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{{Infobox_Disease |
'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]] {{SI}}'''{{Infobox_Disease |
   Name          = Nasopharyngeal carcinoma |
   Name          = Nasopharyngeal carcinoma |
   Image          = Lymphoepithelioma met to LN 6.jpg|
   Image          = Lymphoepithelioma met to LN 6.jpg|

Revision as of 12:33, 29 July 2009

For patient information click here

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List of terms related to Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma in a lymph node
ICD-10 C11
ICD-9 147
OMIM 161550
DiseasesDB 8814
eMedicine ped/1553 
MeSH D009303

WikiDoc Resources for Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Articles

Most recent articles on Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Most cited articles on Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Review articles on Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Articles on Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ

Media

Powerpoint slides on Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Images of Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Photos of Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Podcasts & MP3s on Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Videos on Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Evidence Based Medicine

Cochrane Collaboration on Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Bandolier on Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

TRIP on Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Clinical Trials

Ongoing Trials on Nasopharyngeal carcinoma at Clinical Trials.gov

Trial results on Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Clinical Trials on Nasopharyngeal carcinoma at Google

Guidelines / Policies / Govt

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

NICE Guidance on Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

NHS PRODIGY Guidance

FDA on Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

CDC on Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Books

Books on Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

News

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the news

Be alerted to news on Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

News trends on Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Commentary

Blogs on Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Definitions

Definitions of Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Patient Resources / Community

Patient resources on Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Discussion groups on Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Patient Handouts on Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Directions to Hospitals Treating Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Risk calculators and risk factors for Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Healthcare Provider Resources

Symptoms of Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Causes & Risk Factors for Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Diagnostic studies for Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Treatment of Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Continuing Medical Education (CME)

CME Programs on Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

International

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma en Espanol

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma en Francais

Business

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the Marketplace

Patents on Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Experimental / Informatics

List of terms related to Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us [2] to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.

Overview

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a cancer originating in the nasopharynx, the uppermost region of the pharynx or "throat", where the nasal passages and auditory tubes join the remainder of the upper respiratory tract. NPC differs significantly from other cancers of the head and neck in its occurrence, causes, clinical behavior, and treatment. It is vastly more common in certain regions of East Asia and Africa than elsewhere, with viral, dietary, and genetic factors implicated in its causation.

Classification

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is classified as a malignant neoplasm, or cancer, arising from the mucosal epithelium of the nasopharynx, most often within the lateral nasopharyngeal recess or fossa of Rosenmüller. There are three microscopic subtypes of NPC: a well-differentiated keratinizing type, a moderately-differentiated nonkeratinizing type, and an undifferentiated type, which typically contains large numbers of non-cancerous lymphocytes (chronic inflammatory cells), thus giving rise to the name lymphoepithelioma. The undifferentiated form is most common, and is most strongly associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection of the cancerous cells.[1]

Signs and symptoms

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma produces few symptoms early in its course, with the result that most cases are quite advanced when detected. Once the tumor has expanded from its site of origin in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx, it may obstruct the nasal passages and cause nasal discharge or nosebleed. Obstruction of the auditory tubes may cause chronic ear infections, and patients may experience referred pain to the ear. Metastasis of cancer to the lymph nodes of the neck may also be the first noticeable sign of the disease.[1]

Causes

Numerous studies have linked common subtypes of NPC to infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which has also been implicated in the development of other cancers such as Hodgkin's disease, Burkitt's lymphoma, and HIV-associated lymphomas. There is some evidence that genetic factors, such as HLA type may play a role in the susceptibility of certain ethnic groups to NPC. Finally, dietary risk factors, such as the consumption of salt-cured fish high in nitrosamines, may play a role in the Asian endemic regions. Well-differentiated NPC, with a microscopic appearance most similar to other squamous cell cancers of the head and neck may be more closely associated with the standard risk factors for that disease, such as cigarette smoking.[1][2]

Treatment

Because NPC occurs in an anatomical site which is poorly accessible to surgeons, and is often advanced at presentation, the most effective means of treatment is generally radiation therapy, either with or without concurrent chemotherapy. While the undifferentiated subtype of NPC is highly radiosensitive, this is less true of the more differentiated subtypes.[1]

Prognosis

The five-year survival rate of nonkeratinizing and undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinomas, with appropriate treatment, is about 65% overall. Cure is highly possible, even when disease has spread to the regional lymph nodes. The prognosis of keratinizing NPC is significantly worse, due to its greater resistance to radiation.[1]

Epidemiology

NPC is uncommon in the United States and most other nations, but is extremely common in Taiwan and certain regions of China, accounting for 18% of all cancers in the latter nation. While NPC is seen primarily in middle-aged persons in Asia, a high proportion of African cases appear in children. The cause of increased risk for NPC in these endemic regions is not entirely clear.[1]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Richard Cote, Saul Suster, Lawrence Weiss, Noel Weidner (Editor). Modern Surgical Pathology (2 Volume Set). London: W B Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-7253-1.
  2. Ian F Tannock, Richard P. Hill, Robert G. Bristow, Lea Harrington (Editor) (2005). The Basic Science of Oncology (Fourth Edition). U.S.A: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-138774-9.

Acknowledgements

The content on this page was first contributed by: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.

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