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| '''For patient information click [[Leukemia (patient information)|here]]'''
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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| {{DiseaseDisorder infobox | | | {{DiseaseDisorder infobox | |
| Name = Leukemia | | | Name = Leukemia | |
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|C|91||c|81}}-{{ICD10|C|95||c|81}} |
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| ICD9 = {{ICD9|208.9}} |
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| ICDO = 9800-9940 |
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| Image = acute_leukemia-ALL.jpg | | | Image = acute_leukemia-ALL.jpg | |
| Caption = A Wright's stained bone marrow aspirate smear of patient with precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.| | | Caption = A Wright's stained bone marrow aspirate smear of patient with precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.| |
| OMIM = | | | }} |
| MedlinePlus = |
| | {{Leukemia}} |
| eMedicineSubj = |
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| eMedicineTopic = |
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| DiseasesDB = 7431 |
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| MeshID = D007938 |
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| }} | |
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| | '''For patient information click [[Leukemia (patient information)|here]]''' |
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| {{CMG}} | | {{CMG}} |
| {{Leukemia}}
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| {{Editor Join}} | | {{SK}} Leukaemia |
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| ==[[Leukemia overview|Overview]]== | | ==[[Leukemia overview|Overview]]== |
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| ==Symptoms== | | ==[[Leukemia historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
| Damage to the [[bone marrow]], by way of displacing the normal bone marrow cells with higher numbers of immature white blood cells, results in a lack of blood [[platelet]]s, which are important in the [[Coagulation of human blood|blood clotting]] process. This means people with leukemia may become [[purpura|bruised]], [[hemorrhage|bleed]] excessively, or develop pinprick bleeds ([[petechia]]e).
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| [[White blood cell]]s, which are involved in fighting [[pathogen]]s, may be suppressed or dysfunctional. This could cause the patient's immune system (white blood cells etc.) to start attacking other body cells.
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| Finally, the red blood cell deficiency leads to [[anemia]], which may cause [[dyspnea]]. All symptoms can be attributed to other diseases; for [[diagnosis]], [[blood test]]s and a [[bone marrow examination]] are required.
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| Some other related symptoms:
| | ==[[Leukemia classification|Classification]]== |
| {{div col}}
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| * [[Fever]], [[chills]], [[night sweat]]s and other [[flu]]-like symptoms
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| * [[Weakness]] and [[fatigue]]
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| * Swollen or bleeding gums
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| * Neurological symptoms ([[headache]]s)
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| * [[hepatomegaly|Enlarged liver]] and [[splenomegaly|spleen]]
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| * Frequent [[infection]]
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| * Bone pain
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| * [[Joint pain]]
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| * [[Dizziness]]
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| * [[Nausea]]
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| * Swollen [[tonsils]]
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| * [[Diarrhea]]
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| * [[Paleness]]
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| * [[Malaise]]
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| * Unintentional [[Weight_loss#Unintentional_weight_loss | weight loss]]
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| {{div col end}}
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| The word leukemia, which means 'white blood,' is derived from the disease's namesake high white blood cell counts that most leukemia patients have before treatment. The high number of white blood cells are apparent when a blood sample is viewed under a microscope. Frequently, these extra white blood cells are immature or dysfunctional. The excessive number of cells can also interfere with the normal function of other cells.
| | ==[[Leukemia pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
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| Some leukemia patients do not have high white blood cell counts visible during a regular blood count. This less-common condition is called '''aleukemia'''. The bone marrow still contains cancerous white blood cells which disrupt the normal production of blood cells. However, the leukemic cells are staying in the marrow instead of entering the bloodstream, where they would be visible in a blood test. For an aleukemic patient, the white blood cell counts in the bloodstream can be normal or low. Aleukemia can occur in any of the four major types of leukemia, and is particularly common in [[hairy cell leukemia]].
| | ==[[Leukemia causes|Causes]]== |
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| ==Causes and risk factors== | | ==[[Leukemia differential diagnosis|Differentiating Leukemia from other Diseases]]== |
| There is no single known cause for all of the different types of leukemia. The different leukemias likely have different causes, and very little is certain about what causes them. Researchers have strong suspicions about four possible causes:
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| * natural or artificial ionizing radiation
| | ==[[Leukemia epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
| * certain kinds of chemicals
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| * some viruses
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| * genetic predispositions
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| Leukemia, like other cancers, result from [[somatic mutation]]s in the [[DNA]] which activate [[oncogene]]s or deactivate [[tumor suppressor gene]]s, and disrupt the regulation of cell death, differentiation or division. These mutations may occur spontaneously or as a result of exposure to [[ionizing radiation|radiation]] or [[carcinogen]]ic substances and are likely to be influenced by genetic factors. Cohort and case-control studies have linked exposure to [[petrochemicals]], such as [[benzene]], and hair dyes to the development of some forms of leukemia.
| | ==[[Leukemia risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
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| [[virus (biology)|Viruses]] have also been linked to some forms of leukemia. For example, certain cases of ALL are associated with viral infections by either the [[human immunodeficiency virus]] (HIV, responsible for [[AIDS]]) or [[human T-lymphotropic virus]] (HTLV-1 and -2, causing [[adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma]]). | | ==[[Leukemia screening|Screening]]== |
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| [[Fanconi anemia]] is also a risk factor for developing [[Acute myeloid leukemia|acute myelogenous leukemia]]. | | ==[[Leukemia natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
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| Until the cause or causes of leukemia are found, there is no way to prevent the disease. Even when the causes become known, they may prove to be things which are not readily controllable, such as naturally occurring background radiation, and therefore not especially helpful for prevention purposes.
| | ==Diagnosis== |
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| ==References==
| | [[Leukemia staging | Staging]] | [[Leukemia history and symptoms| History and Symptoms]] | [[Leukemia physical examination | Physical Examination]] | [[Leukemia laboratory studies | Laboratory Findings]] | [[Leukemia electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Leukemia chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Leukemia CT|CT]] | [[Leukemia MRI|MRI]] | [[Leukemia echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Leukemia other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Leukemia other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
| {{Reflist|2}}
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| == Research == | | ==Treatment== |
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| Significant research into the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of leukemia is being done. Hundreds of [[clinical trials]] are being planned or conducted at any given time. Studies may focus on effective means of treatment, better ways of treating the disease, improving the quality of life for patients, or appropriate care in remission or after cure.
| | [[Leukemia medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Leukemia surgery|Surgery]] | [[Leukemia primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Leukemia cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Leukemia future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
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| ==External links== | | ==Case Studies== |
| '''Images of leukemias'''
| | [[Leukemia case study one | Case #1]] |
| *[http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/hematology/HessIDB/stages-of-acute-leukemia.cfm UVA Healthsystem] -- Images of acute leukemias by stage
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| '''Research organizations'''
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| *[http://www.tacl.us/ The Therapeutic Advances in Childhood Leukemia (TACL) Consortium] -- US research group
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| *[http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/Educ/Hempat_e.html "Chromosomes, Leukaemias, Solid Tumors, Hereditary Cancers"] in AtlasGeneticsOncology.
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| {{Blood}} | | {{Blood}} |
| {{Hematological malignancy histology}} | | {{Hematological malignancy histology}} |
| [[af:Leukemie]]
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| [[ar:ابيضاض الدم]]
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| [[bs:Leukemija]]
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| [[cs:Leukemie]]
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| [[da:Leukæmi]]
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| [[de:Leukämie]]
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| [[es:Leucemia]]
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| [[eo:Leŭkemio]]
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| [[fr:Leucémie]]
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| [[ko:백혈병]]
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| [[id:Leukemia]]
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| [[ia:Leucemia]]
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| [[it:Leucemia]]
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| [[he:לוקמיה]]
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| [[la:Leucaemia]]
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| [[lt:Leukemija]]
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| [[hu:Leukémia]]
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| [[mk:Леукемија]]
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| [[ms:Leukemia]]
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| [[nl:Leukemie]]
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| [[ja:白血病]]
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| [[no:Leukemi]]
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| [[nn:Leukemi]]
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| [[pl:Białaczka]]
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| [[pt:Leucemia]]
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| [[ru:Лейкозы]]
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| [[sq:Leukoza]]
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| [[simple:Leukemia]]
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| [[sk:Leukémia]]
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| [[sr:Леукемија]]
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| [[su:Leukemia]]
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| [[fi:Leukemia]]
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| [[sv:Leukemi]]
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| [[th:มะเร็งเม็ดเลือดขาว]]
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| [[vi:Ung thư bạch cầu]]
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| [[tr:Lösemi]]
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| [[uk:Лейкоз]]
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| [[yi:לאקימיע]]
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| [[bat-smg:Leukemėjė]]
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| [[zh:白血病]]
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| {{WikiDoc Help Menu}} | | {{WikiDoc Help Menu}} |
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| | [[Category:primary care]] |
| [[Category:Disease]] | | [[Category:Disease]] |
| [[Category:Hematology]] | | [[Category:Hematology]] |