Pyelonephritis causes: Difference between revisions
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===Structural or Anatomic Causes=== | |||
Some structural or anatomic causes of pyelonephritis may include: | |||
*Kidney Stones [[Kidney stone|calculi]] | |||
*[[vesicoureteral reflux]] (VUR) | |||
*[[Posterior urethral valve]] | |||
*[[Polycystic Kidney]] | |||
*[[Horseshoe kidney]] | |||
*[[pregnancy]] | |||
*Ureterocele | |||
===Causes by Organ System=== | ===Causes by Organ System=== | ||
Revision as of 14:50, 26 January 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Venkata Sivakrishna Kumar Pulivarthi M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
Common causes of pyelonephritis include functional or anatomic abnormality of the urinary tract that lead to vesicoureteral reflux, and infections such as E. coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.[1][2]
Causes
Common Causes
Urinary tract infections causing organisms are most common cause of pyelonephritis.[2][3][4][5][6]
- Most cases of "community-acquired" pyelonephritis are due to bowel organisms that enter the urinary tract. Common organisms are:[1]
- E. coli (70-80%)
- Enterococcus faecalis
- Hospital-acquired infections may be due to coliforms and enterococci, as well as other organisms uncommon in the community.[7]
Structural or Anatomic Causes
Some structural or anatomic causes of pyelonephritis may include:
- Kidney Stones calculi
- vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)
- Posterior urethral valve
- Polycystic Kidney
- Horseshoe kidney
- pregnancy
- Ureterocele
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | Cyclophosphamide, Indinavir, Sirolimus, Spermicide use |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | Diabetes mellitus |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
| Genetic | Horseshoe kidney, Polycystic kidney disease, adult (autosomal dominant), Scalp ear nipple syndrome, Urinary tract malformation, Urofacial syndrome |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | Ureterosigmoidostomy, Urethral catheterization, Vesicovaginal fistula |
| Infectious Disease | E. coli , Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis , Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Renal tuberculosis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Tiagabine |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | Pregnancy |
| Oncologic | Abdominal or pelvic masses |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | Fanconi disease, Horseshoe kidney, Medullary sponge kidney, Polycystic kidney disease, adult (autosomal dominant) |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | No underlying causes |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | Neurogenic bladder, Urethral stricture |
| Urologic | Benign prostatic hyperplasia, Cystitis, Nephrolithiasis, Neurogenic bladder, Prostatitis, Urethral stricture, Urinary tract malformation,Urinary tract obstruction, Vesico-uretero-renal reflux, congenital, Vesicovaginal fistula |
| Miscellaneous | Abdominal or pelvic masses |
Causes in Alphabetical Order
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3References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC (2005). "Diagnosis and management of acute pyelonephritis in adults". Am Fam Physician. 71 (5): 933–42. PMID 15768623.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kofteridis DP, Papadimitraki E, Mantadakis E, Maraki S, Papadakis JA, Tzifa G; et al. (2009). "Effect of diabetes mellitus on the clinical and microbiological features of hospitalized elderly patients with acute pyelonephritis". J Am Geriatr Soc. 57 (11): 2125–8. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02550.x. PMID 20121956.
- ↑ Bass PF, Jarvis JA, Mitchell CK (2003). "Urinary tract infections". Prim Care. 30 (1): 41–61, v–vi. PMID 12838910.
- ↑ Roberts JA (1999). "Management of pyelonephritis and upper urinary tract infections". Urol Clin North Am. 26 (4): 753–63. PMID 10584616.
- ↑ Bergeron MG (1995). "Treatment of pyelonephritis in adults". Med Clin North Am. 79 (3): 619–49. PMID 7752732.
- ↑ Zilberberg MD, Shorr AF (2013). "Secular trends in gram-negative resistance among urinary tract infection hospitalizations in the United States, 2000-2009". Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 34 (9): 940–6. doi:10.1086/671740. PMID 23917908.
- ↑ Yeow Y, Chong YL (2016). "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis presenting as Proteus preperitoneal abscess". J Surg Case Rep. 2016 (12). doi:10.1093/jscr/rjw211. PMC 5159021. PMID 27915241.