Pulmonary hypertension right heart catheterization: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Pulmonary hypertension}} | {{Pulmonary hypertension}} | ||
{{CMG}}; '''Assistant Editor(s)-in-Chief:''' [[User:Ralph Matar|Ralph Matar]] | {{CMG}}; '''Assistant Editor(s)-in-Chief:''' [[User:Ralph Matar|Ralph Matar]]; [[User:Rim Halaby|Rim Halaby]] | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Cardiac catheterization is still the '''gold standard''' for diagnosing, assessing the severity, and determining the prognosis and response to therapy in pulmonary hypertension. In the cardiac catheterization laboratory, inhaled nitric oxide is administered to determine if the pulmonary vasculature is still reactive or if the obstruction is fixed. It is dangerous to give [[nifedipine]] IV as a test because it could lead to a dangerous episode of [[hypotension]]. This procedure has been shown to be safe, with no deaths reported in the NIH registry study. In addition, a recent study reported a procedure-related mortality of 0.055%. | |||
==Right Heart Catheterization == | |||
*Right heart catheterization allows the determination of:<ref name="pmid26621978">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosenkranz S, Preston IR |title=Right heart catheterisation: best practice and pitfalls in pulmonary hypertension |journal=Eur Respir Rev |volume=24 |issue=138 |pages=642–52 |date=December 2015 |pmid=26621978 |doi=10.1183/16000617.0062-2015 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25163757">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guo X, Liu M, Ma Z, Wang S, Yang Y, Zhai Z, Wang C, Zhai R |title=Flow characteristics of the proximal pulmonary arteries and vena cava in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: correlation between 3.0 T phase-contrast MRI and right heart catheterization |journal=Diagn Interv Radiol |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=414–20 |date=2014 |pmid=25163757 |pmc=4463330 |doi=10.5152/dir.2014.13501 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25146706">{{cite journal |vauthors=Greiner S, Jud A, Aurich M, Hess A, Hilbel T, Hardt S, Katus HA, Mereles D |title=Reliability of noninvasive assessment of systolic pulmonary artery pressure by Doppler echocardiography compared to right heart catheterization: analysis in a large patient population |journal=J Am Heart Assoc |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages= |date=August 2014 |pmid=25146706 |pmc=4310406 |doi=10.1161/JAHA.114.001103 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23890907">{{cite journal |vauthors=D'Alto M, Romeo E, Argiento P, D'Andrea A, Vanderpool R, Correra A, Bossone E, Sarubbi B, Calabrò R, Russo MG, Naeije R |title=Accuracy and precision of echocardiography versus right heart catheterization for the assessment of pulmonary hypertension |journal=Int. J. Cardiol. |volume=168 |issue=4 |pages=4058–62 |date=October 2013 |pmid=23890907 |doi=10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.07.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17174196">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hoeper MM, Lee SH, Voswinckel R, Palazzini M, Jais X, Marinelli A, Barst RJ, Ghofrani HA, Jing ZC, Opitz C, Seyfarth HJ, Halank M, McLaughlin V, Oudiz RJ, Ewert R, Wilkens H, Kluge S, Bremer HC, Baroke E, Rubin LJ |title=Complications of right heart catheterization procedures in patients with pulmonary hypertension in experienced centers |journal=J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. |volume=48 |issue=12 |pages=2546–52 |date=December 2006 |pmid=17174196 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.061 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23260714">{{cite journal |vauthors=Taylor B, Rumbak M, Taylor SP, Solomon D |title=Early versus delayed right heart catheterization in evaluation of pulmonary arterial hypertension |journal=J. Heart Lung Transplant. |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=137–8 |date=January 2013 |pmid=23260714 |doi=10.1016/j.healun.2012.10.004 |url=}}</ref> | |||
**Presence or absence of pulmonary hypertension, the underlying etiology, and the prognosis. | |||
**Prognostic markers such as right atrial pressure, [[cardiac output]], and [[mean pulmonary artery pressure]]. | |||
**Pulmonary venous pressures by measuring [[pulmonary capillary wedge pressure]] ([[PCWP]]). | |||
*[[Fick’s method]] is reliable in patients with PAH for the measurement of cardiac output: | *[[Fick’s method]] is reliable in patients with PAH for the measurement of cardiac output: | ||
[[Image:Fick's principal for calculating cardiac output.png| | [[Image:Fick's principal for calculating cardiac output.png|400x400px]] | ||
*Since end-expiratory intrathoracic pressure most closely correlates with atmospheric pressure, it is important that all right ventricular, pulmonary artery, pulmonary wedge, and left ventricular pressures be measured at end-expiration | *Since end-expiratory intrathoracic pressure most closely correlates with atmospheric pressure, it is important that all right ventricular, pulmonary artery, pulmonary wedge, and left ventricular pressures be measured at end-expiration. | ||
*The causes of pulmonary hypertension can be classified into three categories which are each characterized by different ranges of values recorded by [[right heart catheterization]]. | |||
** '''Pre-capillary pulmonary Hypertension''' (involving the [[pulmonary artery]] and arterioles) | |||
***PAH | |||
***[[Congenital heart diseases]] with [[Eisenmenger syndrome]] | |||
***[[Thromboembolism]] | |||
**'''Capillary pulmonary hypertension''' | |||
***Parenchymal lung diseases | |||
**'''Post capillary pulmonary hypertension (passive congestion that leads to elevated capillary wedge pressure)''' | |||
***[[Left heart failure]] | |||
***[[Mitral valve disease|Mitral valve diseases]] | |||
***[[Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease|Pulmonary veno-occlusive diseases]] | |||
* | * Accordingly, the expected results by [[right heart catheterization]] are: | ||
**'''Precapillary pulmonary hypertension''' | |||
***Mean pulmonary artery pressure > 25 mm Hg. In primary pulmonary hypertension the [[pulmonary artery]] [[diastolic pressure]] is much higher than the [[pulmonary capillary wedge pressure]]. | |||
***Capillary wedge pressure < 15 mm Hg (knowing that the normal [[PCWP]] or [[left ventricular end diastolic pressure]] (LVEDP) is less than 8 mmHg) | |||
***Cardiac output: normal | |||
**'''Postcapillary pulmonary hypertension''' | |||
***Mean Pulmonary artery pressure > 25 mm Hg | |||
***Capillary wedge pressure > 15 mm Hg. If the pulmonary hypertension is due to [[Left heart failure|left-sided heart failure]], and the pulmonary artery diastolic pressure in the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure will be both similarly elevated. | |||
***Cardiac output: normal or low | |||
<br> | |||
<figure-inline><figure-inline>[[Image:Elevated_PCWP.png|552x552px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline> | |||
<figure-inline><figure-inline>[[Image:Elevated_pulmonary_artery_pressure.png|548x548px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Assistant Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ralph Matar; Rim Halaby
Overview
Cardiac catheterization is still the gold standard for diagnosing, assessing the severity, and determining the prognosis and response to therapy in pulmonary hypertension. In the cardiac catheterization laboratory, inhaled nitric oxide is administered to determine if the pulmonary vasculature is still reactive or if the obstruction is fixed. It is dangerous to give nifedipine IV as a test because it could lead to a dangerous episode of hypotension. This procedure has been shown to be safe, with no deaths reported in the NIH registry study. In addition, a recent study reported a procedure-related mortality of 0.055%.
Right Heart Catheterization
- Right heart catheterization allows the determination of:[1][2][3][4][5][6]
- Presence or absence of pulmonary hypertension, the underlying etiology, and the prognosis.
- Prognostic markers such as right atrial pressure, cardiac output, and mean pulmonary artery pressure.
- Pulmonary venous pressures by measuring pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP).
- Fick’s method is reliable in patients with PAH for the measurement of cardiac output:
- Since end-expiratory intrathoracic pressure most closely correlates with atmospheric pressure, it is important that all right ventricular, pulmonary artery, pulmonary wedge, and left ventricular pressures be measured at end-expiration.
- The causes of pulmonary hypertension can be classified into three categories which are each characterized by different ranges of values recorded by right heart catheterization.
- Pre-capillary pulmonary Hypertension (involving the pulmonary artery and arterioles)
- Capillary pulmonary hypertension
- Parenchymal lung diseases
- Post capillary pulmonary hypertension (passive congestion that leads to elevated capillary wedge pressure)
- Accordingly, the expected results by right heart catheterization are:
- Precapillary pulmonary hypertension
- Mean pulmonary artery pressure > 25 mm Hg. In primary pulmonary hypertension the pulmonary artery diastolic pressure is much higher than the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure.
- Capillary wedge pressure < 15 mm Hg (knowing that the normal PCWP or left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) is less than 8 mmHg)
- Cardiac output: normal
- Postcapillary pulmonary hypertension
- Mean Pulmonary artery pressure > 25 mm Hg
- Capillary wedge pressure > 15 mm Hg. If the pulmonary hypertension is due to left-sided heart failure, and the pulmonary artery diastolic pressure in the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure will be both similarly elevated.
- Cardiac output: normal or low
- Precapillary pulmonary hypertension
<figure-inline><figure-inline>
</figure-inline></figure-inline>
<figure-inline><figure-inline>
</figure-inline></figure-inline>
References
- ↑ Rosenkranz S, Preston IR (December 2015). "Right heart catheterisation: best practice and pitfalls in pulmonary hypertension". Eur Respir Rev. 24 (138): 642–52. doi:10.1183/16000617.0062-2015. PMID 26621978.
- ↑ Guo X, Liu M, Ma Z, Wang S, Yang Y, Zhai Z, Wang C, Zhai R (2014). "Flow characteristics of the proximal pulmonary arteries and vena cava in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: correlation between 3.0 T phase-contrast MRI and right heart catheterization". Diagn Interv Radiol. 20 (5): 414–20. doi:10.5152/dir.2014.13501. PMC 4463330. PMID 25163757.
- ↑ Greiner S, Jud A, Aurich M, Hess A, Hilbel T, Hardt S, Katus HA, Mereles D (August 2014). "Reliability of noninvasive assessment of systolic pulmonary artery pressure by Doppler echocardiography compared to right heart catheterization: analysis in a large patient population". J Am Heart Assoc. 3 (4). doi:10.1161/JAHA.114.001103. PMC 4310406. PMID 25146706.
- ↑ D'Alto M, Romeo E, Argiento P, D'Andrea A, Vanderpool R, Correra A, Bossone E, Sarubbi B, Calabrò R, Russo MG, Naeije R (October 2013). "Accuracy and precision of echocardiography versus right heart catheterization for the assessment of pulmonary hypertension". Int. J. Cardiol. 168 (4): 4058–62. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.07.005. PMID 23890907.
- ↑ Hoeper MM, Lee SH, Voswinckel R, Palazzini M, Jais X, Marinelli A, Barst RJ, Ghofrani HA, Jing ZC, Opitz C, Seyfarth HJ, Halank M, McLaughlin V, Oudiz RJ, Ewert R, Wilkens H, Kluge S, Bremer HC, Baroke E, Rubin LJ (December 2006). "Complications of right heart catheterization procedures in patients with pulmonary hypertension in experienced centers". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 48 (12): 2546–52. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.061. PMID 17174196.
- ↑ Taylor B, Rumbak M, Taylor SP, Solomon D (January 2013). "Early versus delayed right heart catheterization in evaluation of pulmonary arterial hypertension". J. Heart Lung Transplant. 32 (1): 137–8. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2012.10.004. PMID 23260714.