Pyelonephritis causes: Difference between revisions

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{{Pyelonephritis}}
{{Pyelonephritis}}


{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{VSKP}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{VSKP}},{{USAMA}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
Common causes of pyelonephritis include functional or anatomic abnormality of the urinary tract that lead to [[vesicoureteral reflux]], and infections such as [[Escherichia coli|E. coli]]'',   [[Enterococcus faecalis]], [[Klebsiella]] spp., and [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]].
Causes of uncomplicated and complicated pyelonephritis are mostly similar. Common causes of complicated pyelonephritis include [[Infection|infections]] such as [[Escherichia coli|E. coli]], [[Enterococcus faecalis]], [[Proteus]], [[Klebsiella]], and [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]].
 
23917908


== Causes ==
== Causes ==


===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
Bacterial microorganisms are the most common cause of pyelonephritis.<ref name="pmid20121956">{{cite journal| author=Kofteridis DP, Papadimitraki E, Mantadakis E, Maraki S, Papadakis JA, Tzifa G et al.| title=Effect of diabetes mellitus on the clinical and microbiological features of hospitalized elderly patients with acute pyelonephritis. | journal=J Am Geriatr Soc | year= 2009 | volume= 57 | issue= 11 | pages= 2125-8 | pmid=20121956 | doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02550.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20121956  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12838910">{{cite journal| author=Bass PF, Jarvis JA, Mitchell CK| title=Urinary tract infections. | journal=Prim Care | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 1 | pages= 41-61, v-vi | pmid=12838910 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12838910  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10584616">{{cite journal| author=Roberts JA| title=Management of pyelonephritis and upper urinary tract infections. | journal=Urol Clin North Am | year= 1999 | volume= 26 | issue= 4 | pages= 753-63 | pmid=10584616 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10584616  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7752732">{{cite journal| author=Bergeron MG| title=Treatment of pyelonephritis in adults. | journal=Med Clin North Am | year= 1995 | volume= 79 | issue= 3 | pages= 619-49 | pmid=7752732 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7752732  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23917908">{{cite journal| author=Zilberberg MD, Shorr AF| title=Secular trends in gram-negative resistance among urinary tract infection hospitalizations in the United States, 2000-2009. | journal=Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol | year= 2013 | volume= 34 | issue= 9 | pages= 940-6 | pmid=23917908 | doi=10.1086/671740 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23917908  }} </ref>


* Most cases of "community-acquired" pyelonephritis are due to bowel organisms that enter the urinary tract. Common organisms are:
* Most cases of "community-acquired" pyelonephritis are due to bowel organisms that enter the urinary tract. Common organisms are:<ref name="pmid15768623">{{cite journal| author=Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC| title=Diagnosis and management of acute pyelonephritis in adults. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2005 | volume= 71 | issue= 5 | pages= 933-42 | pmid=15768623 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15768623  }} </ref>
** [[Escherichia coli|E. coli]] (70-80%)
** [[Escherichia coli|E. coli]] (70-80%)
** [[Enterococcus faecalis]]
** [[Enterococcus faecalis]]


* Hospital-acquired infections may be due to [[coliform]]s and [[enterococci]], as well as other organisms uncommon in the community.
* Hospital-acquired infections may be due to [[coliform]]s and [[enterococci]], as well as other organisms uncommon in the community, such as:<ref name="pmid27915241">{{cite journal| author=Yeow Y, Chong YL| title=Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis presenting as Proteus preperitoneal abscess. | journal=J Surg Case Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 2016 | issue= 12 | pages=  | pmid=27915241 | doi=10.1093/jscr/rjw211 | pmc=5159021 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27915241  }} </ref>
** [[Klebsiella]] spp.
** [[Klebsiella]]
** [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
** [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
** [[Proteus]]
** [[Candida]]
===Less Common Causes===
Following are the pathogens less frequently involved in causing pyelonephritis:<ref name="pmid20121956">{{cite journal| author=Kofteridis DP, Papadimitraki E, Mantadakis E, Maraki S, Papadakis JA, Tzifa G et al.| title=Effect of diabetes mellitus on the clinical and microbiological features of hospitalized elderly patients with acute pyelonephritis. | journal=J Am Geriatr Soc | year= 2009 | volume= 57 | issue= 11 | pages= 2125-8 | pmid=20121956 | doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02550.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20121956  }} </ref><ref name="pmid28101501">{{cite journal| author=Alfouzan W, Al-Sahali S, Sultan H, Dhar R| title=Classical Presentation of Acute Pyelonephritis in a Case of Brucellosis. | journal=Case Rep Nephrol Dial | year= 2016 | volume= 6 | issue= 2 | pages= 83-88 | pmid=28101501 | doi=10.1159/000446393 | pmc=5216229 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28101501  }} </ref>
*[[Morganella morganii]]
*[[Acinetobacter baumannii]]
*[[Staphylococcus epidermidis]]
*[[Staphylococcus aureus]]
*[[Gram-positive cocci]]
*[[Brucella]]
===Fungal Causes===
Fungi are rarely found as a cause of pyelonephriti:<ref name="pmid20121956">{{cite journal| author=Kofteridis DP, Papadimitraki E, Mantadakis E, Maraki S, Papadakis JA, Tzifa G et al.| title=Effect of diabetes mellitus on the clinical and microbiological features of hospitalized elderly patients with acute pyelonephritis. | journal=J Am Geriatr Soc | year= 2009 | volume= 57 | issue= 11 | pages= 2125-8 | pmid=20121956 | doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02550.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20121956  }} </ref>
*[[Candida]] species


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===


{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cyclophosphamide]], [[Indinavir]], [[Sirolimus]], [[Spermicide|Spermicide use]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cyclophosphamide]], [[Indinavir]], [[Sirolimus]], [[Spermicide|Spermicide use]]  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[Diabetes mellitus ]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |  No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Horseshoe kidney]], [[Polycystic kidney disease, adult (autosomal dominant)]], [[Scalp ear nipple syndrome]], [[Urinary tract malformation]], [[Urofacial syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |  No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[Ureterosigmoidostomy]], [[Urethral catheterization]], [[Vesicovaginal fistula]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |  No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[E. coli ]], [[Enterococcus faecalis]], [[Klebsiella pneumoniae]], [[Proteus mirabilis ]], [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[Renal tuberculosis]], [[Staphylococcus saprophyticus]], [[Tiagabine]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" |  [[E. coli ]] , [[Enterococcus faecalis]], [[Klebsiella pneumoniae]], [[Proteus mirabilis ]] , [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[Renal tuberculosis]], [[Staphylococcus saprophyticus]], [[Tiagabine]]  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |  No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |  No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes  
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Pregnancy]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Abdominal or pelvic masses
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Fanconi disease]], [[Horseshoe kidney]], [[Medullary sponge kidney]], [[Polycystic kidney disease, adult (autosomal dominant)]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |  No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Neurogenic bladder]], [[Urethral stricture]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]], [[Cystitis]], [[Nephrolithiasis]], [[Neurogenic bladder]], [[Prostatitis]], [[Urethral stricture]], [[Urinary tract malformation]],[[Urinary tract obstruction]], [[Vesico-uretero-renal reflux, congenital]], [[Vesicovaginal fistula]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Abdominal or pelvic masses
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{columns-list|3|
{{columns-list|
*Abdominal or pelvic masses
*[[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]]
*[[Cystitis]]
*[[Cystitis]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus ]]
*[[E. coli ]]<ref name="pmid15768623">{{cite journal| author=Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC| title=Diagnosis and management of acute pyelonephritis in adults. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2005 | volume= 71 | issue= 5 | pages= 933-42 | pmid=15768623 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15768623  }} </ref>
*[[E. coli ]]
*[[Enterococcus faecalis]]
*[[Enterococcus faecalis]]
*[[Fanconi disease]]
*[[Horseshoe kidney]]
*[[Indinavir]]
*[[Indinavir]]
*[[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]
*[[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]
*[[Medullary sponge kidney]]
*[[Nephrolithiasis]]
*[[Neurogenic bladder]]
*[[Polycystic kidney disease, adult (autosomal dominant)]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Prostatitis]]
*[[Prostatitis]]
*[[Proteus mirabilis ]]
*[[Proteus mirabilis ]]
*[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
*[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
*[[Renal tuberculosis]]
*[[Renal tuberculosis]]
*[[Scalp - Ear - Nipple syndrome]]
*[[Sirolimus]]
*[[Spermicide|Spermicide use]]
*[[Staphylococcus saprophyticus]]
*[[Staphylococcus saprophyticus]]
*[[Tiagabine]]
*[[Tiagabine]]
*[[Ureterosigmoidostomy]]
*[[Urethral catheterization]]
*[[Urethral stricture]]
*[[Urinary tract malformation]]
*[[Urinary tract obstruction]]
*[[Urofacial syndrome]]
*[[Vesico-uretero-renal reflux, congenital]]
*[[Vesicovaginal fistula]]
}}
}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}


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[[Category:Inflammations]]
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Latest revision as of 23:54, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Venkata Sivakrishna Kumar Pulivarthi M.B.B.S [2],Usama Talib, BSc, MD [3]

Overview

Causes of uncomplicated and complicated pyelonephritis are mostly similar. Common causes of complicated pyelonephritis include infections such as E. coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Causes

Common Causes

Bacterial microorganisms are the most common cause of pyelonephritis.[1][2][3][4][5]

  • Most cases of "community-acquired" pyelonephritis are due to bowel organisms that enter the urinary tract. Common organisms are:[6]

Less Common Causes

Following are the pathogens less frequently involved in causing pyelonephritis:[1][8]

Fungal Causes

Fungi are rarely found as a cause of pyelonephriti:[1]

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Cyclophosphamide, Indinavir, Sirolimus, Spermicide use
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease E. coli  , Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis  , Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Renal tuberculosis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Tiagabine
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Kofteridis DP, Papadimitraki E, Mantadakis E, Maraki S, Papadakis JA, Tzifa G; et al. (2009). "Effect of diabetes mellitus on the clinical and microbiological features of hospitalized elderly patients with acute pyelonephritis". J Am Geriatr Soc. 57 (11): 2125–8. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02550.x. PMID 20121956.
  2. ↑ Bass PF, Jarvis JA, Mitchell CK (2003). "Urinary tract infections". Prim Care. 30 (1): 41–61, v–vi. PMID 12838910.
  3. ↑ Roberts JA (1999). "Management of pyelonephritis and upper urinary tract infections". Urol Clin North Am. 26 (4): 753–63. PMID 10584616.
  4. ↑ Bergeron MG (1995). "Treatment of pyelonephritis in adults". Med Clin North Am. 79 (3): 619–49. PMID 7752732.
  5. ↑ Zilberberg MD, Shorr AF (2013). "Secular trends in gram-negative resistance among urinary tract infection hospitalizations in the United States, 2000-2009". Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 34 (9): 940–6. doi:10.1086/671740. PMID 23917908.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC (2005). "Diagnosis and management of acute pyelonephritis in adults". Am Fam Physician. 71 (5): 933–42. PMID 15768623.
  7. ↑ Yeow Y, Chong YL (2016). "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis presenting as Proteus preperitoneal abscess". J Surg Case Rep. 2016 (12). doi:10.1093/jscr/rjw211. PMC 5159021. PMID 27915241.
  8. ↑ Alfouzan W, Al-Sahali S, Sultan H, Dhar R (2016). "Classical Presentation of Acute Pyelonephritis in a Case of Brucellosis". Case Rep Nephrol Dial. 6 (2): 83–88. doi:10.1159/000446393. PMC 5216229. PMID 28101501.

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