Meningitis causes
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Meningitis Main Page |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]
Overview
Causes
Most cases of meningitis are caused by microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites, that spread into the blood and into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).[1] Non-infectious causes include cancers, systemic lupus erythematosus and certain drugs. The most common cause of meningitis is viral, and often runs its course within a few days. Bacterial meningitis is the second most frequent type and can be serious and life-threatening. Numerous microorganisms may cause bacterial meningitis, but Neisseria meningitidis ("meningococcus") and Streptococcus pneumoniae ("pneumococcus") are the most common pathogens in patients without immune deficiency, with meningococcal disease being more common in children. Staphylococcus aureus may complicate neurosurgical operations, and Listeria monocytogenes is associated with poor nutritional state and alcoholicism. Haemophilus influenzae (type B) incidence has been much reduced by immunization in many countries. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (the causative agent of tuberculosis) rarely causes meningitis in Western countries but is common and feared in countries where tuberculosis is endemic.
Causes in alphabetical order. [2] [3]
Common Causes
- Escherichia coli
- Gram-negative bacilli
- Group B streptococci
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Neisseria Meningitis
- Non-Group B streptococci
- Staphylococci
- Streptococcus agalactiae
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
Infectious Causes
- Abscess
- Adenovirus
- Arboviruses
- Aspergillosis
- Borrelia
- Candidiasis
- Chlamydia psittaci
- Coccidioidomycosis
- Coxsackie viruses
- Cryptococcosis
- Cysticercosis
- Cytomegalovirus
- ECHO viruses (Entero Cytopathogenic Human Orphan)
- Epstein-Barr Virus
- Escherichia coli
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Herpes Simplex Virus
- Histoplasmosis
- HIV
- Influenza
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Leptospira
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Malaria
- Measles
- Mumps
- Mycobacteria
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Neisseria Meningitidis
- Otitis
- Pertussis
- Polio
- Proteus
- Pseudomonas
- Rabies
- Rickettsia
- Rubella
- Sarcoidosis
- Schistosomiasis
- Sinusitis
- Smallpox
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Staphylococcus epidermidis
- Streptococci
- Streptococcus agalactiae
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Syphilis
- Toxoplasmosis
- Tuberculosis
- Varicella-Zoster Virus
- Whipple's Disease
Noninfectious Causes
- Behcet's Syndrome
- Brain tumor
- Cerebrovascular accident
- Drugs
- Meningeal carcinomatosis
- Meningeal leukemia
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Vaccine reaction
- Triquinine
References
- ↑ Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed. ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 876&ndash, 9. ISBN 0838585299.
- ↑ Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016
- ↑ Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X