Parkinson's disease medical therapy

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Medical Therapy

The mainstay of therapy for motor symptoms of Parkinson disease are:

Treatment choices for some of the nonmotor symptoms of PD are:

  • Psychosis:
  • Dementia:
  • Daytime sleepiness:
  • Fatigue:
  • Depression:
  • Constipation:
  • Sialorrhea:
  • Rhinorrhea:
  • Sexual dysfunction:
  • Ortostatic hypotention:

References

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  2. Ferreira JJ, Katzenschlager R, Bloem BR, Bonuccelli U, Burn D, Deuschl G, Dietrichs E, Fabbrini G, Friedman A, Kanovsky P, Kostic V, Nieuwboer A, Odin P, Poewe W, Rascol O, Sampaio C, Schüpbach M, Tolosa E, Trenkwalder C, Schapira A, Berardelli A, Oertel WH (January 2013). "Summary of the recommendations of the EFNS/MDS-ES review on therapeutic management of Parkinson's disease". Eur. J. Neurol. 20 (1): 5–15. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2012.03866.x. PMID 23279439.
  3. "Parcopa: a rapidly dissolving formulation of carbidopa/levodopa". Med Lett Drugs Ther. 47 (1201): 12. January 2005. PMID 15706700.
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  8. Uncini A, Eleopra R, Onofrj M (May 2015). "Polyneuropathy associated with duodenal infusion of levodopa in Parkinson's disease: features, pathogenesis and management". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 86 (5): 490–5. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2014-308586. PMID 25168395.
  9. Calabresi P, Di Filippo M, Ghiglieri V, Tambasco N, Picconi B (November 2010). "Levodopa-induced dyskinesias in patients with Parkinson's disease: filling the bench-to-bedside gap". Lancet Neurol. 9 (11): 1106–17. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70218-0. PMID 20880751.
  10. Aquino CC, Fox SH (January 2015). "Clinical spectrum of levodopa-induced complications". Mov. Disord. 30 (1): 80–9. doi:10.1002/mds.26125. PMID 25488260.
  11. Olanow CW, Agid Y, Mizuno Y, Albanese A, Bonuccelli U, Bonucelli U, Damier P, De Yebenes J, Gershanik O, Guttman M, Grandas F, Hallett M, Hornykiewicz O, Jenner P, Katzenschlager R, Langston WJ, LeWitt P, Melamed E, Mena MA, Michel PP, Mytilineou C, Obeso JA, Poewe W, Quinn N, Raisman-Vozari R, Rajput AH, Rascol O, Sampaio C, Stocchi F (September 2004). "Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: current controversies". Mov. Disord. 19 (9): 997–1005. doi:10.1002/mds.20243. PMID 15372588.
  12. Rajput AH (2001). "The protective role of levodopa in the human substantia nigra". Adv Neurol. 86: 327–36. PMID 11553992.
  13. Parkkinen L, O'Sullivan SS, Kuoppamäki M, Collins C, Kallis C, Holton JL, Williams DR, Revesz T, Lees AJ (October 2011). "Does levodopa accelerate the pathologic process in Parkinson disease brain?". Neurology. 77 (15): 1420–6. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318232ab4c. PMID 21917769.
  14. Olanow CW, Watts RL, Koller WC (June 2001). "An algorithm (decision tree) for the management of Parkinson's disease (2001): treatment guidelines". Neurology. 56 (11 Suppl 5): S1–S88. PMID 11402154.
  15. Fahn S (December 1996). "Is levodopa toxic?". Neurology. 47 (6 Suppl 3): S184–95. PMID 8959987.
  16. "International symposium on early dopamine agonist therapy of Parkinson's disease". Arch. Neurol. 45 (2): 204–8. February 1988. PMID 3341935.
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  18. Stowe RL, Ives NJ, Clarke C, van Hilten J, Ferreira J, Hawker RJ, Shah L, Wheatley K, Gray R (April 2008). "Dopamine agonist therapy in early Parkinson's disease". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD006564. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006564.pub2. PMID 18425954.

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