Lung cancer risk factors: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
No edit summary
 
(43 intermediate revisions by 13 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
{{Lung cancer}}
{{Lung cancer}}


{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' Kim-Son H. Nguyen, M.D., M.P.A., Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, {{CZ}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{KSH}} {{CZ}}


==Overview==
==Overview==  
Lung cancer is the deadliest type of cancer for both men and women. Each year, more people die of lung cancer than breast, colon, and prostate cancers combined.
The most potent [[risk factor]] in the development of lung cancer is [[tobacco]] [[smoking]]. Other [[Risk factor|risk factors]] include [[Passive smoking|second hand smoke]], [[air pollution]], [[family history]] of lung cancer, [[radiation therapy]] to the [[chest]], and exposure to [[radon]], [[asbestos]] and other [[chemical]] [[carcinogens]].


Lung cancer is more common in older adults. It is rare in people under age 45.
==Risk Factors==


Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer.
=== Common Risk Factors ===
The following may increase one's risk of lung cancer:<ref name="pmid27174888">{{cite journal |vauthors=Malhotra J, Malvezzi M, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Boffetta P |title=Risk factors for lung cancer worldwide |journal=Eur. Respir. J. |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=889–902 |date=September 2016 |pmid=27174888 |doi=10.1183/13993003.00359-2016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22054876">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dela Cruz CS, Tanoue LT, Matthay RA |title=Lung cancer: epidemiology, etiology, and prevention |journal=Clin. Chest Med. |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=605–44 |date=December 2011 |pmid=22054876 |pmc=3864624 |doi=10.1016/j.ccm.2011.09.001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22974775">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Groot P, Munden RF |title=Lung cancer epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention |journal=Radiol. Clin. North Am. |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=863–76 |date=September 2012 |pmid=22974775 |doi=10.1016/j.rcl.2012.06.006 |url=}}</ref>


The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk of lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk.
*[[Smoking]]
*[[Passive smoking|Second-hand smoke]]
*[[Family history]] of [[lung cancer]]
*[[Air pollution]]
*[[Radiation therapy]] to the [[chest]]
*[[Radon]] [[gas]] exposure
*[[Asbestos]]
*High level of [[arsenic]] in [[drinking water]]
*[[Occupational lung disease|Occupational exposure to chemical carcinogens]]
*Previous [[lung disease]]
*Indoor burning of coal
*Weakened [[immune system]]
*[[Lupus]]


However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked.
'''Smoking'''
*[[Smoking|Cigarette smoking]] is the leading cause of lung cancer.<ref>{{cite web | last =CDC | authorlink =Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title =1986 Surgeon General's report: the health consequences of involuntary smoking | publisher =CDC | date =Dec 1986 | url =http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000837.htm | pmid =3097495 | accessdate =2007-08-10 }}<br />* {{cite book | last =National Research Council | title =Environmental tobacco smoke: measuring exposures and assessing health effects | publisher =National Academy Press | date =1986 | url =http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=943#toc | isbn =0-309-07456-8 }}<br />* {{cite paper | author =EPA | authorlink=United States Environmental Protection Agency | title =Respiratory health effects of passive smoking: lung cancer and other disorders | publisher =EPA | date =1992 | url =http://cfpub2.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=2835 | accessdate =2007-08-10 }}<br />* {{cite journal | last =California Environmental Protection Agency | title =Health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke | journal =Tobacco Control | volume =6 | issue =4 | pages =346–353 | date =1997 |url =http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/tobacco/caets/ets-main.htm | pmid =9583639 | accessdate =2007-08-10 }}<br />* {{cite journal | last =CDC | authorlink=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | title =State-specific prevalence of current cigarette smoking among adults, and policies and attitudes about secondhand smoke—United States, 2000 | journal =Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | volume =50 | issue =49 | pages =1101–1106 | publisher =CDC | date =Dec 2001 | url =http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5049a1.htm | pmid =11794619 | accessdate =2007-08-10 }}<br />* {{cite journal | last =Alberg | first =AJ | coauthors =Samet JM | title =Epidemiology of lung cancer | journal =Chest | volume =123 | issue =S1 | pages =21S-49S | publisher =American College of Chest Physicians | date =Jan 2003 | url =http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/content/full/123/1_suppl/21S | pmid =12527563 | accessdate =2007-08-10 }}</ref><ref name="Boffetta">{{cite journal | last =Boffetta | first =P | coauthors = Agudo A, Ahrens W et al. | title =Multicenter case-control study of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer in Europe | journal =Journal of the National Cancer Institute |volume =90 | issue =19 | pages =1440–1450 | publisher =Oxford University Press | date =Oct 1998 | url =http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/90/19/1440 | pmid =9776409 | accessdate =2007-08-10 }}</ref><ref name="Committee">{{cite web | title =Report of the Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health | publisher =Department of Health |date =Mar 1998 | url =http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/doh/tobacco/contents.htm | accessdate =2007-07-09 }}<br />* {{cite journal | last =Hackshaw | first =AK | title =Lung cancer and passive smoking | journal =Statistical Methods in Medical Research | volume =7 | issue =2 | pages =119–136 | date =Jun 1998 | pmid =9654638 }}</ref><ref name="NHMRC">{{cite paper | author =National Health and Medical Research Council | title =The health effects and regulation of passive smoking |publisher =Australian Government Publishing Service | date =Apr 1994 | url =http://www.obpr.gov.au/publications/submission/healthef/index.html | accessdate =2007-08-10 }}</ref>
*Both active and passive [[smoking]] are associated with increased risk of lung cancer.
*The risk of lung cancer is associated with increased quantity of [[Smoking|cigarette smoking]] as well as increased duration of [[smoking]].
*There is no evidence that [[smoking]] low-tar [[Cigarette|cigarettes]] lowers the risk (however lung cancer has occurred in people who have never [[Smoking|smoked]]).
*The more [[Cigarette|cigarettes]] you [[Smoking|smoke]] per day and the earlier you started [[smoking]], the greater your risk of lung cancer.
*Recently introduced e-cigarettes, which were thought to be risk-free were recently demonstrated to be also associated with a significantly increased risk of lung cancer due to the presence of [[formaldehyde]].<ref name="pmid25607446">{{cite journal| author=Jensen RP, Luo W, Pankow JF, Strongin RM, Peyton DH| title=Hidden formaldehyde in e-cigarette aerosols. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 372 | issue= 4 | pages= 392-4 | pmid=25607446 | doi=10.1056/NEJMc1413069 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25607446  }} </ref>
*In the United States, [[smoking]] is estimated to account for 87% of lung cancer cases (90% in [[Male|men]] and 85% in [[Female|women]]).<ref name="Samet2">{{cite journal | last =Samet | first =JM | coauthors =Wiggins CL, Humble CG, Pathak DR | title =Cigarette smoking and lung cancer in New Mexico | journal =American Review of Respiratory Disease | volume =137 | issue =5 | pages =1110–1113 | date =May 1988 | pmid =3264122 }}</ref>*There is approximately a 20 year lag period between [[smoking]] and death due to lung cancer (in [[Male|men]]). Shown below is an image depicting the correlation between [[smoking]] and lung cancer.
[[File:Cancer smoking lung cancer correlation from NIH.svg|frame|The [[incidence]] of lung cancer is highly correlated with [[smoking]]. Source: NIH.|left]]
<br clear="left" />


Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk of lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke.
'''Second-hand Smoke'''
*[[Passive smoking|Second-hand smoke]] is what [[Smoking|smokers]] [[Exhalation|exhale]] and what rises from a burning [[cigarette]], pipe or [[cigar]]. It is also called [[environmental tobacco smoke|environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)]] or involuntary/[[passive smoking]].<ref>Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/risks/?region=ab#Outdoor_air_pollution </ref>


The following may also increase one's risk of lung cancer:
*[[Passive smoking|Second-hand smoke]] contains the same [[Chemical substance|chemicals]] as [[Smoking|smoke]] that is actively [[Inhalation|inhaled]].
*High levels of air pollution
*[[Passive smoking|Second-hand smoke]] is a [[risk factor]] for lung cancer among non-[[Smoking|smokers]].
*High levels of arsenic in drinking water
*No amount of exposure to [[Passive smoking|second-hand smoke]] is safe.<ref>Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/risks/?region=ab#Outdoor_air_pollution </ref>
*Radon gas
 
*Asbestos
'''Air Pollution'''
*Family history of lung cancer
*Emissions from automobiles, factories and power plants are thought to pose potential risks.<ref name="Parent">{{cite journal | last =Parent | first =ME | coauthors = Rousseau MC, Boffetta P et al. | title =Exposure to diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of lung cancer | journal =American Journal of Epidemiology | volume =165 | issue =1 | pages =53–62 | date =Jan 2007 | pmid = 17062632 }}</ref>
*Radiation therapy to the lungs
 
*Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust
*[[Research|Researchers]] have shown that individual components of the outdoor [[air pollution]] cause [[cancer]]. These components include diesel engine exhaust, [[benzene]], particulate matter and some [[Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons|polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)]].<ref>Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/risks/?region=ab#Outdoor_air_pollution </ref>
 
'''Family History of Lung Cancer'''<ref>Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/risks/?region=ab#Outdoor_air_pollution </ref>
*[[Family history]] of lung cancer may increase the risk of lung cancer.
*[[First degree relative|First-degree relatives]] of people who have had lung cancer may have a slightly higher risk of developing lung cancer themselves.
*The increased risk among [[First degree relative|first-degree relatives]] could be due to a number of factors, such as shared behaviors or living with the same exposure to [[Carcinogen|carcinogens]].
*[[Clinical study|Studies]] of families with a strong history of lung cancer have found that the increased risk might be due to a [[mutation]] in a lung cancer [[gene]].
*Other studies have shown that the risk of lung cancer in a family increases if a family member developed the [[disease]] at an early age.
 
'''Radiation Therapy to the Chest'''
*A history of [[radiation therapy]] to the [[chest]] increases the risk of lung cancer due to the development of [[Cell (biology)|cellular]] damage and [[DNA mutations]].
*The risk of lung cancer increases for people who have had previous exposure to [[ionizing radiation]].
*People who have been treated with [[radiation therapy]] to the [[chest]] for [[Cancer|cancers]] such as [[Hodgkin lymphoma]] or [[breast cancer]], are at increased risk of developing lung cancer. The risk is further increased in people who [[Smoking|smoke]].
 
'''Radon Exposure'''
* [[Radon]] is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless [[gas]] that comes from the natural breakdown of [[uranium]] in [[Rock (geology)|rocks]] and [[soil]].
 
*[[Radon]] exposure increases the risk of lung cancer. [[Radon]] is the leading cause of lung cancer in non-[[Smoking|smokers]] and the second leading cause of lung cancer in [[Smoking|smokers]].
 
* The risk of developing lung cancer depends on how much [[radon]] a person is exposed to, how long they are exposed as well as whether or not they [[Smoking|smoke]]. The risk from [[radon]] is much higher in people who [[Smoking|smoke]] than in those who don't.
 
'''Asbestos Exposure'''
 
* Exposure to [[asbestos]] fibers in the air that people [[Breathing|breathe]] increases the risk of lung cancer.
 
* The risk of [[Asbestosis|asbestos exposure]] is highest for people who work with [[asbestos]], such as miners or those who work with it in manufacturing.
* Studies have shown that the combination of [[smoking]] and [[asbestos]] exposure is especially [[Hazard|hazardous]].
 
'''Exposure to Other Chemical Carcinogens'''
 
*[[Arsenic]] and [[Inorganic compound|inorganic]] [[arsenic]] [[Chemical compound|compounds]]
*[[Beryllium]] and [[beryllium]] [[Chemical compound|compounds]]
*[[Cadmium]] and [[cadmium]] [[Chemical compound|compounds]]
*[[Chemicals]] used in rubber manufacturing, [[iron]] and [[steel]] founding, and painting
*[[Chloromethyl ether|Chloromethyl ethers]] and bischloromethylether
*[[Chromium VI|Chromium (VI)]] [[Chemical compound|compounds]]
*[[Cobalt]]-[[tungsten carbide]]
*[[Diesel]] engine exhaust
*[[Mustard gas]]
*[[Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon|Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)]]
*[[Radioactive]] ores, such as [[uranium]] and [[Plutonium-239|plutonium]]
*[[Silica]] dust and crystalline [[silica]]
*Some [[nickel]] [[Chemical compound|compounds]]
 
===Less Common Risk Factors===
 
*[[Smoking]] [[marijuana]]
*Indoor burning of [[wood]]
*High-[[temperature]] [[frying]]
*Meat-based [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]]
*[[Physical inactivity]]
*[[Occupational lung disease|Occupational exposure]] to certain [[Chemical substance|chemicals]]
*Removal of both [[ovaries]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
{{Tumors}}
{{SIB}}


[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Lung cancer]]
[[Category:Lung cancer]]
[[Category:Oncology]]


{{Tumors}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Latest revision as of 17:37, 8 July 2019

Lung cancer Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Lung cancer from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic study of choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

CT scan

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Lung cancer risk factors On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Lung cancer risk factors

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Lung cancer risk factors

CDC on Lung cancer risk factors

Lung cancer risk factors in the news

Blogs on Lung cancer risk factors

Directions to Hospitals Treating Lung cancer

Risk calculators and risk factors for Lung cancer risk factors

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Kim-Son H. Nguyen M.D. Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]

Overview

The most potent risk factor in the development of lung cancer is tobacco smoking. Other risk factors include second hand smoke, air pollution, family history of lung cancer, radiation therapy to the chest, and exposure to radon, asbestos and other chemical carcinogens.

Risk Factors

Common Risk Factors

The following may increase one's risk of lung cancer:[1][2][3]

Smoking

  • Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer.[4][5][6][7]
  • Both active and passive smoking are associated with increased risk of lung cancer.
  • The risk of lung cancer is associated with increased quantity of cigarette smoking as well as increased duration of smoking.
  • There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk (however lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked).
  • The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk of lung cancer.
  • Recently introduced e-cigarettes, which were thought to be risk-free were recently demonstrated to be also associated with a significantly increased risk of lung cancer due to the presence of formaldehyde.[8]
  • In the United States, smoking is estimated to account for 87% of lung cancer cases (90% in men and 85% in women).[9]*There is approximately a 20 year lag period between smoking and death due to lung cancer (in men). Shown below is an image depicting the correlation between smoking and lung cancer.
The incidence of lung cancer is highly correlated with smoking. Source: NIH.


Second-hand Smoke

Air Pollution

  • Emissions from automobiles, factories and power plants are thought to pose potential risks.[12]

Family History of Lung Cancer[14]

  • Family history of lung cancer may increase the risk of lung cancer.
  • First-degree relatives of people who have had lung cancer may have a slightly higher risk of developing lung cancer themselves.
  • The increased risk among first-degree relatives could be due to a number of factors, such as shared behaviors or living with the same exposure to carcinogens.
  • Studies of families with a strong history of lung cancer have found that the increased risk might be due to a mutation in a lung cancer gene.
  • Other studies have shown that the risk of lung cancer in a family increases if a family member developed the disease at an early age.

Radiation Therapy to the Chest

Radon Exposure

  • Radon exposure increases the risk of lung cancer. Radon is the leading cause of lung cancer in non-smokers and the second leading cause of lung cancer in smokers.
  • The risk of developing lung cancer depends on how much radon a person is exposed to, how long they are exposed as well as whether or not they smoke. The risk from radon is much higher in people who smoke than in those who don't.

Asbestos Exposure

  • Exposure to asbestos fibers in the air that people breathe increases the risk of lung cancer.

Exposure to Other Chemical Carcinogens

Less Common Risk Factors

References

  1. ↑ Malhotra J, Malvezzi M, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Boffetta P (September 2016). "Risk factors for lung cancer worldwide". Eur. Respir. J. 48 (3): 889–902. doi:10.1183/13993003.00359-2016. PMID 27174888.
  2. ↑ Dela Cruz CS, Tanoue LT, Matthay RA (December 2011). "Lung cancer: epidemiology, etiology, and prevention". Clin. Chest Med. 32 (4): 605–44. doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2011.09.001. PMC 3864624. PMID 22054876.
  3. ↑ de Groot P, Munden RF (September 2012). "Lung cancer epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention". Radiol. Clin. North Am. 50 (5): 863–76. doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2012.06.006. PMID 22974775.
  4. ↑ CDC (Dec 1986). "1986 Surgeon General's report: the health consequences of involuntary smoking". CDC. PMID 3097495. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
    * National Research Council (1986). Environmental tobacco smoke: measuring exposures and assessing health effects. National Academy Press. ISBN 0-309-07456-8.
    * Template:Cite paper
    * California Environmental Protection Agency (1997). "Health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke". Tobacco Control. 6 (4): 346–353. PMID 9583639. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
    * CDC (Dec 2001). "State-specific prevalence of current cigarette smoking among adults, and policies and attitudes about secondhand smoke—United States, 2000". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. CDC. 50 (49): 1101–1106. PMID 11794619. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
    * Alberg, AJ (Jan 2003). "Epidemiology of lung cancer". Chest. American College of Chest Physicians. 123 (S1): 21S–49S. PMID 12527563. Retrieved 2007-08-10. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Boffetta, P (Oct 1998). "Multicenter case-control study of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer in Europe". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Oxford University Press. 90 (19): 1440–1450. PMID 9776409. Retrieved 2007-08-10. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ "Report of the Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health". Department of Health. Mar 1998. Retrieved 2007-07-09.
    * Hackshaw, AK (Jun 1998). "Lung cancer and passive smoking". Statistical Methods in Medical Research. 7 (2): 119–136. PMID 9654638.
  7. ↑ Template:Cite paper
  8. ↑ Jensen RP, Luo W, Pankow JF, Strongin RM, Peyton DH (2015). "Hidden formaldehyde in e-cigarette aerosols". N Engl J Med. 372 (4): 392–4. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1413069. PMID 25607446.
  9. ↑ Samet, JM (May 1988). "Cigarette smoking and lung cancer in New Mexico". American Review of Respiratory Disease. 137 (5): 1110–1113. PMID 3264122. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/risks/?region=ab#Outdoor_air_pollution
  11. ↑ Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/risks/?region=ab#Outdoor_air_pollution
  12. ↑ Parent, ME (Jan 2007). "Exposure to diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of lung cancer". American Journal of Epidemiology. 165 (1): 53–62. PMID 17062632. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/risks/?region=ab#Outdoor_air_pollution
  14. ↑ Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/risks/?region=ab#Outdoor_air_pollution

Template:Tumors

Template:WikiDoc Sources

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Lung_cancer_risk_factors&oldid=1575220"