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==Overview==
==Overview==
Other diagnostic studies for retinoblastoma include [[fluorescein angiography]], [[bone marrow aspiration]], [[lumbar puncture]], [[bone scan]], and [[genetic testing]].
Other [[Diagnosis|diagnostic]] studies for retinoblastoma include [[fluorescein angiography]] and [[electroretinogram]].
 
==Other Diagnostic Studies==
==Other Diagnostic Studies==
===Fluorescein angiography===
===Fluorescein Angiography===
[[Fluorescein angiography]] is a special type of x-ray procedure used to look at [[blood vessels]] inside the [[eye]]. A special orange dye called fluorescein is used to make blood vessels in the eye visible. The dye is injected into the arm and travels to the blood vessels in the eye. A series of pictures are then taken to:<ref name="CCS">  Retinoblastoma. Canadian Cancer Society(2015) http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/retinoblastoma/diagnosis/?region=on Accessed on October 13, 2015</ref>
*This [[Imaging studies|imaging study]] can be used to differentiate retinoblastoma from other [[lesions]].<ref name="Singh2016">{{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Arun D.|title=Retinoblastoma: Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis|volume=7|year=2016|pages=91–99|issn=1664-882X|doi=10.1159/000442228}}</ref>
*See how the cancer is responding to treatment
*[[Fluorescein angiography]] is particularly helpful in differentiating the [[tumor]] from the advanced form of [[Coats disease|Coats’s disease]].
*Predict how well a child will see after treatment
*[[Imaging]] findings associated with the [[diagnosis]] of retinoblastoma include:
===Bone marrow aspiration===
**Normal filling of enlarged [[Dilation|dilated]] [[vessels]] entering a hyper- and hypo-[[Fluorescence|fluorescent]] [[tumor]] mass
[[Bone marrow aspiration]] is usually done only if the [[optic nerve]] contains cancer, which suggests that  cancer may have spread outside the eye. It may also be done in patients who undergo enucleation and in whom the [[tumor]] is found at the cut section of the [[optic nerve]].<ref name="pmid7977596">{{cite journal| author=Mohney BG, Robertson DM| title=Ancillary testing for metastasis in patients with newly diagnosed retinoblastoma. | journal=Am J Ophthalmol | year= 1994 | volume= 118 | issue= 6 | pages= 707-11 | pmid=7977596 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7977596  }} </ref>
===Lumbar puncture===
[[Lumbar puncture]] may be done if the optic nerve or a large portion of the choroid contains cancer, which suggests that there is a risk that cancer has spread outside the eye.<ref name="CCS">  Retinoblastoma. Canadian Cancer Society(2015) http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/retinoblastoma/diagnosis/?region=on Accessed on October 13 2015</ref>
===Bone scan===
A bone scan is not used very often during the diagnosis and staging of retinoblastoma. It is usually only done if there is reason to believe that the cancer has spread outside the eye.<ref name="CCS">  Retinoblastoma. Canadian Cancer Society(2015) http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/retinoblastoma/diagnosis/?region=on Accessed on October 13 2015</ref>
===Genetic testing===
Scientists have recently developed genetic tests to tell if there are changes to a [[gene]] ([[gene]] [[mutations]]). Gene testing involves looking at a person’s [[DNA]]. A test is done on blood or tissue to search for retinoblastoma 1 (''RB1'') gene mutations. Genetic testing may also be done in another family member, such as the child’s parents or siblings, especially if there is a family history of retinoblastoma or if the child is found to have a germline mutation. ''RB1'' gene mutation happens in a parent’s egg or [[sperm]] before conception (the joining of sperm and egg) and is passed on to the child. The genetic testing does not guide ocular therapy, but the presence of a germinal mutation can be helpful for screening of secondary cancers and family planning.<ref name="CCS">  Retinoblastoma. Canadian Cancer Society(2015) http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/retinoblastoma/diagnosis/?region=on Accessed on October 13 2015</ref>
===Biopsy/FNAC===
Unlike most other cancers, which need a biopsy to confirm the diagnosis, retinoblastoma can usually be diagnosed by an eye examination and imaging. A [[biopsy]] is not needed in many cases because of risk of orbital seeding and [[metastasis]].<ref name="CCS">  Retinoblastoma. Canadian Cancer Society(2015) http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/retinoblastoma/diagnosis/?region=on Accessed on October 13, 2015</ref>


===Electroretinogram===
*[[Electroretinogram]] may be helpful in treatment and monitoring of retinoblastoma. It may be used for:<ref name="MarrSingh2015">{{cite journal|last1=Marr|first1=Brian P.|last2=Singh|first2=Arun D.|title=Retinoblastoma: Evaluation and Diagnosis|year=2015|pages=1–11|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-43451-2_1}}</ref>
**Monitoring [[retinal]] function during treatment
**Obtaining information about [[visual]] potential in pre-verbal children
**Observing the effect of treatment [[toxicity]] on [[retinal]] function
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
 
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Revision as of 19:42, 9 July 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Simrat Sarai, M.D. [2]

Overview

Other diagnostic studies for retinoblastoma include fluorescein angiography and electroretinogram.

Other Diagnostic Studies

Fluorescein Angiography

Electroretinogram

  • Electroretinogram may be helpful in treatment and monitoring of retinoblastoma. It may be used for:[2]
    • Monitoring retinal function during treatment
    • Obtaining information about visual potential in pre-verbal children
    • Observing the effect of treatment toxicity on retinal function

References

  1. ↑ Singh, Arun D. (2016). "Retinoblastoma: Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis". 7: 91–99. doi:10.1159/000442228. ISSN 1664-882X.
  2. ↑ Marr, Brian P.; Singh, Arun D. (2015). "Retinoblastoma: Evaluation and Diagnosis": 1–11. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-43451-2_1.

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