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| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
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| '''Nephrocalcinosis''' is a term originally used to describe deposition of [[calcium]] salts in the [[renal]] [[parenchyma]] due to [[hyperparathyroidism]]. It is now more commonly used to describe diffuse, fine, renal parenchymal calcification on radiology.<ref>{{cite web | title=Nephrocalcinosis | url=http://www.emedicine.com/RADIO/topic470.htm | publisher=eMedicine | date=2003-09-09 | accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> During its early stages, nephrocalcinosis is visible on [[x-ray]], and appears as a fine granular mottling over the renal outlines. These outlines eventually come together to form a dense mass.<ref>{{cite web | title=Albright's Nephrocalcinosis | url=http://e-radiography.net/radpath/a/albrights.htm | publisher=e-radiology | accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref>
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| It is most commonly seen as an incidental finding with [[medullary sponge kidney]] on an abdominal x-ray.
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| However, it may be severe enough to cause (as well as be caused by) [[renal tubular acidosis]] or even [[end stage renal failure]], due to disruption of the renal tissue by the deposited calcium.
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| ==Histological Perspective==
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| It was once known as '''Albright's calcinosis''' after [[Fuller Albright]].
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| ==Pathophysiology==
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| ===Stages of nephrocalcinosis===
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| *Chemical nephrocalcinosis
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| *Microscopic nephrocalcinosis
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| *Macroscopic nephrocalcinosis
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| ==Causes==
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| ===Causes of cortical nephrocalcinosis===
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| * Acute cortical necrosis. May be caused by:
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| ** [[Placenta abruptio]]
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| ** [[Placenta previa]]
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| ** [[abortion|Septic abortion]]
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| ** [[Transfusion reaction]]s
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| ** [[Burn]]s
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| ** [[Insect bite|Snake bite]]
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| ** [[dehydration|Severe dehydration]]
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| ** [[Shock (medical)|Shock]]
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| ** [[heart failure|Severe heart failure]]
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| ** [[Abdominal aorta|Abdominal aortic]] [[surgery]]
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| * [[glomerulonephritis|Chronic glomerulonephritis]]
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| * [[Alport syndrome]]
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| * [[hypercalcemia|Prolonged hypercalcemia]] and/or [[hypercalciuria]]
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| * [[Renal transplant]] [[transplant rejection| rejection]]
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| * [[Sickle cell disease]] (rare)
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| * [[pyridoxine deficiency|Vitamin B6 deficiency]] ([[pyridoxine deficiency]]) (rare)
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| ===Causes of medullary nephrocalcinosis===
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| * [[Medullary sponge kidney]]
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| * [[Hyperparathyroidism]]
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| * [[Renal tubular acidosis]] (specifically distal RTA)
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| * [[Renal]] [[tuberculosis]]
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| * [[Renal papillary necrosis]]
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| * [[Hyperoxaluria]]
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| ===Other causes of [[hypercalcemia]] (and thus [[hypercalciuria]])===
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| * Immobilization (leading to hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria)
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| * [[Milk-alkali syndrome]]
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| * [[Hypervitaminosis D]]
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| * [[Sarcoidosis]]
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| ==Differential Diagnosis==
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| * [[Hyperparathyroidism]]
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| * [[Medullary sponge kidney]]
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| * [[Renal tubular acidosis]]
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| * [[Hypercalcemia]]
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| ==Diagnostic Findings== | | ==Diagnostic Findings== |
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| Image:Med23011902.jpg | | Image:Med23011902.jpg |
| </gallery> | | </gallery> |
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| ==External Links ==
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| * [http://goldminer.arrs.org/search.php?query=cortical%20nephrocalcinosis Goldminer: Cortical nephrocalcinosis]
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| * [http://goldminer.arrs.org/search.php?query=medullary%20nephrocalcinosis Goldminer: Medullary nephrocalcinosis]
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| ==Additional Resources==
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| * Genitourinary Imaging: Case Review Series - ISBN 0323037143
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| {{Nephrology}} | | {{Nephrology}} |
