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[[File:Sanders-classification-of-calcaneal-fractures-1.jpg|thumb|[[Calcaneal fracture]]]]
[[File:Ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif|thumb|[[Calcaneal fracture]]]]
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'''''Synonyms and Keywords:''  [[Calcaneal fracture|Heel Bone Fracture]]'''
'''''Synonyms and Keywords:''  [[Calcaneal fracture|Heel Bone Fracture]]'''
==Overview==
==Overview==
The [[Calcaneal fracture|calcaneus bone]] known as the largest tarsal bone<ref name="pmid26981043">{{cite journal |vauthors=Piovesana LG, Lopes HC, Pacca DM, Ninomiya AF, Dinato MC, Pagnano RG |title=ASSESSMENT OF REPRODUCIBILITY OF SANDERS CLASSIFICATION FOR CALCANEAL FRACTURES |journal=Acta Ortop Bras |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=90–3 |date=2016 |pmid=26981043 |pmc=4775497 |doi=10.1590/1413-785220162402154682 |url=}}</ref>.  
The [[Calcaneal fracture|calcaneus bone]] known as the largest tarsal bone<ref name="pmid6179077">{{cite journal |vauthors=Reichel R, Monstein HJ, Jansen HW, Philipson L, Benecke BJ |title=Small nuclear RNAs are encoded in the nontranscribed region of ribosomal spacer DNA |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=79 |issue=10 |pages=3106–10 |date=May 1982 |pmid=6179077 |doi=10.1073/pnas.79.10.3106 |url=}}</ref>.  


== Sanders classification system for the Calcaneal fracture==
== Regazzoni classification for the Calcaneal fracture==


The '''[[Sanders classification system|Sanders classification]]''' is used for the intraarticular calcaneal fractures evaluations affecting the posterior facet of the calcaneus<ref name="pmid26981043">{{cite journal |vauthors=Piovesana LG, Lopes HC, Pacca DM, Ninomiya AF, Dinato MC, Pagnano RG |title=ASSESSMENT OF REPRODUCIBILITY OF SANDERS CLASSIFICATION FOR CALCANEAL FRACTURES |journal=Acta Ortop Bras |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=90–3 |date=2016 |pmid=26981043 |pmc=4775497 |doi=10.1590/1413-785220162402154682 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16624214">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lauder AJ, Inda DJ, Bott AM, Clare MP, Fitzgibbons TC, Mormino MA |title=Interobserver and intraobserver reliability of two classification systems for intra-articular calcaneal fractures |journal=Foot Ankle Int |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=251–5 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16624214 |doi=10.1177/107110070602700405 |url=}}</ref>.
The '''[[Regazzoni classification system|Regazzoni classification]]''' is used for the intraarticular calcaneal fractures evaluations affecting the posterior facet of the calcaneus<ref name="pmid6197334">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ventrucci M, Gullo L, Daniele C, Bartolucci C, Priori P, Platé L, Bonora G, Labò G |title=Comparative study of serum pancreatic isoamylase, lipase, and trypsin-like immunoreactivity in pancreatic disease |journal=Digestion |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=114–21 |date=1983 |pmid=6197334 |doi=10.1159/000198973 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5961258">{{cite journal |vauthors=Belmonte M, Scardovi C, Tabacchi G |title=[Rheographic control cerebral hemodynamic effects induced by roentgen irradiation on the cervical sympathetic system in subjects with tapeto-retinal degenerations] |language=Italian |journal=Ann Ottalmol Clin Ocul |volume=92 |issue=4 |pages=235–46 |date=April 1966 |pmid=5961258 |doi= |url=}}</ref>.


This '''[[Sanders classification system|Sanders classification]]''' is based on the number and location of the intraarticular fractures using the semicoronal CT images as follow<ref name="pmid22097161">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sayed-Noor AS, Agren PH, Wretenberg P |title=Interobserver reliability and intraobserver reproducibility of three radiological classification systems for intra-articular calcaneal fractures |journal=Foot Ankle Int |volume=32 |issue=9 |pages=861–6 |date=September 2011 |pmid=22097161 |doi=10.3113/FAI.2011.0861 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24530220">{{cite journal |vauthors=Veltman ES, van den Bekerom MP, Doornberg JN, Verbeek DO, Rammelt S, Steller EP, Schepers T |title=Three-dimensional computed tomography is not indicated for the classification and characterization of calcaneal fractures |journal=Injury |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=1117–20 |date=July 2014 |pmid=24530220 |doi=10.1016/j.injury.2014.01.022 |url=}}</ref>:
This '''[[Regazzoni classification system|Regazzoni classification]]''' is based on the number and location of the intraarticular fractures using the semicoronal CT images as follow<ref name="pmid6584293">{{cite journal |vauthors=Masztalerz A, Bujwidowa B, Jagielska I, Masztalerzowa Z, Potoczek J, Szczepańska H, Warych B |title=[Social class and dental and occlusal conditions] |language=Polish |journal=Czas Stomatol |volume=36 |issue=9 |pages=691–5 |date=September 1983 |pmid=6584293 |doi= |url=}}</ref>:


The  '''[[Regazzoni classification system|Regazzoni classification]]''' differs from other CT based classifications because it evaluates intra-articular fractures, extra-articular fractures and the calcaneocuboid joint. Therefore, it is more accurate in detecting the lesions.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+Regazzoni classification
!
!Main Group
!Description
!subgroups according to fracture severity
!Detail
!Image
|-
|-
|'''Type 1'''
| rowspan="3" |Type A: Peripheral fractures
|No-displaced
|A1: extra-articular
|
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''Type 2'''
|A2: avulsion fractures of the sustentaculum
| rowspan="3" |Two part fracture
|A-   Lateral third
|[[File:Calcaneal fracture 2a.gif|thumb|'''Calcaneal fracture Type 2a''']]
|-
|-
|B-   Central third
|A3: fractures of the anterior process
|[[File:22b.gif|thumb|'''Calcaneal fracture Type 2b''']]
|-
|-
|C-   Medial Third
| rowspan="3" |Type B, Fractures of the talocalcaneal joint
|[[File:22c.gif|thumb|'''Calcaneal fracture Type 2c''']]
|B1: posterior facet single
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''Type 3'''
|B2: posterior facet multiple
| rowspan="3" |Three part fracture
|AB- Involvement of the lateral and central apsects of the posterior facet of the calcaneus,
|[[File:33A.gif|thumb|'''Calcaneal fracture Type 3AB''']]
|-
|-
|AC- Involvement of the lateral and medial apsects of the posterior facet of the calcaneus.
|B3: tarsal sinus or middle or anterior facet)
|[[File:33AC.gif|thumb|'''Calcaneal fracture Type 3AC''']]
|-
|-
|BC- Involvement of the central and medial apsects of the posterior facet of the calcaneus
| rowspan="3" |Type C, Fractures of the talocalcaneal and the calcaneocuboid joints
|[[File:33BC.gif|thumb|'''Calcaneal fracture Type 3BC''']]
|C1: both joints single
|-
|-
|'''Type 4'''
|C2: one joint multiple or tarsal sinus
|more than three part fracture (four or more fragments)
|-
|
|C3: both joints multiple
|
|}
|}
 
<br />
 
==References==
==References==


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{{Fractures}}
{{Fractures}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
<references />
[[Category:Bone fractures]]
[[Category:Bone fractures]]
[[Category:Fractures]]
[[Category:Fractures]]
[[Category:Orthopedics]]
[[Category:Orthopedics]]
[[Category:Radiology]]
[[Category:Radiology]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Injuries of wrist and hand]]
[[Category:Injuries of wrist and hand]]
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Latest revision as of 23:57, 29 July 2020

Calcaneal fracture
Regazzoni classification
ICD-10 S42.2-S42.4
ICD-9 812
eMedicine emerg/199  orthoped/271 orthoped/199

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohammadmain Rezazadehsaatlou[2].

Synonyms and Keywords: Heel Bone Fracture

Overview

The calcaneus bone known as the largest tarsal bone[1].

Regazzoni classification for the Calcaneal fracture

The Regazzoni classification is used for the intraarticular calcaneal fractures evaluations affecting the posterior facet of the calcaneus[2][3].

This Regazzoni classification is based on the number and location of the intraarticular fractures using the semicoronal CT images as follow[4]:

The Regazzoni classification differs from other CT based classifications because it evaluates intra-articular fractures, extra-articular fractures and the calcaneocuboid joint. Therefore, it is more accurate in detecting the lesions.

Regazzoni classification
Main Group subgroups according to fracture severity
Type A: Peripheral fractures A1: extra-articular
A2: avulsion fractures of the sustentaculum
A3: fractures of the anterior process
Type B, Fractures of the talocalcaneal joint B1: posterior facet single
B2: posterior facet multiple
B3: tarsal sinus or middle or anterior facet)
Type C, Fractures of the talocalcaneal and the calcaneocuboid joints C1: both joints single
C2: one joint multiple or tarsal sinus
C3: both joints multiple


References

External links

Template:Fractures Template:WikiDoc Sources

  1. Reichel R, Monstein HJ, Jansen HW, Philipson L, Benecke BJ (May 1982). "Small nuclear RNAs are encoded in the nontranscribed region of ribosomal spacer DNA". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79 (10): 3106–10. doi:10.1073/pnas.79.10.3106. PMID 6179077.
  2. Ventrucci M, Gullo L, Daniele C, Bartolucci C, Priori P, Platé L, Bonora G, Labò G (1983). "Comparative study of serum pancreatic isoamylase, lipase, and trypsin-like immunoreactivity in pancreatic disease". Digestion. 28 (2): 114–21. doi:10.1159/000198973. PMID 6197334.
  3. Belmonte M, Scardovi C, Tabacchi G (April 1966). "[Rheographic control cerebral hemodynamic effects induced by roentgen irradiation on the cervical sympathetic system in subjects with tapeto-retinal degenerations]". Ann Ottalmol Clin Ocul (in Italian). 92 (4): 235–46. PMID 5961258.
  4. Masztalerz A, Bujwidowa B, Jagielska I, Masztalerzowa Z, Potoczek J, Szczepańska H, Warych B (September 1983). "[Social class and dental and occlusal conditions]". Czas Stomatol (in Polish). 36 (9): 691–5. PMID 6584293.