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! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| Other Feature(s)}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| Other Feature(s)}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| Microscopic Appearance}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| Microscopic Appearance}}
|-
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="left" |Medullary Thyroid Cancer<ref name="pmid6690009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Busnardo B, Girelli ME, Simioni N, Nacamulli D, Busetto E |title=Nonparallel patterns of calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen levels in the follow-up of medullary thyroid carcinoma |journal=Cancer |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=278–85 |date=January 1984 |pmid=6690009 |doi=10.1002/1097-0142(19840115)53:2<278::aid-cncr2820530216>3.0.co;2-z |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10699905">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kebebew E, Ituarte PH, Siperstein AE, Duh QY, Clark OH |title=Medullary thyroid carcinoma: clinical characteristics, treatment, prognostic factors, and a comparison of staging systems |journal=Cancer |volume=88 |issue=5 |pages=1139–48 |date=March 2000 |pmid=10699905 |doi=10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(20000301)88:5<1139::aid-cncr26>3.0.co;2-z |url=}}</ref><ref name="HofstraLandsvater1994">{{cite journal|last1=Hofstra|first1=Robert M. W.|last2=Landsvater|first2=Rudy M.|last3=Ceccherini|first3=Isabella|last4=Stulp|first4=Rein P.|last5=Stelwagen|first5=Tineke|last6=Luo|first6=Yin|last7=Pasini|first7=Barbara|last8=Hoppener|first8=Jo W. M.|last9=van Amstel|first9=Hans Kristian Ploos|last10=Romeo|first10=Giovanni|last11=Lips|first11=Cornells J. M.|last12=Buys|first12=Charles H. C. M.|title=A mutation in the RET proto-oncogene associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B and sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma|journal=Nature|volume=367|issue=6461|year=1994|pages=375–376|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/367375a0}}</ref><ref name="pmid20001718">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sipos JA |title=Advances in ultrasound for the diagnosis and management of thyroid cancer |journal=Thyroid |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=1363–72 |date=December 2009 |pmid=20001718 |doi=10.1089/thy.2009.1608 |url=}}</ref>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
*[[Incidence]] increases with age
* More common in the 3rd to 4th decades of life
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Both genders are affected equally
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
*[[Solitary]] [[thyroid nodule]]
* Mostly affects upper [[Lobe (anatomy)|lobe]] of [[thyroid gland]]
* Possible [[systemic]] [[symptoms]] due to [[Hormone|hormonal]] [[secretion]] by the [[tumor]]
*[[Cervical]] [[lymphadenopathy]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
*On [[ultrasound]]:
**[[Solitary]] hypoechoic [[nodule]] with or without [[calcification]]
*[[Imaging]] features are not characteristic of this [[cancer]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Single non-encapsulated mass
* Gray-tan color
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Sheets of [[cells]] in an [[amyloid]] [[stroma]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
*[[Secretion|Secretes]] [[calcitonin]]
*Normal [[thyroid function test|thyroid function tests]]
*[[Carcinoembryonic antigen]] ([[CEA]]) may be used as a [[tumor marker]]
*Rarely negative for [[calcitonin]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Can be part of [[MEN syndromes|MEN 2A]] and [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2|2B syndrome]]
* Can be associated with [[RET gene|RET]] [[mutation]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[File:Thyroid MedullaryCarcinoma SpindleCell LP PA.JPG|thumb|none|200px|Source:Wikimedia common ]]
|-
|-
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; " align="left" |Papillary Thyroid Cancer<ref name="FaginMitsiades2008">{{cite journal|last1=Fagin|first1=James A.|last2=Mitsiades|first2=Nicholas|title=Molecular pathology of thyroid cancer: diagnostic and clinical implications|journal=Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|volume=22|issue=6|year=2008|pages=955–969|issn=1521690X|doi=10.1016/j.beem.2008.09.017}}</ref><ref name="Schlumberger1998">{{cite journal|last1=Schlumberger|first1=Martin Jean|title=Papillary and Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=338|issue=5|year=1998|pages=297–306|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM199801293380506}}</ref><ref name="pmid20001718">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sipos JA |title=Advances in ultrasound for the diagnosis and management of thyroid cancer |journal=Thyroid |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=1363–72 |date=December 2009 |pmid=20001718 |doi=10.1089/thy.2009.1608 |url=}}</ref>
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; " align="left" |Papillary Thyroid Cancer<ref name="FaginMitsiades2008">{{cite journal|last1=Fagin|first1=James A.|last2=Mitsiades|first2=Nicholas|title=Molecular pathology of thyroid cancer: diagnostic and clinical implications|journal=Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|volume=22|issue=6|year=2008|pages=955–969|issn=1521690X|doi=10.1016/j.beem.2008.09.017}}</ref><ref name="Schlumberger1998">{{cite journal|last1=Schlumberger|first1=Martin Jean|title=Papillary and Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=338|issue=5|year=1998|pages=297–306|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM199801293380506}}</ref><ref name="pmid20001718">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sipos JA |title=Advances in ultrasound for the diagnosis and management of thyroid cancer |journal=Thyroid |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=1363–72 |date=December 2009 |pmid=20001718 |doi=10.1089/thy.2009.1608 |url=}}</ref>
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Image:Metastatic follicular thyroid carcinoma - Case 264.jpg|thumb|none|200px|Source:Wikimedia common ]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Image:Metastatic follicular thyroid carcinoma - Case 264.jpg|thumb|none|200px|Source:Wikimedia common ]]
|-
|-
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="left" |Medullary Thyroid Cancer<ref name="pmid6690009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Busnardo B, Girelli ME, Simioni N, Nacamulli D, Busetto E |title=Nonparallel patterns of calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen levels in the follow-up of medullary thyroid carcinoma |journal=Cancer |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=278–85 |date=January 1984 |pmid=6690009 |doi=10.1002/1097-0142(19840115)53:2<278::aid-cncr2820530216>3.0.co;2-z |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10699905">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kebebew E, Ituarte PH, Siperstein AE, Duh QY, Clark OH |title=Medullary thyroid carcinoma: clinical characteristics, treatment, prognostic factors, and a comparison of staging systems |journal=Cancer |volume=88 |issue=5 |pages=1139–48 |date=March 2000 |pmid=10699905 |doi=10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(20000301)88:5<1139::aid-cncr26>3.0.co;2-z |url=}}</ref><ref name="HofstraLandsvater1994">{{cite journal|last1=Hofstra|first1=Robert M. W.|last2=Landsvater|first2=Rudy M.|last3=Ceccherini|first3=Isabella|last4=Stulp|first4=Rein P.|last5=Stelwagen|first5=Tineke|last6=Luo|first6=Yin|last7=Pasini|first7=Barbara|last8=Hoppener|first8=Jo W. M.|last9=van Amstel|first9=Hans Kristian Ploos|last10=Romeo|first10=Giovanni|last11=Lips|first11=Cornells J. M.|last12=Buys|first12=Charles H. C. M.|title=A mutation in the RET proto-oncogene associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B and sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma|journal=Nature|volume=367|issue=6461|year=1994|pages=375–376|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/367375a0}}</ref><ref name="pmid20001718">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sipos JA |title=Advances in ultrasound for the diagnosis and management of thyroid cancer |journal=Thyroid |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=1363–72 |date=December 2009 |pmid=20001718 |doi=10.1089/thy.2009.1608 |url=}}</ref>


| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
*[[Incidence]] increases with age
* More common in the 3rd to 4th decades of life
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Both genders are affected equally
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
*[[Solitary]] [[thyroid nodule]]
* Mostly affects upper [[Lobe (anatomy)|lobe]] of [[thyroid gland]]
* Possible [[systemic]] [[symptoms]] due to [[Hormone|hormonal]] [[secretion]] by the [[tumor]]
*[[Cervical]] [[lymphadenopathy]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
*On [[ultrasound]]:
**[[Solitary]] hypoechoic [[nodule]] with or without [[calcification]]
*[[Imaging]] features are not characteristic of this [[cancer]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Single non-encapsulated mass
* Gray-tan color
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Sheets of [[cells]] in an [[amyloid]] [[stroma]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
*[[Secretion|Secretes]] [[calcitonin]]
*Normal [[thyroid function test|thyroid function tests]]
*[[Carcinoembryonic antigen]] ([[CEA]]) may be used as a [[tumor marker]]
*Rarely negative for [[calcitonin]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Can be part of [[MEN syndromes|MEN 2A]] and [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2|2B syndrome]]
* Can be associated with [[RET gene|RET]] [[mutation]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[File:Thyroid MedullaryCarcinoma SpindleCell LP PA.JPG|thumb|none|200px|Source:Wikimedia common ]]
|-
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="left" |Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer<ref name="pmid21772843">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nagaiah G, Hossain A, Mooney CJ, Parmentier J, Remick SC |title=Anaplastic thyroid cancer: a review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment |journal=J Oncol |volume=2011 |issue= |pages=542358 |date=2011 |pmid=21772843 |pmc=3136148 |doi=10.1155/2011/542358 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2794956">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chang TC, Liaw KY, Kuo SH, Chang CC, Chen FW |title=Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: review of 24 cases, with emphasis on cytodiagnosis and leukocytosis |journal=Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi |volume=88 |issue=6 |pages=551–6 |date=June 1989 |pmid=2794956 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1695118">{{cite journal |vauthors=Venkatesh YS, Ordonez NG, Schultz PN, Hickey RC, Goepfert H, Samaan NA |title=Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid. A clinicopathologic study of 121 cases |journal=Cancer |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=321–30 |date=July 1990 |pmid=1695118 |doi=10.1002/1097-0142(19900715)66:2<321::aid-cncr2820660221>3.0.co;2-a |url=}}</ref>
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="left" |Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer<ref name="pmid21772843">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nagaiah G, Hossain A, Mooney CJ, Parmentier J, Remick SC |title=Anaplastic thyroid cancer: a review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment |journal=J Oncol |volume=2011 |issue= |pages=542358 |date=2011 |pmid=21772843 |pmc=3136148 |doi=10.1155/2011/542358 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2794956">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chang TC, Liaw KY, Kuo SH, Chang CC, Chen FW |title=Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: review of 24 cases, with emphasis on cytodiagnosis and leukocytosis |journal=Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi |volume=88 |issue=6 |pages=551–6 |date=June 1989 |pmid=2794956 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1695118">{{cite journal |vauthors=Venkatesh YS, Ordonez NG, Schultz PN, Hickey RC, Goepfert H, Samaan NA |title=Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid. A clinicopathologic study of 121 cases |journal=Cancer |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=321–30 |date=July 1990 |pmid=1695118 |doi=10.1002/1097-0142(19900715)66:2<321::aid-cncr2820660221>3.0.co;2-a |url=}}</ref>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |

Latest revision as of 18:16, 19 August 2019

Medullary thyroid cancer Microchapters

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Differentiating Medullary thyroid cancer from other Diseases

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sahar Memar Montazerin, M.D.[2] Ammu Susheela, M.D. [3]

Overview

Medullary thyroid cancer must be differentiated from anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, paraganglioma, carcinoid tumor, and Hurthle cell carcinoma.

Differentiating Medullary thyroid cancer from other Diseases

  • Medullary thyroid cancer must be differentiated from the following:
Disease Name Age of Onset Gender Preponderance Signs/Symptoms Imaging Feature(s) Macroscopic Feature(s) Microscopic Feature(s) Laboratory Findings(s) Other Feature(s) Microscopic Appearance
Medullary Thyroid Cancer[1][2][3][4]
  • Incidence increases with age
  • More common in the 3rd to 4th decades of life
  • Both genders are affected equally
  • Single non-encapsulated mass
  • Gray-tan color
Source:Wikimedia common
Papillary Thyroid Cancer[5][6][4]
  • More common in the middle aged (30 - 50 years of age)
  • More commonly affects women
Source:Wikimedia commons
Follicular Thyroid Cancer[6][4][7]
  • More commonly affects women
Source:Wikimedia common
Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer[8][9][10]
  • More common among older individuals
  • Mean age at diagnosis is 65 years
  • More commonly affects women
    • Irregular margin
  • Imaging features are not characteristic of this cancer
Source:Wikimedia common
Follicular Adenoma[11]
  • More commonly affects individuals older than 50 years of age
  • More commonly affects women
  • Solitary nodule which may show echogenicity or not
  • Solitary, spherical, and encapsulated lesion
  • Well demarcated from the surrounding parenchyma
  • Functional adenoma:
    • Elevated T3, T4
    • Decreased TSH
  • May be considered functional or hot
  • May be considered non-functional or cold
Source:Wikimedia common
Multinodular Goiter[12]
  • Commonly affects individuals older than 60 years of age
  • More commonly affects women
Source:pathology outline, case courtesy of Dr. Swati Satturwar
Thyroid Lymphoma[13]

[14][15][16]

  • More common among women
Source:pathology outline, case courtesy of Dr. Mark R. Wick

Reference

  1. Busnardo B, Girelli ME, Simioni N, Nacamulli D, Busetto E (January 1984). "Nonparallel patterns of calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen levels in the follow-up of medullary thyroid carcinoma". Cancer. 53 (2): 278–85. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19840115)53:2<278::aid-cncr2820530216>3.0.co;2-z. PMID 6690009.
  2. Kebebew E, Ituarte PH, Siperstein AE, Duh QY, Clark OH (March 2000). "Medullary thyroid carcinoma: clinical characteristics, treatment, prognostic factors, and a comparison of staging systems". Cancer. 88 (5): 1139–48. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(20000301)88:5<1139::aid-cncr26>3.0.co;2-z. PMID 10699905.
  3. Hofstra, Robert M. W.; Landsvater, Rudy M.; Ceccherini, Isabella; Stulp, Rein P.; Stelwagen, Tineke; Luo, Yin; Pasini, Barbara; Hoppener, Jo W. M.; van Amstel, Hans Kristian Ploos; Romeo, Giovanni; Lips, Cornells J. M.; Buys, Charles H. C. M. (1994). "A mutation in the RET proto-oncogene associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B and sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma". Nature. 367 (6461): 375–376. doi:10.1038/367375a0. ISSN 0028-0836.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 Sipos JA (December 2009). "Advances in ultrasound for the diagnosis and management of thyroid cancer". Thyroid. 19 (12): 1363–72. doi:10.1089/thy.2009.1608. PMID 20001718.
  5. Fagin, James A.; Mitsiades, Nicholas (2008). "Molecular pathology of thyroid cancer: diagnostic and clinical implications". Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 22 (6): 955–969. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2008.09.017. ISSN 1521-690X.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Schlumberger, Martin Jean (1998). "Papillary and Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma". New England Journal of Medicine. 338 (5): 297–306. doi:10.1056/NEJM199801293380506. ISSN 0028-4793.
  7. Pettersson B, Adami HO, Wilander E, Coleman MP (April 1991). "Trends in thyroid cancer incidence in Sweden, 1958-1981, by histopathologic type". Int. J. Cancer. 48 (1): 28–33. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910480106. PMID 2019455.
  8. Nagaiah G, Hossain A, Mooney CJ, Parmentier J, Remick SC (2011). "Anaplastic thyroid cancer: a review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment". J Oncol. 2011: 542358. doi:10.1155/2011/542358. PMC 3136148. PMID 21772843.
  9. Chang TC, Liaw KY, Kuo SH, Chang CC, Chen FW (June 1989). "Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: review of 24 cases, with emphasis on cytodiagnosis and leukocytosis". Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 88 (6): 551–6. PMID 2794956.
  10. Venkatesh YS, Ordonez NG, Schultz PN, Hickey RC, Goepfert H, Samaan NA (July 1990). "Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid. A clinicopathologic study of 121 cases". Cancer. 66 (2): 321–30. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19900715)66:2<321::aid-cncr2820660221>3.0.co;2-a. PMID 1695118.
  11. Mathur, Aarti; Olson, Matthew T.; Zeiger, Martha A. (2014). "Follicular Lesions of the Thyroid". Surgical Clinics of North America. 94 (3): 499–513. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2014.02.005. ISSN 0039-6109.
  12. Bronshteĭn ME, Makarov AD, Artemova AM, Bazarova EN, Kozlov GI (1994). "[Morphology of the thyroid tissue in multinodular euthyroid goiter]". Probl Endokrinol (Mosk) (in Russian). 40 (2): 36–9. PMID 8197088.
  13. Pedersen RK, Pedersen NT (January 1996). "Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the thyroid gland: a population based study". Histopathology. 28 (1): 25–32. PMID 8838117.
  14. Hyjek E, Isaacson PG (November 1988). "Primary B cell lymphoma of the thyroid and its relationship to Hashimoto's thyroiditis". Hum. Pathol. 19 (11): 1315–26. doi:10.1016/s0046-8177(88)80287-9. PMID 3141260.
  15. Tupchong L, Hughes F, Harmer CL (October 1986). "Primary lymphoma of the thyroid: clinical features, prognostic factors, and results of treatment". Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 12 (10): 1813–21. doi:10.1016/0360-3016(86)90324-x. PMID 3759532.
  16. Ota H, Ito Y, Matsuzuka F, Kuma S, Fukata S, Morita S, Kobayashi K, Nakamura Y, Kakudo K, Amino N, Miyauchi A (October 2006). "Usefulness of ultrasonography for diagnosis of malignant lymphoma of the thyroid". Thyroid. 16 (10): 983–7. doi:10.1089/thy.2006.16.983. PMID 17042683.