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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| {{Ischemic stroke}} | | {{Ischemic stroke}} |
| {{CMG}}{{AE}}{{AA}} | | {{CMG}}{{AE}}{{MHP}} |
| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| Risk factors for stroke are divided into modifiable and non modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors include hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, cigarette smoking, alcohal consumption, hyperhomocysteinemia, hyperlipidemia, thyroid disease, obesity, sedentary life style and oral contraceptive usage. Some of the non modifiable risk factors include advanced age, male gender, family history of ischemic stroke, african american and hispanic race, and genetic diseases such as sicke cell disease and fabry's disease.<ref name="pmid18706004">{{cite journal| author=Allen CL, Bayraktutan U| title=Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-16 | pmid=18706004 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18706004 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16785347">{{cite journal| author=Goldstein LB, Adams R, Alberts MJ, Appel LJ, Brass LM, Bushnell CD et al.| title=Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. | journal=Circulation | year= 2006 | volume= 113 | issue= 24 | pages= e873-923 | pmid=16785347 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000223048.70103.F1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16785347 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22746010">{{cite journal| author=Awada A| title=[Primary and secondary prevention of ischemic stroke]. | journal=J Med Liban | year= 2011 | volume= 59 | issue= 4 | pages= 213-9 | pmid=22746010 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22746010 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10369318">{{cite journal| author=Hankey GJ| title=Stroke: how large a public health problem, and how can the neurologist help? | journal=Arch Neurol | year= 1999 | volume= 56 | issue= 6 | pages= 748-54 | pmid=10369318 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10369318 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26869067">{{cite journal| author=Maredza M, Bertram MY, Gómez-Olivé XF, Tollman SM| title=Burden of stroke attributable to selected lifestyle risk factors in rural South Africa. | journal=BMC Public Health | year= 2016 | volume= 16 | issue= | pages= 143 | pmid=26869067 | doi=10.1186/s12889-016-2805-7 | pmc=4751665 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26869067 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21629240">{{cite journal| author=Meschia JF, Worrall BB, Rich SS| title=Genetic susceptibility to ischemic stroke. | journal=Nat Rev Neurol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 | issue= 7 | pages= 369-78 | pmid=21629240 | doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2011.80 | pmc=3932660 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21629240 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15933254">{{cite journal| author=Jood K, Ladenvall C, Rosengren A, Blomstrand C, Jern C| title=Family history in ischemic stroke before 70 years of age: the Sahlgrenska Academy Study on Ischemic Stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 2005 | volume= 36 | issue= 7 | pages= 1383-7 | pmid=15933254 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000169944.46025.09 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15933254 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12714707">{{cite journal| author=Jerrard-Dunne P, Cloud G, Hassan A, Markus HS| title=Evaluating the genetic component of ischemic stroke subtypes: a family history study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2003 | volume= 34 | issue= 6 | pages= 1364-9 | pmid=12714707 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000069723.17984.FD | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12714707 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17898325">{{cite journal| author=Prabhakaran S, Wright CB, Yoshita M, Delapaz R, Brown T, DeCarli C et al.| title=Prevalence and determinants of subclinical brain infarction: the Northern Manhattan Study. | journal=Neurology | year= 2008 | volume= 70 | issue= 6 | pages= 425-30 | pmid=17898325 | doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000277521.66947.e5 | pmc=2714050 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17898325 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23970792">{{cite journal| author=Peters SA, Huxley RR, Woodward M| title=Smoking as a risk factor for stroke in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 81 cohorts, including 3,980,359 individuals and 42,401 strokes. | journal=Stroke | year= 2013 | volume= 44 | issue= 10 | pages= 2821-8 | pmid=23970792 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.002342 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23970792 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9262494">{{cite journal| author=Wilson PW, Hoeg JM, D'Agostino RB, Silbershatz H, Belanger AM, Poehlmann H et al.| title=Cumulative effects of high cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, and cigarette smoking on carotid stenosis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1997 | volume= 337 | issue= 8 | pages= 516-22 | pmid=9262494 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199708213370802 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9262494 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17635891">{{cite journal| author=Bansal S, Buring JE, Rifai N, Mora S, Sacks FM, Ridker PM| title=Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in women. | journal=JAMA | year= 2007 | volume= 298 | issue= 3 | pages= 309-16 | pmid=17635891 | doi=10.1001/jama.298.3.309 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17635891 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15159287">{{cite journal| author=Iso H, Moriyama Y, Sato S, Kitamura A, Tanigawa T, Yamagishi K et al.| title=Serum total homocysteine concentrations and risk of stroke and its subtypes in Japanese. | journal=Circulation | year= 2004 | volume= 109 | issue= 22 | pages= 2766-72 | pmid=15159287 | doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000131942.77635.2D | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15159287 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11108774">{{cite journal| author=Bushnell CD, Goldstein LB| title=Diagnostic testing for coagulopathies in patients with ischemic stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 2000 | volume= 31 | issue= 12 | pages= 3067-78 | pmid=11108774 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11108774 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16734043">{{cite journal| author=Remmel KS, Wanahita A, Moore K, Gruenthal M| title=Acute ischemic stroke and hypothyroidism. | journal=J Ky Med Assoc | year= 2006 | volume= 104 | issue= 5 | pages= 191-3 | pmid=16734043 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16734043 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16179578">{{cite journal| author=Squizzato A, Gerdes VE, Brandjes DP, Büller HR, Stam J| title=Thyroid diseases and cerebrovascular disease. | journal=Stroke | year= 2005 | volume= 36 | issue= 10 | pages= 2302-10 | pmid=16179578 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000181772.78492.07 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16179578 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25034713">{{cite journal| author=Friberg L, Rosenqvist M, Lindgren A, Terént A, Norrving B, Asplund K| title=High prevalence of atrial fibrillation among patients with ischemic stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 2014 | volume= 45 | issue= 9 | pages= 2599-605 | pmid=25034713 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.006070 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25034713 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27026630">{{cite journal| author=Joundi RA, Cipriano LE, Sposato LA, Saposnik G, Stroke Outcomes Research Working Group| title=Ischemic Stroke Risk in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and CHA2DS2-VASc Score of 1: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. | journal=Stroke | year= 2016 | volume= 47 | issue= 5 | pages= 1364-7 | pmid=27026630 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.012609 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27026630 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26251249">{{cite journal| author=Fauchier L, Clementy N, Pelade C, Collignon C, Nicolle E, Lip GY| title=Patients With Ischemic Stroke and Incident Atrial Fibrillation: A Nationwide Cohort Study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2015 | volume= 46 | issue= 9 | pages= 2432-7 | pmid=26251249 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.010270 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26251249 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19641674">{{cite journal| author=Buttar HS, Li T, Ravi N| title=Prevention of cardiovascular diseases: Role of exercise, dietary interventions, obesity and smoking cessation. | journal=Exp Clin Cardiol | year= 2005 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 229-49 | pmid=19641674 | doi= | pmc=2716237 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19641674 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10872016">{{cite journal| author=Gillum LA, Mamidipudi SK, Johnston SC| title=Ischemic stroke risk with oral contraceptives: A meta-analysis. | journal=JAMA | year= 2000 | volume= 284 | issue= 1 | pages= 72-8 | pmid=10872016 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10872016 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10997772">{{cite journal| author=Bousser MG, Kittner SJ| title=Oral contraceptives and stroke. | journal=Cephalalgia | year= 2000 | volume= 20 | issue= 3 | pages= 183-9 | pmid=10997772 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10997772 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15946211">{{cite journal| author=Slooter AJ, Rosendaal FR, Tanis BC, Kemmeren JM, van der Graaf Y, Algra A| title=Prothrombotic conditions, oral contraceptives, and the risk of ischemic stroke. | journal=J Thromb Haemost | year= 2005 | volume= 3 | issue= 6 | pages= 1213-7 | pmid=15946211 | doi=10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01442.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15946211 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12775882">{{cite journal| author=Suk SH, Sacco RL, Boden-Albala B, Cheun JF, Pittman JG, Elkind MS et al.| title=Abdominal obesity and risk of ischemic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2003 | volume= 34 | issue= 7 | pages= 1586-92 | pmid=12775882 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000075294.98582.2F | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12775882 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25944320">{{cite journal| author=Mitchell AB, Cole JW, McArdle PF, Cheng YC, Ryan KA, Sparks MJ et al.| title=Obesity increases risk of ischemic stroke in young adults. | journal=Stroke | year= 2015 | volume= 46 | issue= 6 | pages= 1690-2 | pmid=25944320 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.008940 | pmc=4458137 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25944320 }} </ref> | | Risk factors for stroke are divided into modifiable and non modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors include hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, cigarette smoking, alcohal consumption, hyperhomocysteinemia, hyperlipidemia, thyroid disease, obesity, sedentary life style and oral contraceptive usage. Some of the non modifiable risk factors include advanced age, male gender, family history of ischemic stroke, african american and hispanic race, and genetic diseases such as sicke cell disease and fabry's disease. |
| ==Risk Factors==
| |
| Risk factors of ischemic stroke may be divided into modifiable and non modifiable risk factors:<ref name="pmid18706004">{{cite journal| author=Allen CL, Bayraktutan U| title=Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-16 | pmid=18706004 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18706004 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16785347">{{cite journal| author=Goldstein LB, Adams R, Alberts MJ, Appel LJ, Brass LM, Bushnell CD et al.| title=Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. | journal=Circulation | year= 2006 | volume= 113 | issue= 24 | pages= e873-923 | pmid=16785347 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000223048.70103.F1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16785347 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22746010">{{cite journal| author=Awada A| title=[Primary and secondary prevention of ischemic stroke]. | journal=J Med Liban | year= 2011 | volume= 59 | issue= 4 | pages= 213-9 | pmid=22746010 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22746010 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10369318">{{cite journal| author=Hankey GJ| title=Stroke: how large a public health problem, and how can the neurologist help? | journal=Arch Neurol | year= 1999 | volume= 56 | issue= 6 | pages= 748-54 | pmid=10369318 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10369318 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26869067">{{cite journal| author=Maredza M, Bertram MY, Gómez-Olivé XF, Tollman SM| title=Burden of stroke attributable to selected lifestyle risk factors in rural South Africa. | journal=BMC Public Health | year= 2016 | volume= 16 | issue= | pages= 143 | pmid=26869067 | doi=10.1186/s12889-016-2805-7 | pmc=4751665 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26869067 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21629240">{{cite journal| author=Meschia JF, Worrall BB, Rich SS| title=Genetic susceptibility to ischemic stroke. | journal=Nat Rev Neurol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 | issue= 7 | pages= 369-78 | pmid=21629240 | doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2011.80 | pmc=3932660 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21629240 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15933254">{{cite journal| author=Jood K, Ladenvall C, Rosengren A, Blomstrand C, Jern C| title=Family history in ischemic stroke before 70 years of age: the Sahlgrenska Academy Study on Ischemic Stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 2005 | volume= 36 | issue= 7 | pages= 1383-7 | pmid=15933254 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000169944.46025.09 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15933254 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12714707">{{cite journal| author=Jerrard-Dunne P, Cloud G, Hassan A, Markus HS| title=Evaluating the genetic component of ischemic stroke subtypes: a family history study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2003 | volume= 34 | issue= 6 | pages= 1364-9 | pmid=12714707 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000069723.17984.FD | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12714707 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17898325">{{cite journal| author=Prabhakaran S, Wright CB, Yoshita M, Delapaz R, Brown T, DeCarli C et al.| title=Prevalence and determinants of subclinical brain infarction: the Northern Manhattan Study. | journal=Neurology | year= 2008 | volume= 70 | issue= 6 | pages= 425-30 | pmid=17898325 | doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000277521.66947.e5 | pmc=2714050 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17898325 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23970792">{{cite journal| author=Peters SA, Huxley RR, Woodward M| title=Smoking as a risk factor for stroke in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 81 cohorts, including 3,980,359 individuals and 42,401 strokes. | journal=Stroke | year= 2013 | volume= 44 | issue= 10 | pages= 2821-8 | pmid=23970792 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.002342 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23970792 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9262494">{{cite journal| author=Wilson PW, Hoeg JM, D'Agostino RB, Silbershatz H, Belanger AM, Poehlmann H et al.| title=Cumulative effects of high cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, and cigarette smoking on carotid stenosis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1997 | volume= 337 | issue= 8 | pages= 516-22 | pmid=9262494 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199708213370802 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9262494 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17635891">{{cite journal| author=Bansal S, Buring JE, Rifai N, Mora S, Sacks FM, Ridker PM| title=Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in women. | journal=JAMA | year= 2007 | volume= 298 | issue= 3 | pages= 309-16 | pmid=17635891 | doi=10.1001/jama.298.3.309 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17635891 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15159287">{{cite journal| author=Iso H, Moriyama Y, Sato S, Kitamura A, Tanigawa T, Yamagishi K et al.| title=Serum total homocysteine concentrations and risk of stroke and its subtypes in Japanese. | journal=Circulation | year= 2004 | volume= 109 | issue= 22 | pages= 2766-72 | pmid=15159287 | doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000131942.77635.2D | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15159287 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11108774">{{cite journal| author=Bushnell CD, Goldstein LB| title=Diagnostic testing for coagulopathies in patients with ischemic stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 2000 | volume= 31 | issue= 12 | pages= 3067-78 | pmid=11108774 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11108774 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16734043">{{cite journal| author=Remmel KS, Wanahita A, Moore K, Gruenthal M| title=Acute ischemic stroke and hypothyroidism. | journal=J Ky Med Assoc | year= 2006 | volume= 104 | issue= 5 | pages= 191-3 | pmid=16734043 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16734043 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16179578">{{cite journal| author=Squizzato A, Gerdes VE, Brandjes DP, Büller HR, Stam J| title=Thyroid diseases and cerebrovascular disease. | journal=Stroke | year= 2005 | volume= 36 | issue= 10 | pages= 2302-10 | pmid=16179578 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000181772.78492.07 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16179578 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25034713">{{cite journal| author=Friberg L, Rosenqvist M, Lindgren A, Terént A, Norrving B, Asplund K| title=High prevalence of atrial fibrillation among patients with ischemic stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 2014 | volume= 45 | issue= 9 | pages= 2599-605 | pmid=25034713 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.006070 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25034713 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27026630">{{cite journal| author=Joundi RA, Cipriano LE, Sposato LA, Saposnik G, Stroke Outcomes Research Working Group| title=Ischemic Stroke Risk in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and CHA2DS2-VASc Score of 1: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. | journal=Stroke | year= 2016 | volume= 47 | issue= 5 | pages= 1364-7 | pmid=27026630 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.012609 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27026630 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26251249">{{cite journal| author=Fauchier L, Clementy N, Pelade C, Collignon C, Nicolle E, Lip GY| title=Patients With Ischemic Stroke and Incident Atrial Fibrillation: A Nationwide Cohort Study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2015 | volume= 46 | issue= 9 | pages= 2432-7 | pmid=26251249 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.010270 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26251249 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19641674">{{cite journal| author=Buttar HS, Li T, Ravi N| title=Prevention of cardiovascular diseases: Role of exercise, dietary interventions, obesity and smoking cessation. | journal=Exp Clin Cardiol | year= 2005 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 229-49 | pmid=19641674 | doi= | pmc=2716237 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19641674 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10872016">{{cite journal| author=Gillum LA, Mamidipudi SK, Johnston SC| title=Ischemic stroke risk with oral contraceptives: A meta-analysis. | journal=JAMA | year= 2000 | volume= 284 | issue= 1 | pages= 72-8 | pmid=10872016 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10872016 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10997772">{{cite journal| author=Bousser MG, Kittner SJ| title=Oral contraceptives and stroke. | journal=Cephalalgia | year= 2000 | volume= 20 | issue= 3 | pages= 183-9 | pmid=10997772 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10997772 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15946211">{{cite journal| author=Slooter AJ, Rosendaal FR, Tanis BC, Kemmeren JM, van der Graaf Y, Algra A| title=Prothrombotic conditions, oral contraceptives, and the risk of ischemic stroke. | journal=J Thromb Haemost | year= 2005 | volume= 3 | issue= 6 | pages= 1213-7 | pmid=15946211 | doi=10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01442.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15946211 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12775882">{{cite journal| author=Suk SH, Sacco RL, Boden-Albala B, Cheun JF, Pittman JG, Elkind MS et al.| title=Abdominal obesity and risk of ischemic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2003 | volume= 34 | issue= 7 | pages= 1586-92 | pmid=12775882 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000075294.98582.2F | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12775882 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25944320">{{cite journal| author=Mitchell AB, Cole JW, McArdle PF, Cheng YC, Ryan KA, Sparks MJ et al.| title=Obesity increases risk of ischemic stroke in young adults. | journal=Stroke | year= 2015 | volume= 46 | issue= 6 | pages= 1690-2 | pmid=25944320 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.008940 | pmc=4458137 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25944320 }} </ref>
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| {| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align=center
| | ==Risk factor== |
| |+
| | Identification of risk factors for stroke is complicated by the fact that strokes come in many varieties. Risk factors for hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke are similar, but there are some notable differences; there are also differences in risk factors among the etiologic categories of ischemic stroke. |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; width: 250px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Modifiable risk factors}}
| | According to Framingham cohort and the later researches, the risk factors for ischemic stroke are as follows: |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; width: 250px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Non modifiable risk factors}}
| | * Modifiable risk factors |
| | | ** Hypertension |
| |-
| | o Sex |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hypertension]]<ref name="pmid18706004">{{cite journal| author=Allen CL, Bayraktutan U| title=Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-16 | pmid=18706004 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18706004 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22980242" /><ref name="pmid19124428">{{cite journal| author=Romero JR, Morris J, Pikula A| title=Stroke prevention: modifying risk factors. | journal=Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 2 | issue= 4 | pages= 287-303 | pmid=19124428 | doi=10.1177/1753944708093847 | pmc=2729177 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19124428 }} </ref>
| | o Race/Ethnicity |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Age >55 years <ref name="pmid18706004">{{cite journal| author=Allen CL, Bayraktutan U| title=Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-16 | pmid=18706004 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18706004 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17898325">{{cite journal| author=Prabhakaran S, Wright CB, Yoshita M, Delapaz R, Brown T, DeCarli C et al.| title=Prevalence and determinants of subclinical brain infarction: the Northern Manhattan Study. | journal=Neurology | year= 2008 | volume= 70 | issue= 6 | pages= 425-30 | pmid=17898325 | doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000277521.66947.e5 | pmc=2714050 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17898325 }} </ref>
| | o diet |
| |-
| | o Physical Inactivity |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Diabetes mellitus]]<ref name="pmid18706004">{{cite journal| author=Allen CL, Bayraktutan U| title=Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-16 | pmid=18706004 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18706004 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19124428">{{cite journal| author=Romero JR, Morris J, Pikula A| title=Stroke prevention: modifying risk factors. | journal=Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 2 | issue= 4 | pages= 287-303 | pmid=19124428 | doi=10.1177/1753944708093847 | pmc=2729177 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19124428 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15249512">{{cite journal| author=Jørgensen L, Jenssen T, Joakimsen O, Heuch I, Ingebretsen OC, Jacobsen BK| title=Glycated hemoglobin level is strongly related to the prevalence of carotid artery plaques with high echogenicity in nondiabetic individuals: the Tromsø study. | journal=Circulation | year= 2004 | volume= 110 | issue= 4 | pages= 466-70 | pmid=15249512 | doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000136809.55141.3B | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15249512 }} </ref>
| | o Hyperlipidemia |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Family history of ischemic stroke<ref name="pmid15933254">{{cite journal| author=Jood K, Ladenvall C, Rosengren A, Blomstrand C, Jern C| title=Family history in ischemic stroke before 70 years of age: the Sahlgrenska Academy Study on Ischemic Stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 2005 | volume= 36 | issue= 7 | pages= 1383-7 | pmid=15933254 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000169944.46025.09 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15933254 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12714707">{{cite journal| author=Jerrard-Dunne P, Cloud G, Hassan A, Markus HS| title=Evaluating the genetic component of ischemic stroke subtypes: a family history study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2003 | volume= 34 | issue= 6 | pages= 1364-9 | pmid=12714707 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000069723.17984.FD | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12714707 }} </ref>
| | o Diabetes |
| |-
| | o Alcohol Consumption |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Atrial fibrillation]]<ref name="pmid16179578">{{cite journal| author=Squizzato A, Gerdes VE, Brandjes DP, Büller HR, Stam J| title=Thyroid diseases and cerebrovascular disease. | journal=Stroke | year= 2005 | volume= 36 | issue= 10 | pages= 2302-10 | pmid=16179578 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000181772.78492.07 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16179578 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25034713">{{cite journal| author=Friberg L, Rosenqvist M, Lindgren A, Terént A, Norrving B, Asplund K| title=High prevalence of atrial fibrillation among patients with ischemic stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 2014 | volume= 45 | issue= 9 | pages= 2599-605 | pmid=25034713 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.006070 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25034713 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27026630">{{cite journal| author=Joundi RA, Cipriano LE, Sposato LA, Saposnik G, Stroke Outcomes Research Working Group| title=Ischemic Stroke Risk in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and CHA2DS2-VASc Score of 1: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. | journal=Stroke | year= 2016 | volume= 47 | issue= 5 | pages= 1364-7 | pmid=27026630 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.012609 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27026630 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26251249">{{cite journal| author=Fauchier L, Clementy N, Pelade C, Collignon C, Nicolle E, Lip GY| title=Patients With Ischemic Stroke and Incident Atrial Fibrillation: A Nationwide Cohort Study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2015 | volume= 46 | issue= 9 | pages= 2432-7 | pmid=26251249 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.010270 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26251249 }} </ref>
| | o Cardiac Causes |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |African American and hispanic race<ref name="pmid18706004">{{cite journal| author=Allen CL, Bayraktutan U| title=Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-16 | pmid=18706004 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18706004 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23709708">{{cite journal| author=Howard VJ| title=Reasons underlying racial differences in stroke incidence and mortality. | journal=Stroke | year= 2013 | volume= 44 | issue= 6 Suppl 1 | pages= S126-8 | pmid=23709708 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000691 | pmc=3784978 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23709708 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19026895">{{cite journal| author=Grysiewicz RA, Thomas K, Pandey DK| title=Epidemiology of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke: incidence, prevalence, mortality, and risk factors. | journal=Neurol Clin | year= 2008 | volume= 26 | issue= 4 | pages= 871-95, vii | pmid=19026895 | doi=10.1016/j.ncl.2008.07.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19026895 }} </ref>
| | o Apolipoprotein B to A1 |
| |-
| | • Non-modifiable risk factors |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Coronary heart disease]]<ref name="pmid18706004">{{cite journal| author=Allen CL, Bayraktutan U| title=Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-16 | pmid=18706004 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18706004 }} </ref>
| | o Age |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Male gender<ref name="pmid18706004">{{cite journal| author=Allen CL, Bayraktutan U| title=Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-16 | pmid=18706004 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18706004 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref>
| | o Sex |
| |-
| | o Race/Ethnicity |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Cigarette smoking]]<ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref><ref name="pmid3339799">{{cite journal| author=Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, Kannel WB, Bonita R, Belanger AJ| title=Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for stroke. The Framingham Study. | journal=JAMA | year= 1988 | volume= 259 | issue= 7 | pages= 1025-9 | pmid=3339799 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3339799 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23970792">{{cite journal| author=Peters SA, Huxley RR, Woodward M| title=Smoking as a risk factor for stroke in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 81 cohorts, including 3,980,359 individuals and 42,401 strokes. | journal=Stroke | year= 2013 | volume= 44 | issue= 10 | pages= 2821-8 | pmid=23970792 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.002342 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23970792 }} </ref>
| | There is a similar classification for the risk factors of hemorrhagic stroke, which is: |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Genetic disorders<ref name="pmid21629240">{{cite journal| author=Meschia JF, Worrall BB, Rich SS| title=Genetic susceptibility to ischemic stroke. | journal=Nat Rev Neurol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 | issue= 7 | pages= 369-78 | pmid=21629240 | doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2011.80 | pmc=3932660 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21629240 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12714707">{{cite journal| author=Jerrard-Dunne P, Cloud G, Hassan A, Markus HS| title=Evaluating the genetic component of ischemic stroke subtypes: a family history study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2003 | volume= 34 | issue= 6 | pages= 1364-9 | pmid=12714707 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000069723.17984.FD | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12714707 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9386200">{{cite journal| author=Ockene IS, Miller NH| title=Cigarette smoking, cardiovascular disease, and stroke: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. American Heart Association Task Force on Risk Reduction. | journal=Circulation | year= 1997 | volume= 96 | issue= 9 | pages= 3243-7 | pmid=9386200 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9386200 }} </ref>
| | • Modifiable risk factors |
| * [[Sickle-cell disease|Sickle cell disease]]
| | o Hypertension |
| *[[Fabry disease]]
| | o Sex |
| |-
| | o Race/Ethnicity |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Alcohal consumption<ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref>
| | o Alcohol Consumption |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Previous history of stroke or TIA
| | o Diet |
| |-
| | • Non-modifiable risk factors |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hyperhomocysteinemia]]<ref name="pmid10797167">{{cite journal| author=Eikelboom JW, Hankey GJ, Anand SS, Lofthouse E, Staples N, Baker RI| title=Association between high homocyst(e)ine and ischemic stroke due to large- and small-artery disease but not other etiologic subtypes of ischemic stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 2000 | volume= 31 | issue= 5 | pages= 1069-75 | pmid=10797167 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10797167 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15159287">{{cite journal| author=Iso H, Moriyama Y, Sato S, Kitamura A, Tanigawa T, Yamagishi K et al.| title=Serum total homocysteine concentrations and risk of stroke and its subtypes in Japanese. | journal=Circulation | year= 2004 | volume= 109 | issue= 22 | pages= 2766-72 | pmid=15159287 | doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000131942.77635.2D | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15159287 }} </ref>
| | o Age |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| | o Sex |
| |-
| | o Race/Ethnicity |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Obesity]]<ref name="pmid12775882">{{cite journal| author=Suk SH, Sacco RL, Boden-Albala B, Cheun JF, Pittman JG, Elkind MS et al.| title=Abdominal obesity and risk of ischemic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2003 | volume= 34 | issue= 7 | pages= 1586-92 | pmid=12775882 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000075294.98582.2F | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12775882 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25944320">{{cite journal| author=Mitchell AB, Cole JW, McArdle PF, Cheng YC, Ryan KA, Sparks MJ et al.| title=Obesity increases risk of ischemic stroke in young adults. | journal=Stroke | year= 2015 | volume= 46 | issue= 6 | pages= 1690-2 | pmid=25944320 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.008940 | pmc=4458137 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25944320 }} </ref>
| |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hyperlipidemia]]<ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26451029">{{cite journal| author=Yaghi S, Elkind MS| title=Lipids and Cerebrovascular Disease: Research and Practice. | journal=Stroke | year= 2015 | volume= 46 | issue= 11 | pages= 3322-8 | pmid=26451029 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.011164 | pmc=4624572 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26451029 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19001625">{{cite journal| author=Freiberg JJ, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Jensen JS, Nordestgaard BG| title=Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of ischemic stroke in the general population. | journal=JAMA | year= 2008 | volume= 300 | issue= 18 | pages= 2142-52 | pmid=19001625 | doi=10.1001/jama.2008.621 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19001625 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17635891">{{cite journal| author=Bansal S, Buring JE, Rifai N, Mora S, Sacks FM, Ridker PM| title=Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in women. | journal=JAMA | year= 2007 | volume= 298 | issue= 3 | pages= 309-16 | pmid=17635891 | doi=10.1001/jama.298.3.309 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17635891 }} </ref>
| |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hypothyroidism]]<ref name="pmid16734043">{{cite journal| author=Remmel KS, Wanahita A, Moore K, Gruenthal M| title=Acute ischemic stroke and hypothyroidism. | journal=J Ky Med Assoc | year= 2006 | volume= 104 | issue= 5 | pages= 191-3 | pmid=16734043 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16734043 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16179578">{{cite journal| author=Squizzato A, Gerdes VE, Brandjes DP, Büller HR, Stam J| title=Thyroid diseases and cerebrovascular disease. | journal=Stroke | year= 2005 | volume= 36 | issue= 10 | pages= 2302-10 | pmid=16179578 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000181772.78492.07 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16179578 }} </ref>
| |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Oral contraceptive use <ref name="pmid10872016">{{cite journal| author=Gillum LA, Mamidipudi SK, Johnston SC| title=Ischemic stroke risk with oral contraceptives: A meta-analysis. | journal=JAMA | year= 2000 | volume= 284 | issue= 1 | pages= 72-8 | pmid=10872016 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10872016 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10997772">{{cite journal| author=Bousser MG, Kittner SJ| title=Oral contraceptives and stroke. | journal=Cephalalgia | year= 2000 | volume= 20 | issue= 3 | pages= 183-9 | pmid=10997772 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10997772 }} </ref>
| |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sedentary life style<ref name="pmid19641674">{{cite journal| author=Buttar HS, Li T, Ravi N| title=Prevention of cardiovascular diseases: Role of exercise, dietary interventions, obesity and smoking cessation. | journal=Exp Clin Cardiol | year= 2005 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 229-49 | pmid=19641674 | doi= | pmc=2716237 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19641674 }} </ref>
| |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Hypercoagulable disorders<ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11108774">{{cite journal| author=Bushnell CD, Goldstein LB| title=Diagnostic testing for coagulopathies in patients with ischemic stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 2000 | volume= 31 | issue= 12 | pages= 3067-78 | pmid=11108774 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11108774 }} </ref>
| |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| {{reflist|2}}
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Aging-associated diseases]]
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| [[Category:Cardiovascular diseases]]
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| [[Category:Causes of death]]
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| [[Category:Medical emergencies]]
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| [[Category:Neurology]]
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| [[Category:Neurological disorders]]
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| [[Category:Emergency medicine]]
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| [[Category:Cardiology]]
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| [[Category:Neurosurgery]]
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| [[Category:Disease]]
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| {{WS}}
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| {{WH}}
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