Rabies medical therapy
|
Rabies Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Rabies medical therapy On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Rabies medical therapy |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Rabies medical therapy |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahshid Mir, M.D. [2]
Overview
Two presentations must be considered in the treatment of rabies. Symptomatic patients with delayed presentation in the emergency department, associated with a low survival rate and treated with "Milwaukee protocol" (which is still being studied) and patients with a suspected exposure to rabies virus or early diagnosed asymptomatic rabies patients. Patients with suspected exposure to rabies or asymptomatic patients can benefit from thorough wound cleaning followed by a combined rabies vaccination and immune globulin administration, these patients have a good prognosis.
Medical Therapy
Two presentations must be considered in determining rabies treatment strategy:
- Symptomatic patients presenting to the emergency department
- Asymptomatic patients with a suspected exposure to rabies virus or early diagnosed asymptomatic rabies patients
Unfortunately the survival rate is very low in symptomatic patients. The treatment of choice for this group of patients is "Milwaukee protocol" which is still under further evaluation. Patients with suspected exposure to rabies or asymptomatic patients can benefit from a combined vaccine and immune globulin and have a good prognosis.
Rabies Treatment Algorithm
The treatment approach for rabies patients is summarized in the algorithm below:
Patient with Symptomatic Rabies
Milwaukee protocol
The Milwaukee protocol, also known as the Wisconsin protocol, is an experimental treatment approach for rabies infection in human beings. Milwaukee protocol involves induction of coma and administration of antiviral drugs. Ketamine as a part of Milwaukee protocol has been shown to have a direct effect against the rabies virus.[1]
Clinical trials
Milwaukee protocol survival rate in symptomatic patients is around 14% far by now, compared to 0% survival rate among symptomatic patients. Out of 36 symptomatic rabies patients treated with the Milwaukee Protocol, 5 have survived. Milwaukee protocol regimen include suppression of brain activity by the administration of midazolam along with ketamine and combating the virus with amantadine and ribavirin until signs of immune system activity appear, has undergone revision (the second version omits the use of ribavirin). Two of the 25 patients treated under the first protocol survived. A further two out of 10 patients who were treated under the revised protocol, survived.[2][3]
Some critics say as a certain antibody type appears in all survivors, the rabies disease survivors are not benefiting from the Milwaukee protocol, but their survival is due to a genetic immunity against rabies.[4] This suggests that genetics or other immunological factors may affect survival.[3] However surviving rabies infection started immediately after Milwaukee protocol introduction, as there were no documented survivors before them.
Asymptomatic Patient Suspicious of Rabies
Treatment management in these patients start with wound care, postexposure vaccination, and human immune globulin injection:
Wound Care
In the wound treatment procedure, cosmetic issues should be considered. Wound treatment procedure include immediate gentle wound irrigation with water or a dilute water povidone-iodine solution.
Rabies Post-exposure Vaccinations
In countries or areas at risk of rabies, an animal bite or contact with a suspected rabid animal may require post-exposure prophylaxis. In such situations, medical advice should be obtained immediately. Strict adherence to the WHO guidelines for optimal post-exposure rabies prophylaxis virtually guarantees protection from development of rabies. The vaccine and immunoglobulins if required, must be administered by, or under the direct supervision of, a physician.
| Category | Type of contact with a suspected or confirmed rabid domestic or wild (a) animal or animal unavailable for testing | Type of exposure | Recommended post-exposure prophylaxis |
|---|---|---|---|
| I |
|
None |
|
| II |
|
Minor |
|
| III |
|
Severe |
|
a) Exposure to rodents, rabbits and hares seldom, if ever, requires specific anti-rabies post-exposure prophylaxis.
b) If an apparently healthy dog or cat in or from a low-risk country or area is placed under observation, the situation may warrant delaying initiation of treatment.
c) This observation period applies only to dogs and cats. Except in the case of threatened or endangered species, other domestic and wild animals suspected to be rabid should be humanely killed and their tissues examined for the presence of rabies virus antigen using appropriate laboratory techniques.
d) Post-exposure prophylaxis should be considered for individuals who have been in close contact with bats, particularly following bites or scratches or exposure to mucous membranes.
| Type | Name | Route | Indications |
|---|---|---|---|
| Human Diploid Cell Vaccine (HDCV) | Imovax® Rabies | Intramuscular | Preexposure or Postexposure |
| Purified Chick Embryo Cell Vaccine (PCEC) | RabAvert® | Intramuscular | Preexposure or Postexposure |
| Human Rabies Immune Globulin | Imogam® Rabies-HT | Local infusion at wound site, with additional amount intramuscular at site distant from vaccine | Postexposure |
| Human Rabies Immune Globulin | HyperRab TM S/D | Local infusion at wound site, with additional amount intramuscular at site distant from vaccine | Postexposure |
| Vaccination status | Intervention | Regimen |
|---|---|---|
| Not previously vaccinated | Wound cleansing | All PEP should begin with immediate thorough cleansing of all wounds with soap and water. If available, a virucidal agent (e.g., povidone-iodine solution) should be used to irrigate the wounds. |
| HRIG | Administer 20 IU/kg body weight. If anatomically feasible, the full dose should be infiltrated around and into the wound(s), and any remaining volume should be administered at an anatomical site (intramuscular [IM]) distant from vaccine administration. Also, HRIG should not be administered in the same syringe as vaccine. Because RIG might partially suppress active production of rabies virus antibody, no more than the recommended dose should be administered. | |
| Vaccine | Human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV) or purified chick embryo cell vaccine (PCECV) 1.0 mL, IM (deltoid area†), 1 each on days 0, 3, 7 and 14. | |
| Previously vaccinated | Wound cleansing | All PEP should begin with immediate thorough cleansing of all wounds with soap and water. If available, a virucidal agent such as povidone-iodine solution should be used to irrigate the wounds. |
| HRIG | HRIG should not be administered. | |
| Vaccine | HDCV or PCECV 1.0 mL, IM (deltoid area†), 1 each on days 0 and 3. |
HRIG= Human rabies immune globulin, PEP= Postexposure prophylaxis, HDCV=Human diploid cell vaccine, PCECV= Purified chick embryo cell vaccine, IM= Intramuscular
Considerations:
- Previously vaccinated persons are anyone with:
- A history of pre-exposure vaccination with HDCV, PCECV, or rabies vaccine adsorbed (RVA)
- Prior PEP with HDCV, PCECV or RVA
- Previous vaccination with any other type of rabies vaccine and a documented history of antibody response to the prior vaccination[5]
- For persons with immunosuppression, rabies PEP should be administered using all 5 doses of vaccine on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28.
Adverse Reactions to Rabies Vaccine and Human Rabies Immune Globulin
Adverse reactions to rabies vaccine and immune globulin are not common. Newer vaccines in use today cause fewer adverse reactions than previously available vaccines. The most common adverse reaction reported with rabies vaccine/immune globulin injection include:
- Mild local reactions to the rabies vaccine, such as:
- Local pain
- Injection site erythema
- Injection site swelling
- Injection site itching at the injection site
- Rarely, general symptoms may develop following rabies vaccine, such as:
- Local pain and low-grade fever may follow injection of rabies immune globulin.
Human Rabies Immune Globulin
Human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) is administered only once, at the beginning of anti-rabies prophylaxis, to previously unvaccinated persons. This will provide immediate antibodies until the body can respond to the vaccine by actively producing antibodies of its own. If possible, the full dose of HRIG should be thoroughly infiltrated in the area around and into the wounds. Any remaining volume should be injected intramuscularly at a site distant from vaccine administration.
HRIG should never be administered in the same syringe or in the same anatomical site as the first vaccine dose. However, subsequent doses of vaccine in the four-dose series can be administered in the same anatomic location where the HRIG dose was administered.
If HRIG was not administered when vaccination was begun, it can be administered up to seven days after the administration of the first dose of vaccine. Beyond the seventh day, HRIG is not recommended since an antibody response to the vaccine is presumed to have occurred.
Dosage:
- Preferred regimen: Because HRIG can partially suppress active production of antibody, no more than the recommended dose should be administered. The recommended dose of HRIG is 20 IU/kg body weight. This formula is applicable to all age groups, including children.
References
- ↑ Lockhart BP, Tordo N, Tsiang H (1992). "Inhibition of rabies virus transcription in rat cortical neurons with the dissociative anesthetic ketamine". Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 36 (8): 1750–5. doi:10.1128/AAC.36.8.1750. PMC 192041. PMID 1416859.
- ↑ Willoughby RE (2009). "Are we getting closer to the treatment of rabies?: medical benchmarks". Future Virology. MedScape. 4 (6): 563&ndash, 570. doi:10.2217/fvl.09.52.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Human Rabies --- Indiana and California, 2006".
- ↑ "Undead: The Rabies Virus Remains a Medical Mystery". Retrieved May 15, 2015.
- ↑ Rupprecht CE, Briggs D, Brown CM, Franka R, Katz SL, Kerr HD, Lett SM, Levis R, Meltzer MI, Schaffner W, Cieslak PR (2010). "Use of a reduced (4-dose) vaccine schedule for postexposure prophylaxis to prevent human rabies: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices". MMWR Recomm Rep. 59 (RR-2): 1–9. PMID 20300058.