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'''For patient information, click [[Ketoacidosis (patient information)|here]]'''
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{{SK}} Ketoacidemia.


== [[Ketoacidosis overview|Overview]] ==


==Overview==
== [[Ketoacidosis classification|Classification]] ==
'''Ketoacidosis''' is a type of metabolic [[acidosis]] which is caused by high concentrations of [[ketone bodies]], formed by the [[deamination]] of [[amino acid]]s, and the breakdown of fatty acids. This is most common in untreated type 1 [[diabetes mellitus]], when the liver breaks down [[adipose tissue|fat]] and proteins in response to a perceived need for respiratory substrate. It can also occur with people undergoing hunger strikes, fasting over 3 days, or people starving to death as the body is forced to break down fat for sustenance due to their lack of outside nutrition.


Ketoacidosis should not be confused with [[ketosis]], which is one of the body's normal processes for the metabolism of body fat. In ketoacidosis, the accumulation of keto acids is so severe that the [[pH]] of the [[blood]] is substantially decreased.
== [[Ketoacidosis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]] ==


==Pathophysiology==
== [[Ketoacidosis causes|Causes]] ==
Ketoacidosis occurs when cells do not have sufficient glucose to meet their metabolic demands.  Instead, [[ketone bodies]] are produced for energy via the [[metabolism]] of [[fatty acids]].


Acidity results from the dissociation of the H<sup>+</sup> ion at physiological pH of metabolic ketone bodies such as [[acetoacetate]], and [[Beta-hydroxybutyrate|β-hydroxybutyrate]]. 
== [[Ketoacidosis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Ketoacidosis from other Diseases]] ==


==Etiology==
== [[Ketoacidosis risk factors|Risk Factors]] ==
Two common causes include [[diabetic]] and [[alcoholic]] ketoacidosis.
== [[Ketoacidosis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]] ==


In [[diabetic]] patients, ketoacidosis is usually accompanied by [[insulin]] deficiency, [[hyperglycemia]], and [[dehydration]]. Since insulin is required to absorb [[glucose]] from the blood, its deficiency results in an energy crisis, fatty acid metabolism, and production of ketone bodies.  Hyperglycemia results in glucose overloading the nephron and spilling into the [[urine]].  Dehydration results following the osmotic movement of water into [[urine]], exacerbating the [[acidosis]].
== Diagnosis ==


In [[alcoholic]] ketoacidosis, [[alcohol]] causes dehydration and blocks the first step of [[gluconeogenesis]].  The body is unable to synthesize enough glucose to meet its needs, thus creating an energy crisis resulting in [[fatty acid]] metabolism, and [[ketone body]] formation.
[[Ketoacidosis history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Ketoacidosis physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Ketoacidosis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Ketoacidosis electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Ketoacidosis other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]


== See also ==
== Treatment ==
 
[[Ketoacidosis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Ketoacidosis primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Ketoacidosis secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Ketoacidosis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Ketoacidosis future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]
 
==Case Studies==
 
[[Ketoacidosis case study one|Case #1]]
== Related Chapters ==


* [[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
* [[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
* [[Keto acids]]
* [[Keto acids]]
* [[Low-carbohydrate diet]]
* [[Low-carbohydrate diet]]
 
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[[Category:Medical emergencies]]
[[Category:Medical emergencies]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:diabetes]]
[[Category:Diabetes]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]




Latest revision as of 17:29, 13 February 2013

For patient information, click here

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Synonyms and keywords: Ketoacidemia.

Overview

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Ketoacidosis from other Diseases

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Electrocardiogram | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

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