Listeriosis risk factors: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Risk factors in the development of listeriosis include ingestion of uncooked meats and vegetables, unpasteurized (raw) milk and cheeses, processed (or ready-to-eat) meats, and smoked seafood.<ref name=Sources>Listeria (Listeriosis) Sources. CDC.gov accessed on 7/25/2014 [http://www.cdc.gov/listeria/sources.html]</ref>  Populations at higher risk of developing listeriosis include [[immunosuppressed]] patients (e.g. [[transplant]] recipients, patients with history of [[splenectomy]], patients receiving [[immunosuppressive therapy]], or patients with advanced [[diabetes]], [[kidney disease|kidney]]/ [[liver disease]], or active [[malignancy]]),  [[neonates]], pregnant women, and elderly patients.<ref name="Lorber-1997">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Lorber | first1 = B. | title = Listeriosis. | journal = Clin Infect Dis | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 1-9; quiz 10-1 | month = Jan | year = 1997 | doi =  | PMID = 8994747 }}</ref>
Risk factors in the development of listeriosis include ingestion of uncooked meats and vegetables, unpasteurized (raw) milk and cheeses, processed (or ready-to-eat) meats, and smoked seafood.<ref name=Sources>Listeria (Listeriosis) Sources. CDC.gov accessed on 7/25/2014 [http://www.cdc.gov/listeria/sources.html]</ref>  Populations at higher risk of developing listeriosis include [[immunosuppressed]] patients (e.g. [[transplant]] recipients, patients with history of [[splenectomy]], patients receiving [[immunosuppressive therapy]], or patients with advanced [[diabetes]], [[kidney disease|kidney]]/ [[liver disease]], or active [[malignancy]]),  [[neonates]], [[pregnant]] women, and elderly patients.<ref name="Lorber-1997">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Lorber | first1 = B. | title = Listeriosis. | journal = Clin Infect Dis | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 1-9; quiz 10-1 | month = Jan | year = 1997 | doi =  | PMID = 8994747 }}</ref>


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
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The following are considered populations at high risk of developing [[Listeria]] [[bacteremia]] and neurolisteriosis:<ref name="pmid28139432">{{cite journal |vauthors=Charlier C, Perrodeau É, Leclercq A, Cazenave B, Pilmis B, Henry B, Lopes A, Maury MM, Moura A, Goffinet F, Dieye HB, Thouvenot P, Ungeheuer MN, Tourdjman M, Goulet V, de Valk H, Lortholary O, Ravaud P, Lecuit M |title=Clinical features and prognostic factors of listeriosis: the MONALISA national prospective cohort study |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2017 |pmid=28139432 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30521-7 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22157172">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goulet V, Hebert M, Hedberg C, Laurent E, Vaillant V, De Valk H, Desenclos JC |title=Incidence of listeriosis and related mortality among groups at risk of acquiring listeriosis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=652–60 |year=2012 |pmid=22157172 |doi=10.1093/cid/cir902 |url=}}</ref>
The following are considered populations at high risk of developing [[Listeria]] [[bacteremia]] and neurolisteriosis:<ref name="pmid28139432">{{cite journal |vauthors=Charlier C, Perrodeau É, Leclercq A, Cazenave B, Pilmis B, Henry B, Lopes A, Maury MM, Moura A, Goffinet F, Dieye HB, Thouvenot P, Ungeheuer MN, Tourdjman M, Goulet V, de Valk H, Lortholary O, Ravaud P, Lecuit M |title=Clinical features and prognostic factors of listeriosis: the MONALISA national prospective cohort study |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2017 |pmid=28139432 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30521-7 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22157172">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goulet V, Hebert M, Hedberg C, Laurent E, Vaillant V, De Valk H, Desenclos JC |title=Incidence of listeriosis and related mortality among groups at risk of acquiring listeriosis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=652–60 |year=2012 |pmid=22157172 |doi=10.1093/cid/cir902 |url=}}</ref>
====Pregnant Women====
====Pregnant Women====
*Pregnant women are approximately 10-24 times more likely than the general population to develop listeriosis.<ref name="-2013">{{Cite journal  | title = Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks--United States, 2009-2011. | journal = MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | volume = 62 | issue = 22 | pages = 448-52 | month = Jun | year = 2013 | doi =  | PMID = 23739339 }}</ref>
*[[Pregnant]] women are approximately 10-24 times more likely than the general population to develop listeriosis.<ref name="-2013">{{Cite journal  | title = Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks--United States, 2009-2011. | journal = MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | volume = 62 | issue = 22 | pages = 448-52 | month = Jun | year = 2013 | doi =  | PMID = 23739339 }}</ref>
*Approximately 25% to 30% of all ''Listeria'' infections occur among pregnant women.
*Approximately 25% to 30% of all ''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]'' [[infections]] occur among [[pregnant]] women.


====Hispanic Ethnicity====
====Hispanic Ethnicity====
*Pregnant Hispanic women are approximately 24 times more likely than the general population to develop listeriosis.<ref name="-2013">{{Cite journal  | title = Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks--United States, 2009-2011. | journal = MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | volume = 62 | issue = 22 | pages = 448-52 | month = Jun | year = 2013 | doi =  | PMID = 23739339 }}</ref>
*Pregnant Hispanic women are approximately 24 times more likely than the general population to develop listeriosis.<ref name="-2013">{{Cite journal  | title = Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks--United States, 2009-2011. | journal = MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | volume = 62 | issue = 22 | pages = 448-52 | month = Jun | year = 2013 | doi =  | PMID = 23739339 }}</ref>
*The association between Hispanic ethnicity and listeriosis is unconfirmed and may be confounded by pregnancy.
*The association between Hispanic ethnicity and listeriosis is unconfirmed and may be confounded by [[pregnancy]].


====Neonates====
====Neonates====
*Neonates are at high risk of developing listerios.  
*[[Neonates]] are at high risk of developing listerios.  
*Transmission of ''Listeria'' to neonates occurs either in-utero or during delivery.
*Transmission of ''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]'' to [[neonates]] occurs either in-utero or during [[delivery]].


====Elderly Individuals====
====Elderly Individuals====
*More than half (58%) of all ''Listeria'' infections occur among adults older than 65 years of age.
*More than half (58%) of all ''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]'' [[infections]] occur among adults older than 65 years of age.
*Adults 65 years and older are approximately 4 times more likely than the general population to develop listeriosis.<ref name="-2013">{{Cite journal  | title = Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks--United States, 2009-2011. | journal = MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | volume = 62 | issue = 22 | pages = 448-52 | month = Jun | year = 2013 | doi =  | PMID = 23739339 }}</ref>
*Adults 65 years and older are approximately 4 times more likely than the general population to develop listeriosis.<ref name="-2013">{{Cite journal  | title = Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks--United States, 2009-2011. | journal = MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | volume = 62 | issue = 22 | pages = 448-52 | month = Jun | year = 2013 | doi =  | PMID = 23739339 }}</ref>


====Immnosuppression====
====Immnosuppression====
*Immunosuppressed individuals have a higher risk of developing listeriosis.
*[[Immunosuppressed]] individuals have a higher risk of developing listeriosis.
*Immunosuppressed conditions include [[organ transplantation]], history of [[splenectomy]], active malignancy, administration of either [[steroids]], [[chemotherapy]], [[radiation]], or [[monoclonal antibodies]], advanced liver or kidney disease, [[diabetes mellitus]], or [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]].
*Immunosuppressed conditions include [[organ transplantation]], history of [[splenectomy]], active [[malignancy]], administration of either [[steroids]], [[chemotherapy]], [[radiation]], or [[monoclonal antibodies]], advanced [[Liver Disease|liver]] or [[kidney disease]], [[diabetes mellitus]], or [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]].


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 21:34, 23 February 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [3]

Overview

Risk factors in the development of listeriosis include ingestion of uncooked meats and vegetables, unpasteurized (raw) milk and cheeses, processed (or ready-to-eat) meats, and smoked seafood.[1] Populations at higher risk of developing listeriosis include immunosuppressed patients (e.g. transplant recipients, patients with history of splenectomy, patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy, or patients with advanced diabetes, kidney/ liver disease, or active malignancy), neonates, pregnant women, and elderly patients.[2]

Risk Factors

Ingestion of Contaminated Food

The following foods may be associated with higher risk of developing listeriosis:[1]

  • Uncooked meats and vegetables
  • Unpasteurized (raw) milk and cheeses as well as other foods made from unpasteurized milk
  • Cooked or processed foods, including certain soft cheeses
  • Processed eady-to-eat meats, such as hot dogs and deli meats (contamination may occur after factory cooking but before packaging or even at the deli counter)
  • Smoked seafood
  • Mexican-style cheeses (such as queso fresco)

Shown below is a table summarizing low and high risk cheese types.[3]

Higher Risk Cheese Type Lower Risk Cheese type
Soft cheeses made from unpasteurized (raw) milk, such as:
  • Queso fresco
  • Blue-veined
  • Feta
  • Brie
  • Camembert
  • Soft cheeses that are clearly labeled "made from pasteurized milk"
  • Processed cheeses
  • Cream cheese
  • Mozzarella
  • Hard cheeses

High Risk Populations

The following are considered populations at high risk of developing Listeria bacteremia and neurolisteriosis:[4][5]

Pregnant Women

  • Pregnant women are approximately 10-24 times more likely than the general population to develop listeriosis.[6]
  • Approximately 25% to 30% of all Listeria infections occur among pregnant women.

Hispanic Ethnicity

  • Pregnant Hispanic women are approximately 24 times more likely than the general population to develop listeriosis.[6]
  • The association between Hispanic ethnicity and listeriosis is unconfirmed and may be confounded by pregnancy.

Neonates

Elderly Individuals

  • More than half (58%) of all Listeria infections occur among adults older than 65 years of age.
  • Adults 65 years and older are approximately 4 times more likely than the general population to develop listeriosis.[6]

Immnosuppression

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Listeria (Listeriosis) Sources. CDC.gov accessed on 7/25/2014 [1]
  2. ↑ Lorber, B. (1997). "Listeriosis". Clin Infect Dis. 24 (1): 1–9, quiz 10-1. PMID 8994747. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ "CDC - Prevention - Listeriosis".
  4. ↑ Charlier C, Perrodeau É, Leclercq A, Cazenave B, Pilmis B, Henry B, Lopes A, Maury MM, Moura A, Goffinet F, Dieye HB, Thouvenot P, Ungeheuer MN, Tourdjman M, Goulet V, de Valk H, Lortholary O, Ravaud P, Lecuit M (2017). "Clinical features and prognostic factors of listeriosis: the MONALISA national prospective cohort study". Lancet Infect Dis. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30521-7. PMID 28139432.
  5. ↑ Goulet V, Hebert M, Hedberg C, Laurent E, Vaillant V, De Valk H, Desenclos JC (2012). "Incidence of listeriosis and related mortality among groups at risk of acquiring listeriosis". Clin. Infect. Dis. 54 (5): 652–60. doi:10.1093/cid/cir902. PMID 22157172.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks--United States, 2009-2011". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 62 (22): 448–52. 2013. PMID 23739339. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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