Mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPK6gene.[1][2]
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family, and is most closely related to mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP kinases). MAP kinases, also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), are activated through protein phosphorylation cascades and act as integration points for multiple biochemical signals. This kinase is localized in the nucleus, and has been reported to be activated in fibroblasts upon treatment with serum or phorbol esters.[2]
ERK3/MAPK6 was initially cloned from the rat brain cDNA library by homology screening with probes ERK1 derived probe.[3]
Gene location
In humans, MAPK 6 gene is located on the distal arm of chromosome 15 (15q21.2). It is 47.01kb long and is transcribed in the centromere to telomere orientation. It consist of 6 exons with the translation initiation codon which is located in exon2.[4]
Structure
It is an atypical member of the mitogen activated kinases family. The molecular mass of the translated protein is approximately 100kDa, and is made up of 721 amino acid residues.[4][3] It contains a typical kinase domain at the N- terminal and an extended C- terminal. The first 150 residues at c- terminal are 50% similar to ERK4 protein. At the kinase domain it exhibits about 70% similarity with the ERK4 protein.[4][3] The activation loop of the phosphorylation motif contains only one phospho acceptor site (Ser-Glu-Gly).[3]
The structure is predicted by homology modelling using the crystal structure of phoshphorylated ERK2. According to the model, the structure of ERK3/MAPK6 kinase domain resembles other MAP kinases. The modelled ERK3/MAPK6 kinase domain is predicted to fold with a topology similar to other MAP kinases.[3]
Expression
ERK3/MAPK6 is widely expressed protein however it is expressed in significantly higher amounts in skeletal muscles and brain. It is localized in cytoplasm and the nucleus of cells. ERK3/MAPK6 is a highly unstable protein and has a very little half life of less than an hour. It is degraded by ubiquitin mediated proteasomal pathway.[4]
Function
It is very important for neonatal growth and survival. ERK3/MAPK6 forms a complex with microtubule associated protein2 (MAP2) and MAPKAPK5 which mediates the phosphorylation of MAPKAPK5 which in turn phosphorylates ERK3/MAPK6 at serine 189 residue mediating the entry into cell cycle.[5] It also acts as a regulator for T- cell development. The catalytic activity of ERK3/MAPK6 plays an important for the proper differentiation of T-cells in the thymus. The long c- terminal is responsible for thymic differentiation.[6]
Role in cancer
ERK3/MAPK6 interacts with and phosphorylated steroid receptor coactivator 3 (SRC-3) This coreceptor is an oncogenic protein which when overexpressed at serine 857 leads to cancer. After the phosphorylation of SRC-3 results in the upregulation of MMP activity ERK3-mediated phosphorylation at S857 was essential for interaction of SRC-3 with the ETS transcription factor PEA3, which promotes upregulation of MMP gene expression and proinvasive activity.[7]
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Julien C, Coulombe P, Meloche S (October 2003). "Nuclear export of ERK3 by a CRM1-dependent mechanism regulates its inhibitory action on cell cycle progression". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (43): 42615–24. doi:10.1074/jbc.M302724200. PMID12915405.
Rai R, Mahale A, Saranath D (August 2004). "Molecular cloning, isolation and characterisation of ERK3 gene from chewing-tobacco induced oral squamous cell carcinoma". Oral Oncology. 40 (7): 705–12. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2004.01.010. PMID15172640.
Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M (October 2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–8. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID16189514.
Hoeflich KP, Eby MT, Forrest WF, Gray DC, Tien JY, Stern HM, Murray LJ, Davis DP, Modrusan Z, Seshagiri S (October 2006). "Regulation of ERK3/MAPK6 expression by BRAF". International Journal of Oncology. 29 (4): 839–49. doi:10.3892/ijo.29.4.839. PMID16964379.
