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  | Image          = Pacemaker_syndrome1.png
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{{Pacemaker syndrome}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{RT}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{RT}} {{MIR}} [[User:Tayebah Chaudhry|Tayebah Chaudhry]][mailto:dr.thch@yahoo.com]


==Overview==
==[[Pacemaker syndrome overview|Overview]]==
Pacemaker syndrome is a disease that represents the clinical consequences of suboptimal [[Atrioventricular node|atrioventricular]] (AV) synchrony or AV dyssynchrony, regardless of the pacing mode, after the [[Artificial pacemaker#Insertion|pacemaker plantation]].<ref name="pmid9164889">{{cite journal |author=Ellenbogen KA, Gilligan DM, Wood MA, Morillo C, Barold SS |title=The pacemaker syndrome -- a matter of definition |journal=Am. J. Cardiol. |volume=79 |issue=9 |pages=1226–9 |year=1997 |month=May |pmid=9164889 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002914997000854 |doi=10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00085-4}}</ref><ref name="pmid12555483">{{cite journal |author=Chalvidan T, Deharo JC, Djiane P |title=[Pacemaker syndromes] |language=French |journal=Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=224–9 |year=2000 |month=July |pmid=12555483 }}</ref>


It is an [[iatrogenic]] disease that is often underdiagnosed.<ref name="pmid9164889">{{cite journal |author=Ellenbogen KA, Gilligan DM, Wood MA, Morillo C, Barold SS |title=The pacemaker syndrome -- a matter of definition |journal=Am. J. Cardiol. |volume=79 |issue=9 |pages=1226–9 |year=1997 |month=May |pmid=9164889 |doi=10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00085-4 }}</ref><ref name="isbn0-07-141652-8">{{cite book |author=Baumgartner, William A.; Yuh, David D.; Luca A. Vricella |title=The Johns Hopkins manual of cardiothoracic surgery |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Pub |location=New York |year=2007 |origyear= |pages= |quote= |isbn=0-07-141652-8 }}</ref> In general, the symptoms of the [[syndrome]] are a combination of decreased [[cardiac output]], loss of [[atrial]] contribution to [[ventricle|ventricular]] filling, loss of [[total peripheral resistance]] response, and nonphysiologic pressure waves.<ref name="pmid12555483" /><ref name="pmid7821326">{{cite journal |author=Frielingsdorf J, Gerber AE, Hess OM |title=Importance of maintained atrio-ventricular synchrony in patients with pacemakers |journal=Eur. Heart J. |volume=15 |issue=10 |pages=1431–40 |year=1994 |month=October |pmid=7821326 |url=http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7821326}}</ref><ref name="pmid7511223">{{cite journal |author=Furman S |title=Pacemaker syndrome |journal=Pacing Clin Electrophysiol |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |year=1994 |month=January |pmid=7511223 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-8159.1994.tb01342.x }}</ref>
==[[Pacemaker syndrome historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==


Individuals with a low heart rate prior to pacemaker implantation are more at risk of developing pacemaker syndrome. Normally the first chamber of the heart (atrium) contracts as the second chamber (ventricle) is relaxed, allowing the ventricle to fill before it contracts and pumps blood out of the heart. When the timing between the two chambers goes out of synchronization, less blood is delivered on each beat. Patients who develop pacemaker syndrome may require adjustment of the pacemaker timing, or another lead fitted to regulate the timing of the chambers separately.
==[[Pacemaker syndrome pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
 
==[[Pacemaker syndrome differential diagnosis|Differentiating Pacemaker syndrome from other Diseases]]==
 
==[[Pacemaker syndrome epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
 
==[[Pacemaker syndrome risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
 
==[[Pacemaker syndrome natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==
 
==Diagnosis==
 
[[Pacemaker syndrome history and symptoms|History and Symptoms ]] | [[ Pacemaker syndrome physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Pacemaker syndrome laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Pacemaker syndrome electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Pacemaker syndrome chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Pacemaker syndrome echocardiography|Echocardiography]] | [[Pacemaker syndrome other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Pacemaker syndrome other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
 
==Treatment==
[[Pacemaker syndrome medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Pacemaker syndrome surgery |Surgery]] | [[Pacemaker syndrome primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Pacemaker syndrome secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Pacemaker syndrome cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Pacemaker syndrome future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]
 
==Case Studies==
[[Pacemaker syndrome case study one|Case #1]]


==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
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Latest revision as of 03:03, 7 July 2020

Pacemaker syndrome

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Overview

Historical Perspective

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Electrocardiogram

Chest X Ray

Echocardiography

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [2] Mahshid Mir, M.D. [3] Tayebah Chaudhry[4]

Overview

Historical Perspective

Pathophysiology

Differentiating Pacemaker syndrome from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Electrocardiogram | Chest X Ray | Echocardiography | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

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