There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in adult patients.
<!--Non–Guideline-Supported Use (Adult)-->
|offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport======Condition1=====
* Dosing Information
:* Dosage
=====Condition2=====
There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in adult patients.
<!--Pediatric Indications and Dosage-->
<!--FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)-->
|fdaLIADPed======Condition1=====
* Dosing Information
:* Dosage
=====Condition2=====
There is limited information regarding <i>FDA-Labeled Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in pediatric patients.
<!--Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)-->
<!--Guideline-Supported Use (Pediatric)-->
|offLabelPedGuideSupport======Condition1=====
* Developed by:
* Class of Recommendation:
* Strength of Evidence:
* Dosing Information
:* Dosage
=====Condition2=====
There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in pediatric patients.
<!--Non–Guideline-Supported Use (Pediatric)-->
|offLabelPedNoGuideSupport======Condition1=====
* Dosing Information
:* Dosage
=====Condition2=====
There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in pediatric patients.
<!--Contraindications-->
|contraindications=* Condition1
<!--Warnings-->
|warnings=* Description
====Precautions====
* Description
<!--Adverse Reactions-->
<!--Clinical Trials Experience-->
|clinicalTrials=There is limited information regarding <i>Clinical Trial Experience</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
=====Body as a Whole=====
=====Cardiovascular=====
=====Digestive=====
=====Endocrine=====
=====Hematologic and Lymphatic=====
=====Metabolic and Nutritional=====
=====Musculoskeletal=====
=====Neurologic=====
=====Respiratory=====
=====Skin and Hypersensitivy Reactions=====
=====Special Senses=====
=====Urogenital=====
=====Miscellaneous=====
<!--Postmarketing Experience-->
|postmarketing=There is limited information regarding <i>Postmarketing Experience</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
=====Body as a Whole=====
=====Cardiovascular=====
=====Digestive=====
=====Endocrine=====
=====Hematologic and Lymphatic=====
=====Metabolic and Nutritional=====
=====Musculoskeletal=====
=====Neurologic=====
=====Respiratory=====
=====Skin and Hypersensitivy Reactions=====
=====Special Senses=====
=====Urogenital=====
=====Miscellaneous=====
<!--Drug Interactions-->
|drugInteractions=* Drug
:* Description
<!--Use in Specific Populations-->
|useInPregnancyFDA=* '''Pregnancy Category'''
|useInPregnancyAUS=* '''Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category'''
There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of {{PAGENAME}} in women who are pregnant.
|useInLaborDelivery=There is no FDA guidance on use of {{PAGENAME}} during labor and delivery.
|useInNursing=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to nursing mothers.
|useInPed=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to pediatric patients.
|useInGeri=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to geriatric patients.
|useInGender=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to specific gender populations.
|useInRace=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to specific racial populations.
|useInRenalImpair=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients with renal impairment.
|useInHepaticImpair=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients with hepatic impairment.
|useInReproPotential=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in women of reproductive potentials and males.
|useInImmunocomp=There is no FDA guidance one the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients who are immunocompromised.
<!--Administration and Monitoring-->
|administration=* Oral
* Intravenous
|monitoring=There is limited information regarding <i>Monitoring</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
* Description
<!--IV Compatibility-->
|IVCompat=There is limited information regarding <i>IV Compatibility</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
<!--Overdosage-->
|overdose====Acute Overdose===
====Signs and Symptoms====
* Description
====Management====
* Description
===Chronic Overdose===
'''Isopropyl alcohol''' (also '''isopropanol''', '''iso''', '''[[rubbing alcohol]]''', or the abbreviation '''IPA''') is a common name for '''propan-2-ol''', a colorless, flammable [[chemical compound]] with a strong odor. It has the [[chemical formula]] C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O and is the simplest example of a [[Alcohol#Primary.2C secondary.2C and tertiary alcohols|''secondary alcohol'']], where the [[alcohol]] carbon is attached to two other carbons. It is an [[isomer]] of [[Propan-1-ol|propanol]].
There is limited information regarding <i>Chronic Overdose</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
==Manufacture==
<!--Pharmacology-->
Isopropyl alcohol is produced by combining water and [[propylene]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
<!--Drug box 2-->
| title =Isopropyl Alcohol, by John E. Logsdon and Richard A. Loke
|drugBox=<!--Mechanism of Action-->
| encyclopedia =Kirk‑Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
|mechAction=*
| publisher =John Wiley & Sons, Inc
| date =Article Online Posting Date: December 4, 2000
| accessdate = 2007-08-30 }}</ref> There are two processes for achieving this: indirect hydration (sulfuric acid process) and direct hydration. The former process, which can use low quality propylene, predominates in the USA while the latter process, which requires high-purity propylene, is more commonly used in Europe. These processes give predominantely isopropyl alcohol rather than propan-1-ol because the addition of water (or sulfuric acid) to propylene follows [[Markovnikov's rule]].
The indirect process reacts proplyene with [[sulfuric acid]] to form a mixture of sulfate esters. Subsequent [[hydrolysis]] of these esters produces isopropyl alcohol. Direct hydration reacts propylene and water, either in gas or liquid phases, at high pressures in the presence of solid or supported acidic [[catalysts]]. Both types of processes require that the isopropyl alcohol be separated from water and other by-products by [[distillation]]. Isopropyl alcohol and water form an [[azeotrope]] and simple distillation gives a material which is 87.9% by weight isopropyl alcohol and 12.1% by weight water.<ref>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 44th ed. pp 2143-2184</ref> Pure (anhydrous) isopropyl alcohol is made by [[azeotropic distillation]] of the "wet" isopropyl alcohol using either [[diisopropyl ether]] or [[cyclohexane]] as azeotroping agents.
<!--Structure-->
|structure=*
==Uses==
: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}01.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
[[Sterilization (microbiology)|Sterilizing]] pads typically contain a 60-70% [[solution]] of isopropanol in [[water (molecule)|water]]. Isopropyl alcohol is also commonly used as a [[cleaner]] and [[solvent]] in industry. It is also used as a [[gasoline]] additive for dissolving water or ice in fuel lines. Although Isopropanol is sometimes sold as "Isopropyl Rubbing Alcohol, 70% (or 90%)" and "Isopropyl Rubbing Alcohol, 99%" (harder to find but generally more useful for experimenters & cleaning uses), there is no isopropyl alcohol in the [[United States Pharmacopeia]] formula for [[Rubbing alcohol|Rubbing alcohol, U.S.P.]]. It is used as a [[disinfectant]], and is a common solvent.
Isopropanol is a major ingredient in "dry-gas" [[fuel additive]]. In significant quantities, [[water]] is a problem in fuel tanks as it separates from the gasoline and can freeze in the supply lines at cold temperatures. The isopropanol does not remove the water from the gasoline. Rather, the isopropanol solubilizes the water in the gasoline. Once [[soluble]], the water does not pose the same risk as insoluble water as it will no longer accumulate in the supply lines and freeze.
<!--Pharmacodynamics-->
|PD=There is limited information regarding <i>Pharmacodynamics</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
It is also a very good cleaning agent and often used for cleaning [[electronics|electronic]] devices such as contact pins (like those on [[read-only memory|ROM]] [[cartridge (electronics)|cartridges]]), [[magnetic tape]] deck and [[floppy disk]] drive heads, the lenses of [[lasers]] in [[optical disc]] drives (e.g. [[CD]], [[DVD]]) and removing [[thermal paste]] from [[central processing unit|CPUs]]. It is also used to clean [[liquid crystal display|LCD]] and glass [[computer monitor]] screens (at some risk to the anti-reflection coating of the screen), and used by many music shops to give second-hand or worn [[Gramophone record|records]] newer looking sheens. It cleans white boards very well and other unwanted ink related marks. Isopropyl alcohol also works well at removing smudges, dirt, and fingerprints from [[cell phones]] and [[PDA]]s.
<!--Pharmacokinetics-->
|PK=There is limited information regarding <i>Pharmacokinetics</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
==Chemistry==
<!--Nonclinical Toxicology-->
Unlike [[ethanol]] or [[methanol]], isopropanol can be separated from aqueous solutions by adding a salt such as [[sodium chloride]], [[sodium sulfate]], or any of several other inorganic salts.<ref>''Merck Index of Chemicals and Drugs'', 9th ed. monograph 5069</ref> The process is colloquially called [[salting out]], and causes concentrated isopropanol to separate into a distinct layer.
|nonClinToxic=There is limited information regarding <i>Nonclinical Toxicology</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
Being a secondary alcohol, isopropanol can be [[Redox|oxidised]] to the [[ketone]] [[acetone]]. This can be achieved using oxidising agents such as [[chromic acid]], or by [[dehydrogenation]] of isopropanol over a heated copper [[catalyst]]:
<!--Clinical Studies-->
|clinicalStudies=There is limited information regarding <i>Clinical Studies</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
|fdaPatientInfo=There is limited information regarding <i>Patient Counseling Information</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
Isopropanol may be converted to [[2-bromopropane]] using [[phosphorus tribromide]], or dehydrated to [[propylene]] by heating with [[sulfuric acid]].
<!--Precautions with Alcohol-->
|alcohol=* Alcohol-{{PAGENAME}} interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.
Isopropanol is often used as a [[hydride]] source in the [[Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction]].
<!--Brand Names-->
|brandNames=* ®<ref>{{Cite web | title = | url = }}</ref>
Like most alcohols, isopropyl alcohol reacts with active [[metal]]s such as [[potassium]] to form [[alkoxide]]s which can be called ''isopropoxides''. The reaction with [[aluminium]] (initiated by a trace of [[Mercury (element)|mercury]]) is used to prepare the catalyst [[aluminium isopropoxide]].
<!--Look-Alike Drug Names-->
|lookAlike=* A® — B®<ref name="www.ismp.org">{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = http://www.ismp.org | url = http://www.ismp.org | publisher = | date = }}</ref>
Isopropanol has a maximal [[absorbance]] at 204 nm in an [[Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy|ultraviolet-visible]] spectrum.
<!--Drug Shortage Status-->
|drugShortage=
}}
{{PillImage
|fileName=No image.jpg
}}
{{LabelImage
|fileName={{PAGENAME}}11.png
}}
{{LabelImage
|fileName={{PAGENAME}}11.png
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<!--Pill Image-->
==Safety==
Isopropyl alcohol vapor is heavier than air and is highly [[flammable]] with a very wide combustible range. It should be kept away from heat and open flame. When mixed with air or other oxidizers it can explode through [[deflagration]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/PR/2-propanol.html |title=Safety (MSDS) data for 2-propanol |accessdate=2006-09-28}}</ref>
Isopropyl alcohol is oxidized by the liver into [[acetone]]. [[Symptom]]s of isopropyl alcohol poisoning include [[flushing (physiology)|flushing]], [[headache]], [[dizziness]], [[CNS depression]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[anesthesia]], and [[coma]]. Use in well-ventilated areas and use protective gloves while using. Poisoning can occur from ingestion, inhalation, or absorption.
Long term application to the skin can cause [[defatting]].
<!--Label Display Image-->
==Medicine/Toxicology==
Isopropyl alcohol is about twice as toxic as [[ethanol]]. Isopropyl alcohol does not cause an [[anion gap]] [[acidosis]] (like [[ethanol]] or [[methanol]]). It produces an elevated [[osmolal gap]], but generally no abnormal anion gap (though this may be seen as a result of [[hypotension]] and [[lactic acidosis]]). Overdoses may cause a fruity odor on the breath as a result of its metabolism to give [[acetone]] (which is not further metabolised)<ref>Tiess, D: Z. ges. Hygiene 31, 530-531 (1985)</ref>. While large quantities of isopropanol can be fatal if left untreated, it is not nearly as toxic as methanol or ethylene glycol.
==References==
<references/>
==External links==
* [http://www.bluerhinos.co.uk/molview/indv.php?id=16 Molview from bluerhinos.co.uk] See Propan-2-ol in 3D
* [http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/PR/2-propanol.html Safety (MSDS) data for 2-propanol]
* [http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/isopropylalcohol/recognition.html The US government's Occupational Safety and Health Administration's guidelines for isopropyl alcohol.]
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Black Box Warning
ConditionName:
See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning.
ConditionName:
Content
Overview
Isopropyl alcohol is a {{{drugClass}}} that is FDA approved for the {{{indicationType}}} of {{{indication}}}. There is a Black Box Warning for this drug as shown here. Common adverse reactions include .
Adult Indications and Dosage
FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)
Condition1
Dosing Information
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Condition2
Dosing Information
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Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)
Guideline-Supported Use
Condition1
Developed by:
Class of Recommendation:
Strength of Evidence:
Dosing Information
Dosage
Condition2
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Isopropyl alcohol in adult patients.
Non–Guideline-Supported Use
Condition1
Dosing Information
Dosage
Condition2
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Isopropyl alcohol in adult patients.
Pediatric Indications and Dosage
FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)
Condition1
Dosing Information
Dosage
Condition2
There is limited information regarding FDA-Labeled Use of Isopropyl alcohol in pediatric patients.
Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)
Guideline-Supported Use
Condition1
Developed by:
Class of Recommendation:
Strength of Evidence:
Dosing Information
Dosage
Condition2
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Isopropyl alcohol in pediatric patients.
Non–Guideline-Supported Use
Condition1
Dosing Information
Dosage
Condition2
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Isopropyl alcohol in pediatric patients.
Contraindications
Condition1
Warnings
ConditionName:
See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning.
ConditionName:
Content
Description
Precautions
Description
Adverse Reactions
Clinical Trials Experience
There is limited information regarding Clinical Trial Experience of Isopropyl alcohol in the drug label.
Body as a Whole
Cardiovascular
Digestive
Endocrine
Hematologic and Lymphatic
Metabolic and Nutritional
Musculoskeletal
Neurologic
Respiratory
Skin and Hypersensitivy Reactions
Special Senses
Urogenital
Miscellaneous
Postmarketing Experience
There is limited information regarding Postmarketing Experience of Isopropyl alcohol in the drug label.
