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| {{CMG}} '''Associate Editor-in-Chief:''' [[User:Ayokunle Olubaniyi|Ayokunle Olubaniyi, M.B,B.S]] | | {{Lutembacher's syndrome}} |
| | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} <font color="#777777">{{AO}}</font> |
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| ==Overview== | | ==[[{{PAGENAME}} overview|Overview]]== |
| Lutembacher's syndrome is a rare form of [[congenital heart disease]]. It refers to a combination of congenital [[atrial septal defect]], or even a [[patent foramen ovale]] (PFO) complicated by an acquired [[mitral stenosis]].<ref name=Cecil_400>{{Harvnb|Goldman|2011|pp=400}}</ref> The atrial septal defect is usually a specific type called a [[Atrial septal defect ostium secundum|secundum]] atrial septal defect. Iatrogenic Lutembacher's syndrome has also been reported.<ref name="pmid2208272">{{cite journal| author=Sadaniantz A, Luttmann C, Shulman RS, Block PC, Schachne J, Thompson PD| title=Acquired Lutembacher syndrome or mitral stenosis and acquired atrial septal defect after transseptal mitral valvuloplasty. | journal=Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn | year= 1990 | volume= 21 | issue= 1 | pages= 7-9 | pmid=2208272 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2208272 }} </ref>
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| ==Historical Perspective== | | ==[[{{PAGENAME}} historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
| Lutembacher's syndrome was named after René Lutembacher, a french cardiologist, who described the syndrome in 1916.<ref name="pmid16336826">{{cite journal| author=Shen XQ, Zhou SH, Zhou T, Qi SS, Fang ZF, Lv XL| title=Transcatheter treatment of Lutembacher syndrome. | journal=Chin Med J (Engl) | year= 2005 | volume= 118 | issue= 21 | pages= 1843-5 | pmid=16336826 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16336826 }} </ref>
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| ==Pathophysiology== | | ==[[{{PAGENAME}} pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
| The presence of both ASD and mitral stenosis occuring together, usually modify the clinical and hemodynamic manifestation of each other.
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| The presence of an ASD creates a second exit ([[left-to-right shunt]]) for the blood in the left atrium; consequently reducing the hemodynamic effects of a severe mitral stenosis. In the same fashion, the pressure in the left atrium, pulmonary veins and the pulmonary capillaries decrease if the ASD is large. Therefore, the typical presentation of [[mitral stenosis]] as a result of [[pulmonary edema|pulmonary venous congestion]] such as [[orthopnea]], [[paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea]], [[hemoptysis]] and [[pulmonary edema]] are attenuated or diminished, and are often substituted by symptoms of low volume output such as [[weakness]] and [[fatigue]].<ref name="pmid16198889">{{cite journal| author=Olivares-Reyes A, Al-Kamme A| title=Lutembacher's syndrome with small atrial septal defect diagnosed by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography that underwent mitral valve replacement. | journal=J Am Soc Echocardiogr | year= 2005 | volume= 18 | issue= 10 | pages= 1105 |pmid=16198889 | doi=10.1016/j.echo.2005.01.017 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16198889 }} </ref>
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| ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | | ==[[{{PAGENAME}} epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
| This is a very rare disease. The incidence is 0.001/1000000<ref name="pmid3354470">{{cite journal| author=Berry NS, Bauman JL, Gallastegui JL, Bauma W, Beckman KJ, Hariman RJ| title=Analysis of antiarrhythmic drug concentrations determined during electrophysiologic drug testing in patients with inducible tachycardias. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 1988 | volume= 61 | issue= 11 | pages= 922-4 | pmid=3354470 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3354470 }} </ref>. This syndrome is more frequently seen in adults because the mitral stenosis is usually an acquired valvulopathy of rheumatic origin. It is also more commonly observed in female patients because both ASD and MS are more prevalent in this gender.<ref name="pmid16198889">{{cite journal| author=Olivares-Reyes A, Al-Kamme A| title=Lutembacher's syndrome with small atrial septal defect diagnosed by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography that underwent mitral valve replacement. | journal=J Am Soc Echocardiogr | year= 2005 | volume= 18 | issue= 10 | pages= 1105 |pmid=16198889 | doi=10.1016/j.echo.2005.01.017 | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16198889 }} </ref>
| | [[{{PAGENAME}} epidemiology and demographics#Epidemiology|Epidemiology]] |
| | | [[{{PAGENAME}} epidemiology and demographics#Demographics|Demographics]] |
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| ==Complications and Prognosis== | | ==[[{{PAGENAME}} natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
| Complications are usually related to a late diagnosis. They include [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[heart failure]] and [[infective endocarditis]]. Early diagnosis and surgical treatment has a good prognostic value.
| | [[{{PAGENAME}} natural history, complications and prognosis#Natural History|Natural History]] |
| | | [[{{PAGENAME}} natural history, complications and prognosis#Complications|Complications]] |
| | | [[{{PAGENAME}} natural history, complications and prognosis#Prognosis|Prognosis]] |
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| ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| ===History and Symptoms===
| | [[{{PAGENAME}} history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] |
| The presentation depends on the size of ASD, extent of mitral stenosis, compliance of the right ventricle and degree of changes in the pulmonary circulation.<ref name="pmid16198889">{{cite journal| author=Olivares-Reyes A, Al-Kamme A| title=Lutembacher's syndrome with small atrial septal defect diagnosed by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography that underwent mitral valve replacement. | journal=J Am Soc Echocardiogr | year= 2005 | volume= 18 | issue= 10 | pages= 1105 | pmid=16198889 | doi=10.1016/j.echo.2005.01.017 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16198889 }} </ref>
| | | [[{{PAGENAME}} physical examination|Physical Examination]] |
| Symptoms can be due to: | | | [[{{PAGENAME}} electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] |
| *[[Heart failure]] - [[weakness]], [[fatigue]], [[tachypnea]], [[dyspnea]], [[confusion]], [[paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea]]
| | | [[{{PAGENAME}} X-Ray|X-Ray]] |
| *[[Arrythmias]] - [[shortness of breath]], [[palpitations]], [[angina]], [[exercise intolerance]]
| | | [[{{PAGENAME}} echocardiography|Echocardiography]] |
| *[[Paradoxical emboli]] - [[stroke]]
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| ===Physical Examination===
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| The physical findings in an adult with Lutembacher's syndrome depends on:
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| * Size of the ASD
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| * Degree of [[Left-to-right shunt|left-to-right shunt]]
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| * Pressure in [[Pulmonary artery|pulmonary vasculature]]
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| * Severity of the mitral stenosis
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| * Distensibility of the [[right ventricle]]
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| * Other associated anomalies such as [[tricuspid regurgitation]], [[aortic stenosis]]
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| ====Heart====
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| =====Inspection=====
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| *Precordial bulge: The [[left-to-right shunt]]ing of blood causes [[right atrial enlargement]] that can present as a precordial bulge. The precordial bulge can cause a counter development of [[Harrison's groove]] that are horizontal depressions along the sixth and seventh [[costal cartilage]]s at the lower margin of the [[thorax]] where the [[diaphragm]] attaches to the [[rib]]s.
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| * Precordial lift: An increased [[Left-to-right shunt|left-to-right atrial shunt]] can cause a hyperdynamic right ventricular flow that can be seen as precordial lift on inspection.
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| =====Palpation=====
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| * Right ventricular impulse: An increased [[Left-to-right shunt|left-to-right atrial shunt]] can cause a hyperdynamic right ventricular impulse or [[heave]]. The heave can be best palpated at the left [[sternal]] border or the subxiphoid area.
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| * Pulmonary artery pulsations: Pulsatile, enlarged [[pulmonary artery]] pulsation can be felt at the second left intercostal space. These are more pronounced in patients with large [[left-to-right shunt]]s. Patients with obstruction to right ventricular outflow have a less dynamic right ventricular impulse and may present with more of a tapping or thrusting quality.
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| =====Auscultation=====
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| * The classic presentation of pure [[mitral stenosis]] such as the loud first heart sound, opening snap, mid-diastolic rumble with presystolic accentuation are not usually heard.<ref name="pmid16198889">{{cite journal| author=Olivares-Reyes A, Al-Kamme A| title=Lutembacher's syndrome with small atrial septal defect diagnosed by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography that underwent mitral valve replacement. | journal=J Am Soc Echocardiogr | year= 2005 | volume= 18 | issue= 10 | pages= 1105 | pmid=16198889 | doi=10.1016/j.echo.2005.01.017 | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16198889 }}
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| </ref>
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| * A continuous murmur may be present in some cases of Lutembacher's syndrome with small ASD and a tight [[mitral stenosis]] because of the high left atrium-to-low right atrial pressure difference across the ASD, which persists during the entire cardiac cycle.<ref name="pmid16198889">{{cite journal| author=Olivares-Reyes A, Al-Kamme A| title=Lutembacher's syndrome with small atrial septal defect diagnosed by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography that underwent mitral valve replacement. | journal=J Am Soc Echocardiogr | year= 2005 | volume= 18 | issue= 10 | pages= 1105 | pmid=16198889 | doi=10.1016/j.echo.2005.01.017 | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16198889 }} </ref>
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| * A loud pulmonic mid-systollic murmur and a holosystollic murmur due to the presence of a [[tricuspid regurgitation]] may also be present in these patients.<ref name="pmid16198889">{{cite journal| author=Olivares-Reyes A, Al-Kamme A| title=Lutembacher's syndrome with small atrial septal defect diagnosed by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography that underwent mitral valve replacement. | journal=J Am Soc Echocardiogr | year= 2005 | volume= 18 | issue= 10 | pages= 1105 | pmid=16198889 | doi=10.1016/j.echo.2005.01.017 | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16198889 }} </ref>
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| ===Electrocardiogram===
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| EKG features may include a normal sinus rhythm, normal PR interval, normal QT<sub>c</sub>, [[right bundle branch block]] (RBBB), [[biatrial enlargement]], [[left ventricular hypertrophy]].
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| ===Chest X-Ray===
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| CXR findings on an anteroposterior view of the chest x-ray in Lutembacher's syndrome may include:
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| # Prominent [[pulmonary artery]], increased pulmonary vascular markings.
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| # [[Cardiomegaly]] due to [[right atrial enlargement|right atrial]] and ventricular enlargement.
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| ===Echocardiography===
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| This is often required in order to make a diagnosis. It can be used to assess the degree of severity of the condition through the estimation of the left ventricular [[ejection fraction]]. Features may include [[left ventricular hypertrophy]], [[biatrial enlargement]] and valvular thickenings and calcifications.
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| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| | [[{{PAGENAME}} percutaneous approach|Percutaneous Approach]] |
| | | [[{{PAGENAME}} surgical approach|Surgical Approach]] |
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| ===Percutaneous approach=== | | ==[[{{PAGENAME}} case studies|Case Studies]]== |
| | | [[{{PAGENAME}} case study one|Case #1]] |
| Traditionally, this condition has been treated surgically.<ref name="pmid10506781">{{cite journal| author=Cheng TO| title=Coexistent atrial septal defect and mitral stenosis (Lutembacher's syndrome): An ideal combination for percutaneous treatment. | journal=Catheter Cardiovasc Interv | year= 1999 | volume= 48 | issue= 2 | pages= 205-6 | pmid=10506781 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10506781 }} </ref> Nowadays, it can be treated with percutaneous transcathetar mitral commissurotomy (PTMC) using the Inoue balloon.<ref name="pmid18454897">{{cite journal| author=Shabbir M, Ahmed W, Akhtar K| title=Transcatheter treatment of Lutembacher's syndrome. | journal=J Coll Physicians Surg Pak | year= 2008 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-6 | pmid=18454897 | doi=02.2008/JCPSP.105106 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18454897 }} </ref> The Inoue technique has become the procedure of choice around the world with excellent long term results.<ref name="pmid7754954">{{cite journal| author=Chen CR, Cheng TO| title=Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty by the Inoue technique: a multicenter study of 4832 patients in China. | journal=Am Heart J | year= 1995 | volume= 129 | issue= 6 | pages= 1197-203 | pmid=7754954 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7754954 }} </ref> The ASD was closed with an Amplatzer atrial septal occluder under transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) guidance without general anesthesia.<ref name="pmid18454897">{{cite journal| author=Shabbir M, Ahmed W, Akhtar K| title=Transcatheter treatment of Lutembacher's syndrome. | journal=J Coll Physicians Surg Pak | year= 2008 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-6 | pmid=18454897 | doi=02.2008/JCPSP.105106 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18454897 }} </ref> By combining these two techniques in the same patient at the same cardiac catheterization, percutaneous management of Lutembacher's syndrome can obviate the morbidity and mortality associated with cardiac surgery, the psychological trauma of a thoracotomy scar, the prolonged hospital stay followed by another prolonged period of home convalescence and the possibility of repeat thoracotomy for mitral restenosis.<ref name="pmid10506781">{{cite journal| author=Cheng TO| title=Coexistent atrial septal defect and mitral stenosis (Lutembacher's syndrome): An ideal combination for percutaneous treatment. | journal=Catheter Cardiovasc Interv| year= 1999 | volume= 48 | issue= 2 | pages= 205-6 | pmid=10506781 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10506781 }} </ref>
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| ===Surgical approach===
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| The mitral valve can either be repaired or replaced. Mitral valve repair is the treatment of choice for patients with both secundum ASD and mitral valve disease.<ref name="pmid7698959">{{cite journal| author=Shigenobu M, Sano S| title=Surgical indications and treatment of mitral valve disease associated with secundum atrial septal defect with special reference to left ventricular geometry and function. | journal=J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) | year= 1994 | volume= 35 | issue= 6 | pages= 469-74 | pmid=7698959 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7698959 }} </ref> When valve replacement is the only alternative, selection of prosthetic valves and maintenance of cardiac output by temporary cardiac pacing are important considerations.<ref name="pmid7698959">{{cite journal| author=Shigenobu M, Sano S| title=Surgical indications and treatment of mitral valve disease associated with secundum atrial septal defect with special reference to left ventricular geometry and function. | journal=J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) | year= 1994 | volume= 35 | issue= 6 | pages= 469-74 | pmid=7698959 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7698959 }} </ref>
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| {{Congenital malformations and deformations of circulatory system}}
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| | [[Category:Up-To-Date]] |
| [[Category:Cardiology]] | | [[Category:Cardiology]] |
| | [[Category:Disease]] |
| | [[Category:Medicine]] |
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