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'''For patient information click [[Leukemia (patient information)|here]]'''
'''For patient information click [[Leukemia (patient information)|here]]'''


{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{SMP}} {{USAMA}}


{{SK}} Leukaemia
{{SK}} Leukaemia


==Overview==
==Overview==
'''Leukemia''' (Greek leukos, “white”; haima, “blood”) is a [[cancer]] of the [[blood]] or [[bone marrow]] and is characterized by an abnormal proliferation (production by multiplication) of blood [[Cell (biology)|cells]], usually white blood cells ([[leukocytes]]). It is part of the broad group of diseases called [[Hematological malignancy|hematological neoplasms]].
'''Leukemia''' (Greek leukos, “white”; haima, “blood”) could be defined as a group of [[hematopoietic stem cell]] [[malignancies]] that [[genetic]] abnormalities may lead to clonal proliferation of these cells. These group of diseases are classified based on type of [[hematopoietic stem cell]] involvement and duration of disease. The leukemias are the most common malignancies among children younger than 15 years. Among them, [[ALL]] is the most common leukemia accounts for 77% of childhood leukemia. However, [[CLL]] is the most common form of leukemia in adults, it accounts for 30% of all leukemias in the United states. The increased rate of proliferation and decreased rate of [[apoptosis]] in this progeny of cells may compromise normal [[bone marrow]] function and ultimately marrow failure. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, laboratory findings, and therapy are different according to the type of malignancy.


==Classification==
==Classification==


Leukemia may be classified as follows:
<br><br>
{{Family tree/start}}
{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | B01 | | | |B01= Leukemia}}
{{Family tree | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | }}
{{Family tree | | | | C01 | | | | | | | | C02 |C01= Lymphoid progeny| C02= Myeloid progeny}}
{{Family tree | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | }}
{{Family tree | D01 | | | | D02 | | D03 | | | | D04 | D01= [[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]] (ALL) | D02= [[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia]] (CLL) | D03= [[Acute Myeloid Leukemia]] (AML) | D04= [[Chronic myeloid leukemia]] (CML)}}
{{Family tree/end}}
<br><br><br>


==Differentiating Leukemia from other Diseases==
==Differentiating Leukemia from other Diseases==
Leukemia must be differentiated from various diseases that cause [[weight loss]],  [[night sweats]], [[hepatosplenomegaly]], and palpable [[lymph node]]s, such as [[hairy cell leukaemia]], prolymphocytic leukaemia, [[follicular lymphoma]], and [[mantle cell lymphoma]]. Based on the expression of cell surface markers, the table below differentiates different types of leukemia from other diseases that cause similar clinical presentations:<ref name="H">Hoffbrand V, Moss P. Essential Haematology. John Wiley & Sons; 2011</ref>
<br>
{| class="wikitable"
!Disease
!Differential Diagnosis
|-
|AML
|
* [[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]]
* [[Chronic myelogenous leukemia]]
* [[Agranulocytosis]]
* [[Aplastic anemia]]
* [[Lymphoma]]
* [[Myelodysplastic syndrome]]
* [[Myeloproliferative disorders]]
|-
|ALL
|
* [[Acute myelogenous leukemia]]
* [[Hairy cell leukemia]]
* [[Malignant lymphoma]]
|-
|CML
|
* [[Leukemoid reaction]]
* [[Chronic neutrophilic leukemia]]
* [[Acute myeloid leukemia]]
* [[Thrombocytosis]]
|-
|CLL
|
* [[Splenic marginal zone lymphoma]]
* Nodal marginal zone [[lymphoma]]
* [[Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma]]
* [[Sézary syndrome]]
* Smoldering [[adult T cell leukemia]]
|}


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
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{| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 600px;"
{| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 600px;"
|-
|-
|style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center | ||style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''Acute lymphoblastic leukemia'''||style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center | '''Chronic lymphocytic leukemia'''|| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''Acute myeloid leukemia'''|| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''Chronic myeloid leukemia'''
| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" | || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''Acute lymphoblastic leukemia'''|| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" | '''Chronic lymphocytic leukemia'''|| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''Acute myeloid leukemia'''|| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''Chronic myeloid leukemia'''
|-
|-
| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''All ages'''||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 1.7 || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |4.4|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |3.8 || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |1.7
| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''All ages'''|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" | 1.7 || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |4.4|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |3.8 || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |1.7
|-
|-
| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''<65''' || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |1.7 ||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |1.4||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 1.8 || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |0.9
| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''<65''' || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |1.7 || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |1.4|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" | 1.8 || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |0.9
|-
|-
| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''≥65''' ||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 1.6 || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |25.2 || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |17.5||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |6.8
| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''≥65''' || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" | 1.6 || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |25.2 || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |17.5|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |6.8
|}
|}


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{| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 600px;"
{| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 600px;"
|-
|-
|style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center | || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''All Races''' ||style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''White''' || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''Black''' || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''Asian/Pacific Islander'''  || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''Hispanic'''  
| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" | || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''All Races''' || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''White''' || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''Black''' || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''Asian/Pacific Islander'''  || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''Hispanic'''  
|-
|-
| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''Age-adjusted [[prevalence]]'''|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |75.3 per 100,000||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |83.5 per 100,000||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |45.9 per 100,000||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |41.2 per 100,000||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |57.1 per 100,000
| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''Age-adjusted [[prevalence]]'''|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |75.3 per 100,000|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |83.5 per 100,000|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |45.9 per 100,000|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |41.2 per 100,000|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |57.1 per 100,000
|}
|}


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{| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 600px;"
{| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 600px;"
|-
|-
|style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center | ||style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''Acute lymphoblastic leukemia'''||style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center | '''Chronic lymphocytic leukemia'''|| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''Acute myeloid leukemia'''|| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''Chronic myeloid leukemia'''
| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" | || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''Acute lymphoblastic leukemia'''|| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" | '''Chronic lymphocytic leukemia'''|| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''Acute myeloid leukemia'''|| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''Chronic myeloid leukemia'''
|-
|-
| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''5-year survival'''||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 70% || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |83.5%|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |25.4% || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |59.9%
| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''5-year survival'''|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" | 70% || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |83.5%|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |25.4% || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |59.9%
|}
|}



Revision as of 16:59, 21 July 2017

Template:DiseaseDisorder infobox

Leukemia Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Classification

AML
CML
ALL
CLL

Differentiating Leukemia from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Prognosis

For patient information click here

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2] Usama Talib, BSc, MD [3]

Synonyms and keywords: Leukaemia

Overview

Leukemia (Greek leukos, “white”; haima, “blood”) could be defined as a group of hematopoietic stem cell malignancies that genetic abnormalities may lead to clonal proliferation of these cells. These group of diseases are classified based on type of hematopoietic stem cell involvement and duration of disease. The leukemias are the most common malignancies among children younger than 15 years. Among them, ALL is the most common leukemia accounts for 77% of childhood leukemia. However, CLL is the most common form of leukemia in adults, it accounts for 30% of all leukemias in the United states. The increased rate of proliferation and decreased rate of apoptosis in this progeny of cells may compromise normal bone marrow function and ultimately marrow failure. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, laboratory findings, and therapy are different according to the type of malignancy.

Classification

Leukemia may be classified as follows:

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Leukemia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Lymphoid progeny
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Myeloid progeny
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
 
 
 
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
 
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
 
 
 
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)




Differentiating Leukemia from other Diseases

Leukemia must be differentiated from various diseases that cause weight loss, night sweats, hepatosplenomegaly, and palpable lymph nodes, such as hairy cell leukaemia, prolymphocytic leukaemia, follicular lymphoma, and mantle cell lymphoma. Based on the expression of cell surface markers, the table below differentiates different types of leukemia from other diseases that cause similar clinical presentations:[1]



Disease Differential Diagnosis
AML
ALL
CML
CLL

Epidemiology and Demographics

Prevalence

  • In the United States, the age-adjusted prevalence of leukemia is 75.3 per 100,000 in 2011.[2]

Incidence

  • The delay-adjusted incidence of leukemia in 2011 was estimated to be 15.48 per 100,000 persons in the United States.[2]
  • In 2011, the age-adjusted incidence of leukemia was 13.66 per 100,000 persons in the United States.[2]

Age

  • The overall age-adjusted incidence of leukemia in the United States between 2007 and 2011 is 13 per 100,000, the age-adjusted incidence of leukemia by age category is:[2]
    • Under 65 years: 6.5 per 100,000
    • 65 and over: 57.9 per 100,000
  • Shown below is a table depicting the overall age-adjusted incidence of leukemia per 100,000 individuals by age in the United States between 2007 and 2011 for the different types of leukemia.[2]
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia Chronic lymphocytic leukemia Acute myeloid leukemia Chronic myeloid leukemia
All ages 1.7 4.4 3.8 1.7
<65 1.7 1.4 1.8 0.9
≥65 1.6 25.2 17.5 6.8

Gender

  • In the United States, the age-adjusted prevalence of leukemia by gender in 2011 is:[2]
    • In males: 92.7 per 100,000
    • In females: 60.7 per 100,000
  • In the United States, the delay-adjusted incidence of leukemia by gender in 2011 is:[2]
    • In males: 19.93 per 100,000 persons
    • In females: 11.89 per 100,000 persons
  • In the United States, the age-adjusted incidence of leukemia by gender on 2011 is:[2]
    • In males: 17.58 per 100,000 persons
    • In females: 10.49 per 100,000 persons
  • Shown below is an image depicting the delay-adjusted incidence and observed incidence of leukemia by gender and race in the United States between 1975 and 2011. These graphs are adapted from SEER: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program of the National Cancer Institute.[2]

Delay-adjusted incidence and observed incidence of leukemia by gender and race in the United States between 1975 and 2011

Race

  • Shown below is a table depicting the age-adjusted prevalence of leukemia by race in 2011 in the United States.[2]
All Races White Black Asian/Pacific Islander Hispanic
Age-adjusted prevalence 75.3 per 100,000 83.5 per 100,000 45.9 per 100,000 41.2 per 100,000 57.1 per 100,000
  • Shown below is an image depicting the incidence of leukemia by race in the United States between 1975 and 2011.[2]

Incidence of leukemia by race in the United States between 1975 and 2011

API: Asian/Pacific Islander; AI/AN: American Indian/ Alaska Native

Prognosis

5-Year Survival

  • Between 2004 and 2010, the 5-year relative survival of patients with leukemia was 60.3%.[2]
  • When stratified by age, the 5-year relative survival of patients with leukemia was 68.5% and 44.1% for patients <65 and ≥ 65 years of age respectively.[2]
  • Shown below is a table depicting the 5-year relative survival of patients by the type of leukemia in the United States between 2004 and 2010.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia Chronic lymphocytic leukemia Acute myeloid leukemia Chronic myeloid leukemia
5-year survival 70% 83.5% 25.4% 59.9%

References

  1. Hoffbrand V, Moss P. Essential Haematology. John Wiley & Sons; 2011
  2. 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.

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