Lymphangitis natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
No edit summary
 
(5 intermediate revisions by one other user not shown)
Line 2: Line 2:
{{Lymphangitis}}
{{Lymphangitis}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{VD}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{VD}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
Depending on etiologies lymphangitis has spectrum of natural history, complication and prognosis. Specific natural history, complications and prognosis for individual infections are discussed in detail separately.
Lymphangitis being a manifestation of wide concurrently occurring spectrum of manifestations or pathologies. [[Natural history of disease|Natural history]], [[complications]] and [[prognosis]] varies from etiology to etiology.
== Natural History ==
 
===Acute Lymphangitis===
==Natural History==
*Course of the disease varies from organism to organism.  
Lymphangitis being a manifestation of wide concurrently occurring spectrum of manifestations or pathologies. Natural history, complications and prognosis varies from etiology to etiology. In general, the natural history of lymphangitis based on the classification follows:<ref name="harrison">lymphanitis "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on October 12,2016</ref><ref name="pmid27271418">{{cite journal| author=Füeßl HS| title=[Emergency checklist: Acute lymphangitis]. | journal=MMW Fortschr Med | year= 2016 | volume= 158 | issue= 11 | pages= 65 | pmid=27271418 | doi=10.1007/s15006-016-8384-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27271418  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8480962">{{cite journal| author=Kostman JR, DiNubile MJ| title=Nodular lymphangitis: a distinctive but often unrecognized syndrome. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1993 | volume= 118 | issue= 11 | pages= 883-8 | pmid=8480962 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8480962  }}</ref><ref name="pmid18317034">{{cite journal| author=Schubach A, Barros MB, Wanke B| title=Epidemic sporotrichosis. | journal=Curr Opin Infect Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 21 | issue= 2 | pages= 129-33 | pmid=18317034 | doi=10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282f44c52 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18317034  }}</ref><ref name="pmid27051706">{{cite journal| author=Chung E, Pulitzer MP, Papadopoulos EB, Papanicolaou GA, Babady NE, Marchetti MA| title=Lymphangitic papules caused by Nocardia takedensis. | journal=JAAD Case Rep | year= 2015 | volume= 1 | issue= 3 | pages= 126-8 | pmid=27051706 | doi=10.1016/j.jdcr.2015.03.001 | pmc=4808715 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27051706  }}</ref><ref name="pmid11472559">{{cite journal| author=Taylor MJ, Cross HF, Ford L, Makunde WH, Prasad GB, Bilo K| title=Wolbachia bacteria in filarial immunity and disease. | journal=Parasite Immunol | year= 2001 | volume= 23 | issue= 7 | pages= 401-9 | pmid=11472559 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11472559  }}</ref><ref name="pmid20739055">{{cite journal| author=Taylor MJ, Hoerauf A, Bockarie M| title=Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. | journal=Lancet | year= 2010 | volume= 376 | issue= 9747 | pages= 1175-85 | pmid=20739055 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60586-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20739055  }}</ref>
*Generally, if the organism is not locally contained by body defenses, it can lead to bacteremia, sepsis, septic shock, multi-organ failure, and death.
 
===Lymphangitis due to infectious etiology===
Natural history of lymphangitis due to [[infectious]] etiology varies widely from [[organism]] to organism. Generally, if left untreated or  body defenses weren't able to overcome the [[Pathology (disambiguation)|pathological]] nature of [[organism]], could lead to [[Bacteremia|bacteremia,]] [[sepsis]], [[septic shock]], [[multi-organ failure]], and [[death]].
 
=== Lymphangitis due to non-infectious etiology ===
 
===Lymphangitis carcinomatosa===
===Lymphangitis carcinomatosa===
*An extremely aggressive form metastasized  malignant tumor
Lymphangits carcinomatosis, being a metstatic [[malignant]] condition, commonly results in [[respiratory failure]] even with treatment.
*In 1996, Bruce DM and colleagues reported, 50% mortality within 3 months of onset of first respiratory symptoms
 
== Complications==
==== Sclerosing lymphangitis ====
===Acute Lymphangitis===
Being a self-limiting and self-resolving condition, If left untreated, it undergoes spontaneous resolving in  weeks.<ref name="pmid262288312">{{cite journal| author=Papeš D, Altarac S, Antabak A, Savić I| title=Nonvenereal sclerosing lymphangitis of the penis. | journal=Acta Dermatovenerol Croat | year= 2015 | volume= 23 | issue= 2 | pages= 150-1 | pmid=26228831 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26228831  }}</ref>
*Cellulitis  
 
*Pneumonia  
==Complications==
*Endocarditis  
Complications of lymphangitis varies from etiology to etiology.
*Osteomyelitis  
 
*Meningitis  
====Common complications of lymphangitis due to infectious etiology include:<ref name="harrison2">lymphanitis "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on October 12,2016</ref><ref name="pmid272714182">{{cite journal| author=Füeßl HS| title=[Emergency checklist: Acute lymphangitis]. | journal=MMW Fortschr Med | year= 2016 | volume= 158 | issue= 11 | pages= 65 | pmid=27271418 | doi=10.1007/s15006-016-8384-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27271418  }}</ref><ref name="pmid84809622">{{cite journal| author=Kostman JR, DiNubile MJ| title=Nodular lymphangitis: a distinctive but often unrecognized syndrome. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1993 | volume= 118 | issue= 11 | pages= 883-8 | pmid=8480962 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8480962  }}</ref><ref name="pmid183170342">{{cite journal| author=Schubach A, Barros MB, Wanke B| title=Epidemic sporotrichosis. | journal=Curr Opin Infect Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 21 | issue= 2 | pages= 129-33 | pmid=18317034 | doi=10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282f44c52 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18317034  }}</ref><ref name="pmid270517062">{{cite journal| author=Chung E, Pulitzer MP, Papadopoulos EB, Papanicolaou GA, Babady NE, Marchetti MA| title=Lymphangitic papules caused by Nocardia takedensis. | journal=JAAD Case Rep | year= 2015 | volume= 1 | issue= 3 | pages= 126-8 | pmid=27051706 | doi=10.1016/j.jdcr.2015.03.001 | pmc=4808715 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27051706  }}</ref><ref name="pmid114725592">{{cite journal| author=Taylor MJ, Cross HF, Ford L, Makunde WH, Prasad GB, Bilo K| title=Wolbachia bacteria in filarial immunity and disease. | journal=Parasite Immunol | year= 2001 | volume= 23 | issue= 7 | pages= 401-9 | pmid=11472559 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11472559  }}</ref><ref name="pmid207390552">{{cite journal| author=Taylor MJ, Hoerauf A, Bockarie M| title=Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. | journal=Lancet | year= 2010 | volume= 376 | issue= 9747 | pages= 1175-85 | pmid=20739055 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60586-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20739055  }}</ref>====
*Septic artheritis
*[[Cellulitis]]
*Peritonitis  
*[[Pneumonia]]
*Visceral abscess
*[[Endocarditis]]
*Septic shock
*[[Osteomyelitis]]
*Multi-organ failure
*[[Meningitis]]
*[[Septic artheritis]]
*[[Peritonitis]]
*[[Visceral abscess]]
*[[Septic shock]]
*[[Multi-organ failure]]
 
==== Complications of lymphangits due to non-infectious etiology include: ====
 
====Lymphangitis carcinomatosa====
Most common complications of lymphangitis carcinmatosa are:<ref name="pmid8930034">{{cite journal| author=Bruce DM, Heys SD, Eremin O| title=Lymphangitis carcinomatosa: a literature review. | journal=J R Coll Surg Edinb | year= 1996 | volume= 41 | issue= 1 | pages= 7-13 | pmid=8930034 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8930034  }}</ref>
*[[Respiratory failure]]
*Right [[Heart failure]]
==Prognosis==
Prognosis of lymphangitis varies from etiology to etiology
 
=== Lymphangitis due to infectious etiology ===
With appropriate anitmicrobial treatment, most attacks of lymphangitis with infectious etiology resolve within days to weeks.<ref name="harrison3">lymphanitis "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on October 12,2016</ref><ref name="pmid272714183">{{cite journal| author=Füeßl HS| title=[Emergency checklist: Acute lymphangitis]. | journal=MMW Fortschr Med | year= 2016 | volume= 158 | issue= 11 | pages= 65 | pmid=27271418 | doi=10.1007/s15006-016-8384-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27271418  }}</ref><ref name="pmid84809623">{{cite journal| author=Kostman JR, DiNubile MJ| title=Nodular lymphangitis: a distinctive but often unrecognized syndrome. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1993 | volume= 118 | issue= 11 | pages= 883-8 | pmid=8480962 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8480962  }}</ref><ref name="pmid183170343">{{cite journal| author=Schubach A, Barros MB, Wanke B| title=Epidemic sporotrichosis. | journal=Curr Opin Infect Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 21 | issue= 2 | pages= 129-33 | pmid=18317034 | doi=10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282f44c52 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18317034  }}</ref><ref name="pmid270517063">{{cite journal| author=Chung E, Pulitzer MP, Papadopoulos EB, Papanicolaou GA, Babady NE, Marchetti MA| title=Lymphangitic papules caused by Nocardia takedensis. | journal=JAAD Case Rep | year= 2015 | volume= 1 | issue= 3 | pages= 126-8 | pmid=27051706 | doi=10.1016/j.jdcr.2015.03.001 | pmc=4808715 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27051706  }}</ref><ref name="pmid114725593">{{cite journal| author=Taylor MJ, Cross HF, Ford L, Makunde WH, Prasad GB, Bilo K| title=Wolbachia bacteria in filarial immunity and disease. | journal=Parasite Immunol | year= 2001 | volume= 23 | issue= 7 | pages= 401-9 | pmid=11472559 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11472559  }}</ref><ref name="pmid207390553">{{cite journal| author=Taylor MJ, Hoerauf A, Bockarie M| title=Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. | journal=Lancet | year= 2010 | volume= 376 | issue= 9747 | pages= 1175-85 | pmid=20739055 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60586-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20739055  }}</ref>
 
=== Lymphangitis due to Non-infectious etiology ===
 
===Lymphangitis carcinomatosa===
===Lymphangitis carcinomatosa===
*Respiratory failure
Being a manifestation of [[Metastasis|metastatic]] primary tumor. Lymphangitis carcinomatosa has extremely poor [[prognosis]] with 50% [[mortality]] within 3 months of onset of first [[Respiratory system|respiratory]] symptoms.<ref name="pmid8930034" />
*Right Heart failure
 
== Prognosis ==
=== Sclerosing lymphangitis ===
===Acute Lymphangitis===
Sclerosing lymphangitis, is self- limiting and self- resolving condition, with excellent [[prognosis]].<ref name="pmid26228831">{{cite journal| author=Papeš D, Altarac S, Antabak A, Savić I| title=Nonvenereal sclerosing lymphangitis of the penis. | journal=Acta Dermatovenerol Croat | year= 2015 | volume= 23 | issue= 2 | pages= 150-1 | pmid=26228831 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26228831  }}</ref>
*With appropriate antimicrobial treatment, most attacks of acute lymphangitis resolve within days to weeks.
 
===Lymphangitis carcinomatosa===
*Being a manifestation of metastatic primary tumor. Lymphangitis carcinomatosa has extremely poor prognosis.  
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}{{WH}} {{WS}}{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
{{reflist|2}}

Latest revision as of 02:04, 4 January 2017

Lymphangitis Microchapters

Home

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Causes

Pathophysiology

Differentiating Lymphangitis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

X Ray

CT

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Prevention

Case Studies

Case #1

Lymphangitis natural history, complications and prognosis On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Lymphangitis natural history, complications and prognosis

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Lymphangitis natural history, complications and prognosis

CDC on Lymphangitis natural history, complications and prognosis

Lymphangitis natural history, complications and prognosis in the news

Blogs on Lymphangitis natural history, complications and prognosis

Directions to Hospitals Treating Lymphangitis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Lymphangitis natural history, complications and prognosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vishal Devarkonda, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

Lymphangitis being a manifestation of wide concurrently occurring spectrum of manifestations or pathologies. Natural history, complications and prognosis varies from etiology to etiology.

Natural History

Lymphangitis being a manifestation of wide concurrently occurring spectrum of manifestations or pathologies. Natural history, complications and prognosis varies from etiology to etiology. In general, the natural history of lymphangitis based on the classification follows:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

Lymphangitis due to infectious etiology

Natural history of lymphangitis due to infectious etiology varies widely from organism to organism. Generally, if left untreated or body defenses weren't able to overcome the pathological nature of organism, could lead to bacteremia, sepsis, septic shock, multi-organ failure, and death.

Lymphangitis due to non-infectious etiology

Lymphangitis carcinomatosa

Lymphangits carcinomatosis, being a metstatic malignant condition, commonly results in respiratory failure even with treatment.

Sclerosing lymphangitis

Being a self-limiting and self-resolving condition, If left untreated, it undergoes spontaneous resolving in weeks.[8]

Complications

Complications of lymphangitis varies from etiology to etiology.

Common complications of lymphangitis due to infectious etiology include:[9][10][11][12][13][14][15]

Complications of lymphangits due to non-infectious etiology include:

Lymphangitis carcinomatosa

Most common complications of lymphangitis carcinmatosa are:[16]

Prognosis

Prognosis of lymphangitis varies from etiology to etiology

Lymphangitis due to infectious etiology

With appropriate anitmicrobial treatment, most attacks of lymphangitis with infectious etiology resolve within days to weeks.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23]

Lymphangitis due to Non-infectious etiology

Lymphangitis carcinomatosa

Being a manifestation of metastatic primary tumor. Lymphangitis carcinomatosa has extremely poor prognosis with 50% mortality within 3 months of onset of first respiratory symptoms.[16]

Sclerosing lymphangitis

Sclerosing lymphangitis, is self- limiting and self- resolving condition, with excellent prognosis.[24]

References

  1. ↑ lymphanitis "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on October 12,2016
  2. ↑ Füeßl HS (2016). "[Emergency checklist: Acute lymphangitis]". MMW Fortschr Med. 158 (11): 65. doi:10.1007/s15006-016-8384-9. PMID 27271418.
  3. ↑ Kostman JR, DiNubile MJ (1993). "Nodular lymphangitis: a distinctive but often unrecognized syndrome". Ann Intern Med. 118 (11): 883–8. PMID 8480962.
  4. ↑ Schubach A, Barros MB, Wanke B (2008). "Epidemic sporotrichosis". Curr Opin Infect Dis. 21 (2): 129–33. doi:10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282f44c52. PMID 18317034.
  5. ↑ Chung E, Pulitzer MP, Papadopoulos EB, Papanicolaou GA, Babady NE, Marchetti MA (2015). "Lymphangitic papules caused by Nocardia takedensis". JAAD Case Rep. 1 (3): 126–8. doi:10.1016/j.jdcr.2015.03.001. PMC 4808715. PMID 27051706.
  6. ↑ Taylor MJ, Cross HF, Ford L, Makunde WH, Prasad GB, Bilo K (2001). "Wolbachia bacteria in filarial immunity and disease". Parasite Immunol. 23 (7): 401–9. PMID 11472559.
  7. ↑ Taylor MJ, Hoerauf A, Bockarie M (2010). "Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis". Lancet. 376 (9747): 1175–85. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60586-7. PMID 20739055.
  8. ↑ Papeš D, Altarac S, Antabak A, Savić I (2015). "Nonvenereal sclerosing lymphangitis of the penis". Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 23 (2): 150–1. PMID 26228831.
  9. ↑ lymphanitis "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on October 12,2016
  10. ↑ Füeßl HS (2016). "[Emergency checklist: Acute lymphangitis]". MMW Fortschr Med. 158 (11): 65. doi:10.1007/s15006-016-8384-9. PMID 27271418.
  11. ↑ Kostman JR, DiNubile MJ (1993). "Nodular lymphangitis: a distinctive but often unrecognized syndrome". Ann Intern Med. 118 (11): 883–8. PMID 8480962.
  12. ↑ Schubach A, Barros MB, Wanke B (2008). "Epidemic sporotrichosis". Curr Opin Infect Dis. 21 (2): 129–33. doi:10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282f44c52. PMID 18317034.
  13. ↑ Chung E, Pulitzer MP, Papadopoulos EB, Papanicolaou GA, Babady NE, Marchetti MA (2015). "Lymphangitic papules caused by Nocardia takedensis". JAAD Case Rep. 1 (3): 126–8. doi:10.1016/j.jdcr.2015.03.001. PMC 4808715. PMID 27051706.
  14. ↑ Taylor MJ, Cross HF, Ford L, Makunde WH, Prasad GB, Bilo K (2001). "Wolbachia bacteria in filarial immunity and disease". Parasite Immunol. 23 (7): 401–9. PMID 11472559.
  15. ↑ Taylor MJ, Hoerauf A, Bockarie M (2010). "Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis". Lancet. 376 (9747): 1175–85. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60586-7. PMID 20739055.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Bruce DM, Heys SD, Eremin O (1996). "Lymphangitis carcinomatosa: a literature review". J R Coll Surg Edinb. 41 (1): 7–13. PMID 8930034.
  17. ↑ lymphanitis "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on October 12,2016
  18. ↑ Füeßl HS (2016). "[Emergency checklist: Acute lymphangitis]". MMW Fortschr Med. 158 (11): 65. doi:10.1007/s15006-016-8384-9. PMID 27271418.
  19. ↑ Kostman JR, DiNubile MJ (1993). "Nodular lymphangitis: a distinctive but often unrecognized syndrome". Ann Intern Med. 118 (11): 883–8. PMID 8480962.
  20. ↑ Schubach A, Barros MB, Wanke B (2008). "Epidemic sporotrichosis". Curr Opin Infect Dis. 21 (2): 129–33. doi:10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282f44c52. PMID 18317034.
  21. ↑ Chung E, Pulitzer MP, Papadopoulos EB, Papanicolaou GA, Babady NE, Marchetti MA (2015). "Lymphangitic papules caused by Nocardia takedensis". JAAD Case Rep. 1 (3): 126–8. doi:10.1016/j.jdcr.2015.03.001. PMC 4808715. PMID 27051706.
  22. ↑ Taylor MJ, Cross HF, Ford L, Makunde WH, Prasad GB, Bilo K (2001). "Wolbachia bacteria in filarial immunity and disease". Parasite Immunol. 23 (7): 401–9. PMID 11472559.
  23. ↑ Taylor MJ, Hoerauf A, Bockarie M (2010). "Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis". Lancet. 376 (9747): 1175–85. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60586-7. PMID 20739055.
  24. ↑ Papeš D, Altarac S, Antabak A, Savić I (2015). "Nonvenereal sclerosing lymphangitis of the penis". Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 23 (2): 150–1. PMID 26228831.

Template:WH Template:WS

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Lymphangitis_natural_history,_complications_and_prognosis&oldid=1278913"