Protein energy malnutrition risk factors: Difference between revisions
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Common risk factors in the development of protein energy malnutrition may be classified as [[maternal]] and [[Environmental epidemiology|environmental]]. | Common risk factors in the development of protein energy malnutrition may be classified as [[maternal]] and [[Environmental epidemiology|environmental]]. | ||
==Risk | ==Risk Factors== | ||
Common risk factors in the development of protein energy malnutrition may be classified as [[maternal]] and [[Environmental epidemiology|environmental]].<ref name="Uwaegbute1991">{{cite journal|last1=Uwaegbute|first1=Ada C.|title=Weaning practices and weaning foods of the Hausas, Yorubas and Ibos of Nigeria|journal=Ecology of Food and Nutrition|volume=26|issue=2|year=1991|pages=139–153|issn=0367-0244|doi=10.1080/03670244.1991.9991197}}</ref> The | Common risk factors in the development of protein energy malnutrition may be classified as [[maternal]] and [[Environmental epidemiology|environmental]].<ref name="Uwaegbute1991">{{cite journal|last1=Uwaegbute|first1=Ada C.|title=Weaning practices and weaning foods of the Hausas, Yorubas and Ibos of Nigeria|journal=Ecology of Food and Nutrition|volume=26|issue=2|year=1991|pages=139–153|issn=0367-0244|doi=10.1080/03670244.1991.9991197}}</ref> The causes of protein energy malnutrition may be distributed unequally and thus, the degree of protein–energy malnutrition disorders including [[kwashiorkor]] and [[marasmus]] may vary in a given population depending on many factors including:<ref name="pmid14568749">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Waal A, Whiteside A |title=New variant famine: AIDS and food crisis in southern Africa |journal=Lancet |volume=362 |issue=9391 |pages=1234–7 |year=2003 |pmid=14568749 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14548-5 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15541455">{{cite journal |vauthors=Salama P, Spiegel P, Talley L, Waldman R |title=Lessons learned from complex emergencies over past decade |journal=Lancet |volume=364 |issue=9447 |pages=1801–13 |year=2004 |pmid=15541455 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17405-9 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15555671">{{cite journal |vauthors=Young H, Borrel A, Holland D, Salama P |title=Public nutrition in complex emergencies |journal=Lancet |volume=364 |issue=9448 |pages=1899–909 |year=2004 |pmid=15555671 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17447-3 |url=}}</ref> | ||
* The | * The political and economical situation of the area | ||
* The level of education | * The level of education amongst the people | ||
* The | * The [[sanitation|sanitatary]] conditions | ||
* The | * The climatic conditions | ||
* Food production | * Food production and availability | ||
* Cultural food | * Cultural food preferences in the area | ||
* Breast-feeding | * [[Breast-feeding]] preference among the female population | ||
* Prevalence of infectious diseases | * [[Prevalence]] of infectious diseases | ||
* The existence and effectiveness of governmental nutrition programs | * The existence and effectiveness of governmental nutrition programs | ||
* The quality of health services | * The quality of health services | ||
| Line 34: | Line 34: | ||
*Use of firewood as only source of [[fuel]] | *Use of firewood as only source of [[fuel]] | ||
*Use of [[charcoal]] as main source of [[fuel]] | *Use of [[charcoal]] as main source of [[fuel]] | ||
* | *Use of [[paraffin]] as main source of [[fuel]] | ||
*Poor [[hygiene]]/cleanliness | *Poor [[hygiene]]/cleanliness | ||
*Poor [[Health|health status]] of the child | *Poor [[Health|health status]] of the child | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Omodamola Aje B.Sc, M.D. [2]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of protein energy malnutrition may be classified as maternal and environmental.
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of protein energy malnutrition may be classified as maternal and environmental.[1] The causes of protein energy malnutrition may be distributed unequally and thus, the degree of protein–energy malnutrition disorders including kwashiorkor and marasmus may vary in a given population depending on many factors including:[2][3][4]
- The political and economical situation of the area
- The level of education amongst the people
- The sanitatary conditions
- The climatic conditions
- Food production and availability
- Cultural food preferences in the area
- Breast-feeding preference among the female population
- Prevalence of infectious diseases
- The existence and effectiveness of governmental nutrition programs
- The quality of health services
Maternal factors:
- Formal education of mother:
- Children of mothers with little or no formal education have an increased risk of developing protein energy malnutrition when compared with the children of the mothers who have a secondary education or higher
- Number of children under 5 years:
- Mothers who have three or more children under 5 years have an increased risk of having a child with protein energy malnutrition when compared to mothers who only have one
- Young maternal age
- Occupation of the mother
- Marital status of the mother
Environmental and child factors:
- Area of residence: Rural vs urban dwelling
- Very low economic status of the family
- Unprotected source of water
- Use of firewood as only source of fuel
- Use of charcoal as main source of fuel
- Use of paraffin as main source of fuel
- Poor hygiene/cleanliness
- Poor health status of the child
References
- ↑ Uwaegbute, Ada C. (1991). "Weaning practices and weaning foods of the Hausas, Yorubas and Ibos of Nigeria". Ecology of Food and Nutrition. 26 (2): 139–153. doi:10.1080/03670244.1991.9991197. ISSN 0367-0244.
- ↑ de Waal A, Whiteside A (2003). "New variant famine: AIDS and food crisis in southern Africa". Lancet. 362 (9391): 1234–7. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14548-5. PMID 14568749.
- ↑ Salama P, Spiegel P, Talley L, Waldman R (2004). "Lessons learned from complex emergencies over past decade". Lancet. 364 (9447): 1801–13. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17405-9. PMID 15541455.
- ↑ Young H, Borrel A, Holland D, Salama P (2004). "Public nutrition in complex emergencies". Lancet. 364 (9448): 1899–909. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17447-3. PMID 15555671.