Leptospirosis laboratory findings: Difference between revisions
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* Elevated ESR | * Elevated ESR | ||
* '''Liver functional tests:''' Mild elevation in aminotransferases, bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase.<ref name="pmid14652202">{{cite journal| author=Bharti AR, Nally JE, Ricaldi JN, Matthias MA, Diaz MM, Lovett MA et al.| title=Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance. | journal=Lancet Infect Dis | year= 2003 | volume= 3 | issue= 12 | pages= 757-71 | pmid=14652202 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14652202 }} </ref> | * '''Liver functional tests:''' Mild elevation in aminotransferases, bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase.<ref name="pmid14652202">{{cite journal| author=Bharti AR, Nally JE, Ricaldi JN, Matthias MA, Diaz MM, Lovett MA et al.| title=Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance. | journal=Lancet Infect Dis | year= 2003 | volume= 3 | issue= 12 | pages= 757-71 | pmid=14652202 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14652202 }} </ref> | ||
* '''Culture:''' | |||
====Urinalysis==== | ====Urinalysis==== | ||
* Proteinuria | * Proteinuria | ||
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* Microscopic hematuria | * Microscopic hematuria | ||
* Hyaline and granular casts | * Hyaline and granular casts | ||
====CSF ==== | |||
CSF findings are common in first or second week of illness.<ref name="pmid14902167">{{cite journal| author=BEESON PB, HANKEY DD| title=Leptospiral meningitis. | journal=AMA Arch Intern Med | year= 1952 | volume= 89 | issue= 4 | pages= 575-83 | pmid=14902167 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14902167 }} </ref> | |||
* '''Analysis''' | |||
** Opening pressure: normal or slightly elevated | |||
** Cells: Lymphocyte predominance<ref name="pmid14902167">{{cite journal| author=BEESON PB, HANKEY DD| title=Leptospiral meningitis. | journal=AMA Arch Intern Med | year= 1952 | volume= 89 | issue= 4 | pages= 575-83 | pmid=14902167 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14902167 }} </ref> | |||
** Protein: Normal to elevated<ref name="pmid13819407">{{cite journal| author=EDWARDS GA, DOMM BM| title=Human leptospirosis. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 1960 | volume= 39 | issue= | pages= 117-56 | pmid=13819407 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13819407 }} </ref> | |||
** Glucose: Normal | |||
** Xanthochromasia is seen in severe Icteric leptospirosis<ref name="pmid20263193">{{cite journal| author=CARGILL WH, BEESON PB| title=The value of spinal fluid examination as a diagnostic procedure in Weil's disease. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1947 | volume= 27 | issue= 3 | pages= 396-400 | pmid=20263193 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20263193 }} </ref> | |||
====Culture==== | ====Culture==== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
The diagnosis of leptospirosis is based upon clinical suspicion and lab diagnosis, so lab tests should be considered in a patient with a history of contact with potentially infected animals, soil or surface waters contaminated by animal urine.[1]
Laboratory findings
On infection the microorganism can be found in blood for the first 7 to 10 days (invoking serologically identifiable reactions) and then moving to the kidneys. After 7 to 10 days the microorganism can be found in fresh urine. Hence, early diagnostic efforts include testing a serum or blood sample serologically with a panel of different strains. It is also possible to culture the microorganism from blood, serum, fresh urine and possibly fresh kidney biopsy. Kidney function tests (Blood Urea Nitrogen and creatinine) as well as blood tests for liver functions are performed. The later reveal a moderate elevation of transaminases. Brief elevations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels are relatively mild. These levels may be normal, even in children with jaundice. Diagnosis of leptospirosis is confirmed with tests such as Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and PCR. Serological testing, the MAT (microscopic agglutination test), is considered the gold standard in diagnosing leptospirosis. As a large panel of different leptospira need to be subcultured frequently, which is both laborious and expensive, it is underused, mainly in developing countries.
Leptospira can be cultured in Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris medium, which is incubated at 28 to 30ºC.[2] The median time to positivity is three weeks with a maximum of 3 months. This makes culture techniques useless for diagnostic purposes, but is commonly used in research.
Laboratory Findings
As the clinical manifestations of the disease are non specific, the clinical diagnosis is difficult. The laboratory investigations for leptospirosis should be considered in patient with an abrupt onset of fever, chills, conjunctival suffusion, headache, myalgia and jaundice with history of occupational exposure to infected animals or contaminated with animal urine.[3] Laboratory criteria for the diagnosis of leptospirosis are presence of one or more of the following:[1]
- Culture positivity
- Antibody titre of ≥1 in 320 by Microscopic Agglutination test (MAT) in a single serum sample
- Seroconversion in paired sera collected in the acute and convalescent phase established by ELISA IgM and/or MAT methods
- Evidence of leptospira antigen by molecular methods.
Laboratory investigations useful in the diagnosis of leptospirosis include:
- Identification of leptospires in tissues using antibodies labelled with fluorescent markers
- Antibody detection by serological studies
- Culture the bacteria from blood, urine or tissues
- Other methods such as PCR, Immunostaining etc.
Blood Tests
Blood tests in leptospirosis include:[4]
- CBC: Shows pancytopenia
- Elevated ESR
- Liver functional tests: Mild elevation in aminotransferases, bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase.[5]
- Culture:
Urinalysis
- Proteinuria
- Pyuria
- Microscopic hematuria
- Hyaline and granular casts
CSF
CSF findings are common in first or second week of illness.[6]
- Analysis
Culture
Specimen for culture
Disadvantages
- Difficult and time consuming
Serological Tests
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Forbes AE, Zochowski WJ, Dubrey SW, Sivaprakasam V (2012). "Leptospirosis and Weil's disease in the UK". QJM. 105 (12): 1151–62. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcs145. PMID 22843698.
- ↑ Rule PL, Alexander AD (1986). "Gellan gum as a substitute for agar in leptospiral media". J Clin Microbiol. 23 (3): 500–4. PMC 268682. PMID 3754265.
- ↑ LastName, FirstName (2003). Human leptospirosis : guidance for diagnosis, surveillance and control. Geneva: World Health Organization. ISBN 9241545895.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 EDWARDS GA, DOMM BM (1960). "Human leptospirosis". Medicine (Baltimore). 39: 117–56. PMID 13819407.
- ↑ Bharti AR, Nally JE, Ricaldi JN, Matthias MA, Diaz MM, Lovett MA; et al. (2003). "Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance". Lancet Infect Dis. 3 (12): 757–71. PMID 14652202.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 BEESON PB, HANKEY DD (1952). "Leptospiral meningitis". AMA Arch Intern Med. 89 (4): 575–83. PMID 14902167.
- ↑ CARGILL WH, BEESON PB (1947). "The value of spinal fluid examination as a diagnostic procedure in Weil's disease". Ann Intern Med. 27 (3): 396–400. PMID 20263193.