnock DR (2007). "Epidemiology of rhinitis: allergic and nonallergic". Clin Allergy Immunol. 19: 23–34. PMID 17153005.
  2. Sacre-Hazouri JA (2012). "[Chronic rhinosinusitis in children]". Rev Alerg Mex. 59 (1): 16–24. PMID 24007929.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Seidman MD, Gurgel RK, Lin SY, Schwartz SR, Baroody FM, Bonner JR; et al. (2015). "Clinical practice guideline: allergic rhinitis executive summary". Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 152 (2): 197–206. doi:10.1177/0194599814562166. PMID 25645524.
  4. 4.0 4.1 Bousquet J, Khaltaev N, Cruz AA, Denburg J, Fokkens WJ, Togias A; et al. (2008). "Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008 update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA(2)LEN and AllerGen)". Allergy. 63 Suppl 86: 8–160. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01620.x. PMID 18331513.
  5. Dykewicz MS, Hamilos DL (2010). "Rhinitis and sinusitis". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 125 (2 Suppl 2): S103–15. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.989. PMID 20176255.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Sin B, Togias A (2011). "Pathophysiology of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis". Proc Am Thorac Soc. 8 (1): 106–14. doi:10.1513/pats.201008-057RN. PMID 21364228.
  7. Dykewicz MS, Hamilos DL (2010). "Rhinitis and sinusitis". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 125 (2 Suppl 2): S103–15. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.989. PMID 20176255  20176255 Check |pmid= value (help).
  8. 8.0 8.1 Wallace DV, Dykewicz MS, Bernstein DI, Blessing-Moore J, Cox L, Khan DA; et al. (2008). "The diagnosis and management of rhinitis: an updated practice parameter". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 122 (2 Suppl): S1–84. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.06.003. PMID 18662584.
  9. Brook I (2011). "Microbiology of sinusitis". Proc Am Thorac Soc. 8 (1): 90–100. doi:10.1513/pats.201006-038RN. PMID 21364226.
  10. Pattanaik D, Lieberman P (2010). "Vasomotor rhinitis". Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 10 (2): 84–91. doi:10.1007/s11882-010-0089-z. PMID 20425499.
  11. Kaliner MA (2011). "Nonallergic rhinopathy (formerly known as vasomotor rhinitis)". Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 31 (3): 441–55. doi:10.1016/j.iac.2011.05.007. PMID 21737036.
  12. Romeo, Jonathan; Dykewicz, Mark (2014). "Chapter 9:Differential Diagnosis of Rhinitis and Rhinosinusitis". Diseases of the Sinuses. Springer New York. pp. 133–152. ISBN 978-1-4939-0265-1.
  13. Segal S, Shlamkovitch N, Eviatar E, Berenholz L, Sarfaty S, Kessler A (1999). "Vasomotor rhinitis following trauma to the nose". Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 108 (2): 208–10. PMID 10030243.
  14. Varghese M, Glaum MC, Lockey RF (2010). "Drug-induced rhinitis". Clin Exp Allergy. 40 (3): 381–4. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03450.x. PMID 20210811.

Template:WH Template:WS