Ischemic stroke risk factors: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Ischemic stroke}}
{{Ischemic stroke}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{MHP}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
Risk factors for stroke include [[Old age|advanced age]], [[hypertension]] (high blood pressure), previous stroke or TIA ([[transient ischaemic attack]]), [[diabetes mellitus]], [[hypercholesterolemia|high cholesterol]], [[cigarette smoking]], [[atrial fibrillation]], [[migraine]]<ref>[http://headaches.about.com/od/migrainediseas1/a/mx_stroke_risk.htm headaches.about.com]</ref> with aura, and [[thrombophilia]]. In clinical practice, [[blood pressure]] is the most important modifiable [[risk factor]] of stroke; however many other risk factors, such as cigarette smoking cessation and treatment of atrial fibrillation with [[anticoagulant]] drugs, are important.
Risk factors for stroke are divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors include [[hypertension]], [[diabetes mellitus]], [[cardiac disease]], cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, [[hyperhomocysteinemia]], [[hyperlipidemia]], obesity, sedentary life style and oral contraceptive usage. Some of the non-modifiable risk factors include advanced age, male gender, family history of ischemic stroke, African-American and Hispanic race, and genetic diseases such as [[sickle cell disease]].
==Risk Factors==
Risk factors of ischemic stroke may be divided into modifiable and non modifiable risk factors:<ref name="pmid18706004">{{cite journal| author=Allen CL, Bayraktutan U| title=Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-16 | pmid=18706004 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18706004  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16785347">{{cite journal| author=Goldstein LB, Adams R, Alberts MJ, Appel LJ, Brass LM, Bushnell CD et al.| title=Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. | journal=Circulation | year= 2006 | volume= 113 | issue= 24 | pages= e873-923 | pmid=16785347 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000223048.70103.F1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16785347  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22746010">{{cite journal| author=Awada A| title=[Primary and secondary prevention of ischemic stroke]. | journal=J Med Liban | year= 2011 | volume= 59 | issue= 4 | pages= 213-9 | pmid=22746010 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22746010  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10369318">{{cite journal| author=Hankey GJ| title=Stroke: how large a public health problem, and how can the neurologist help? | journal=Arch Neurol | year= 1999 | volume= 56 | issue= 6 | pages= 748-54 | pmid=10369318 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10369318  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26869067">{{cite journal| author=Maredza M, Bertram MY, Gómez-Olivé XF, Tollman SM| title=Burden of stroke attributable to selected lifestyle risk factors in rural South Africa. | journal=BMC Public Health | year= 2016 | volume= 16 | issue=  | pages= 143 | pmid=26869067 | doi=10.1186/s12889-016-2805-7 | pmc=4751665 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26869067  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21629240">{{cite journal| author=Meschia JF, Worrall BB, Rich SS| title=Genetic susceptibility to ischemic stroke. | journal=Nat Rev Neurol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 | issue= 7 | pages= 369-78 | pmid=21629240 | doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2011.80 | pmc=3932660 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21629240  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15933254">{{cite journal| author=Jood K, Ladenvall C, Rosengren A, Blomstrand C, Jern C| title=Family history in ischemic stroke before 70 years of age: the Sahlgrenska Academy Study on Ischemic Stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 2005 | volume= 36 | issue= 7 | pages= 1383-7 | pmid=15933254 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000169944.46025.09 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15933254  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12714707">{{cite journal| author=Jerrard-Dunne P, Cloud G, Hassan A, Markus HS| title=Evaluating the genetic component of ischemic stroke subtypes: a family history study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2003 | volume= 34 | issue= 6 | pages= 1364-9 | pmid=12714707 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000069723.17984.FD | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12714707  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23709708">{{cite journal| author=Howard VJ| title=Reasons underlying racial differences in stroke incidence and mortality. | journal=Stroke | year= 2013 | volume= 44 | issue= 6 Suppl 1 | pages= S126-8 | pmid=23709708 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000691 | pmc=3784978 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23709708  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12714707">{{cite journal| author=Jerrard-Dunne P, Cloud G, Hassan A, Markus HS| title=Evaluating the genetic component of ischemic stroke subtypes: a family history study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2003 | volume= 34 | issue= 6 | pages= 1364-9 | pmid=12714707 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000069723.17984.FD | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12714707  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21629240">{{cite journal| author=Meschia JF, Worrall BB, Rich SS| title=Genetic susceptibility to ischemic stroke. | journal=Nat Rev Neurol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 | issue= 7 | pages= 369-78 | pmid=21629240 | doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2011.80 | pmc=3932660 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21629240  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17898325">{{cite journal| author=Prabhakaran S, Wright CB, Yoshita M, Delapaz R, Brown T, DeCarli C et al.| title=Prevalence and determinants of subclinical brain infarction: the Northern Manhattan Study. | journal=Neurology | year= 2008 | volume= 70 | issue= 6 | pages= 425-30 | pmid=17898325 | doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000277521.66947.e5 | pmc=2714050 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17898325  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23970792">{{cite journal| author=Peters SA, Huxley RR, Woodward M| title=Smoking as a risk factor for stroke in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 81 cohorts, including 3,980,359 individuals and 42,401 strokes. | journal=Stroke | year= 2013 | volume= 44 | issue= 10 | pages= 2821-8 | pmid=23970792 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.002342 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23970792  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9262494">{{cite journal| author=Wilson PW, Hoeg JM, D'Agostino RB, Silbershatz H, Belanger AM, Poehlmann H et al.| title=Cumulative effects of high cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, and cigarette smoking on carotid stenosis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1997 | volume= 337 | issue= 8 | pages= 516-22 | pmid=9262494 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199708213370802 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9262494  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17635891">{{cite journal| author=Bansal S, Buring JE, Rifai N, Mora S, Sacks FM, Ridker PM| title=Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in women. | journal=JAMA | year= 2007 | volume= 298 | issue= 3 | pages= 309-16 | pmid=17635891 | doi=10.1001/jama.298.3.309 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17635891  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15159287">{{cite journal| author=Iso H, Moriyama Y, Sato S, Kitamura A, Tanigawa T, Yamagishi K et al.| title=Serum total homocysteine concentrations and risk of stroke and its subtypes in Japanese. | journal=Circulation | year= 2004 | volume= 109 | issue= 22 | pages= 2766-72 | pmid=15159287 | doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000131942.77635.2D | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15159287  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11108774">{{cite journal| author=Bushnell CD, Goldstein LB| title=Diagnostic testing for coagulopathies in patients with ischemic stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 2000 | volume= 31 | issue= 12 | pages= 3067-78 | pmid=11108774 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11108774  }} </ref>


{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align=center
==Risk factor==
|+
Identification of risk factors for stroke is complicated by the fact that strokes come in many varieties. Risk factors for [[hemorrhagic]] and [[ischemic]] stroke are similar, but there are some notable differences; there are also differences in risk factors among the etiologic categories of ischemic stroke.<ref name="pmid28154098">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boehme AK, Esenwa C, Elkind MS |title=Stroke Risk Factors, Genetics, and Prevention |journal=Circ Res |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=472–495 |date=February 2017 |pmid=28154098 |pmc=5321635 |doi=10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308398 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20561675">{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Donnell MJ, Xavier D, Liu L, Zhang H, Chin SL, Rao-Melacini P, Rangarajan S, Islam S, Pais P, McQueen MJ, Mondo C, Damasceno A, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Hankey GJ, Dans AL, Yusoff K, Truelsen T, Diener HC, Sacco RL, Ryglewicz D, Czlonkowska A, Weimar C, Wang X, Yusuf S |title=Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case-control study |journal=Lancet |volume=376 |issue=9735 |pages=112–23 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20561675 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60834-3 |url=}}</ref>
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 250px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Modifiable risk factors}}
According to Framingham cohort and later research, the risk factors for ischemic stroke are as follows:
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 250px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Non modifiable risk factors}}
* Modifiable risk factors
** [[Hypertension]]
** cigarette smoking
** diet
** Physical Inactivity
** [[Hyperlipidemia]]
** [[Diabetes]]
** Alcohol Consumption
** Cardiac disease ([[Atrial fibrillation]], [[Coronary artery disease]])
** [[Apolipoprotein]] B to A1
** [[Hyperhomocysteinemia]]
** [[Hyperlipidemia]]
** Oral contraceptive usage
* Non-modifiable risk factors
** Age
** Sex
** Race/Ethnicity
** [[Sickle cell disease]]


|-
There is a similar classification for the risk factors of [[hemorrhagic stroke]], which is:
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hypertension]]<ref name="pmid18706004">{{cite journal| author=Allen CL, Bayraktutan U| title=Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-16 | pmid=18706004 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18706004  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22980242" /><ref name="pmid19124428">{{cite journal| author=Romero JR, Morris J, Pikula A| title=Stroke prevention: modifying risk factors. | journal=Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 2 | issue= 4 | pages= 287-303 | pmid=19124428 | doi=10.1177/1753944708093847 | pmc=2729177 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19124428  }} </ref>
* Modifiable risk factors
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Age >55 years <ref name="pmid18706004">{{cite journal| author=Allen CL, Bayraktutan U| title=Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-16 | pmid=18706004 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18706004  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17898325">{{cite journal| author=Prabhakaran S, Wright CB, Yoshita M, Delapaz R, Brown T, DeCarli C et al.| title=Prevalence and determinants of subclinical brain infarction: the Northern Manhattan Study. | journal=Neurology | year= 2008 | volume= 70 | issue= 6 | pages= 425-30 | pmid=17898325 | doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000277521.66947.e5 | pmc=2714050 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17898325  }} </ref>
** [[Hypertension]]
|-
** Alcohol Consumption
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Diabetes mellitus]]<ref name="pmid18706004">{{cite journal| author=Allen CL, Bayraktutan U| title=Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-16 | pmid=18706004 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18706004  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19124428">{{cite journal| author=Romero JR, Morris J, Pikula A| title=Stroke prevention: modifying risk factors. | journal=Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 2 | issue= 4 | pages= 287-303 | pmid=19124428 | doi=10.1177/1753944708093847 | pmc=2729177 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19124428  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15249512">{{cite journal| author=Jørgensen L, Jenssen T, Joakimsen O, Heuch I, Ingebretsen OC, Jacobsen BK| title=Glycated hemoglobin level is strongly related to the prevalence of carotid artery plaques with high echogenicity in nondiabetic individuals: the Tromsø study. | journal=Circulation | year= 2004 | volume= 110 | issue= 4 | pages= 466-70 | pmid=15249512 | doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000136809.55141.3B | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15249512  }} </ref>
** Diet
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Family history of ischemic stroke<ref name="pmid15933254">{{cite journal| author=Jood K, Ladenvall C, Rosengren A, Blomstrand C, Jern C| title=Family history in ischemic stroke before 70 years of age: the Sahlgrenska Academy Study on Ischemic Stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 2005 | volume= 36 | issue= 7 | pages= 1383-7 | pmid=15933254 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000169944.46025.09 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15933254  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12714707">{{cite journal| author=Jerrard-Dunne P, Cloud G, Hassan A, Markus HS| title=Evaluating the genetic component of ischemic stroke subtypes: a family history study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2003 | volume= 34 | issue= 6 | pages= 1364-9 | pmid=12714707 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000069723.17984.FD | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12714707  }} </ref>
* Non-modifiable risk factors
|-
** Age
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Atrial fibrillation]]
** Sex
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |African American and hispanic race<ref name="pmid18706004">{{cite journal| author=Allen CL, Bayraktutan U| title=Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-16 | pmid=18706004 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18706004  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23709708">{{cite journal| author=Howard VJ| title=Reasons underlying racial differences in stroke incidence and mortality. | journal=Stroke | year= 2013 | volume= 44 | issue= 6 Suppl 1 | pages= S126-8 | pmid=23709708 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000691 | pmc=3784978 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23709708  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19026895">{{cite journal| author=Grysiewicz RA, Thomas K, Pandey DK| title=Epidemiology of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke: incidence, prevalence, mortality, and risk factors. | journal=Neurol Clin | year= 2008 | volume= 26 | issue= 4 | pages= 871-95, vii | pmid=19026895 | doi=10.1016/j.ncl.2008.07.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19026895  }} </ref>
** Race/Ethnicity
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Coronary heart disease]]<ref name="pmid18706004">{{cite journal| author=Allen CL, Bayraktutan U| title=Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-16 | pmid=18706004 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18706004  }} </ref>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Male gender<ref name="pmid18706004">{{cite journal| author=Allen CL, Bayraktutan U| title=Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-16 | pmid=18706004 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18706004  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242  }} </ref>
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Cigarette smoking]]<ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3339799">{{cite journal| author=Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, Kannel WB, Bonita R, Belanger AJ| title=Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for stroke. The Framingham Study. | journal=JAMA | year= 1988 | volume= 259 | issue= 7 | pages= 1025-9 | pmid=3339799 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3339799  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23970792">{{cite journal| author=Peters SA, Huxley RR, Woodward M| title=Smoking as a risk factor for stroke in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 81 cohorts, including 3,980,359 individuals and 42,401 strokes. | journal=Stroke | year= 2013 | volume= 44 | issue= 10 | pages= 2821-8 | pmid=23970792 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.002342 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23970792  }} </ref>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Genetic disorders<ref name="pmid21629240">{{cite journal| author=Meschia JF, Worrall BB, Rich SS| title=Genetic susceptibility to ischemic stroke. | journal=Nat Rev Neurol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 | issue= 7 | pages= 369-78 | pmid=21629240 | doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2011.80 | pmc=3932660 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21629240  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12714707">{{cite journal| author=Jerrard-Dunne P, Cloud G, Hassan A, Markus HS| title=Evaluating the genetic component of ischemic stroke subtypes: a family history study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2003 | volume= 34 | issue= 6 | pages= 1364-9 | pmid=12714707 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000069723.17984.FD | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12714707  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9386200">{{cite journal| author=Ockene IS, Miller NH| title=Cigarette smoking, cardiovascular disease, and stroke: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. American Heart Association Task Force on Risk Reduction. | journal=Circulation | year= 1997 | volume= 96 | issue= 9 | pages= 3243-7 | pmid=9386200 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9386200  }} </ref>
* [[Sickle-cell disease|Sickle cell disease]]
*[[Fabry disease]]
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Alcohal consumption<ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242  }} </ref>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hyperhomocysteinemia]]<ref name="pmid10797167">{{cite journal| author=Eikelboom JW, Hankey GJ, Anand SS, Lofthouse E, Staples N, Baker RI| title=Association between high homocyst(e)ine and ischemic stroke due to large- and small-artery disease but not other etiologic subtypes of ischemic stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 2000 | volume= 31 | issue= 5 | pages= 1069-75 | pmid=10797167 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10797167  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15159287">{{cite journal| author=Iso H, Moriyama Y, Sato S, Kitamura A, Tanigawa T, Yamagishi K et al.| title=Serum total homocysteine concentrations and risk of stroke and its subtypes in Japanese. | journal=Circulation | year= 2004 | volume= 109 | issue= 22 | pages= 2766-72 | pmid=15159287 | doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000131942.77635.2D | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15159287  }} </ref>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Obesity]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hyperlipidemia]]<ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26451029">{{cite journal| author=Yaghi S, Elkind MS| title=Lipids and Cerebrovascular Disease: Research and Practice. | journal=Stroke | year= 2015 | volume= 46 | issue= 11 | pages= 3322-8 | pmid=26451029 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.011164 | pmc=4624572 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26451029  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19001625">{{cite journal| author=Freiberg JJ, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Jensen JS, Nordestgaard BG| title=Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of ischemic stroke in the general population. | journal=JAMA | year= 2008 | volume= 300 | issue= 18 | pages= 2142-52 | pmid=19001625 | doi=10.1001/jama.2008.621 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19001625  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17635891">{{cite journal| author=Bansal S, Buring JE, Rifai N, Mora S, Sacks FM, Ridker PM| title=Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in women. | journal=JAMA | year= 2007 | volume= 298 | issue= 3 | pages= 309-16 | pmid=17635891 | doi=10.1001/jama.298.3.309 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17635891  }} </ref>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hypothyroidism]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Oral contraceptive use
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sedentary life style
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Hypercoagulable disorders<ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11108774">{{cite journal| author=Bushnell CD, Goldstein LB| title=Diagnostic testing for coagulopathies in patients with ischemic stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 2000 | volume= 31 | issue= 12 | pages= 3067-78 | pmid=11108774 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11108774  }} </ref>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
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==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
 
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Latest revision as of 05:09, 30 August 2023

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maryam Hadipour, M.D.[2]

Overview

Risk factors for stroke are divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors include hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiac disease, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, hyperhomocysteinemia, hyperlipidemia, obesity, sedentary life style and oral contraceptive usage. Some of the non-modifiable risk factors include advanced age, male gender, family history of ischemic stroke, African-American and Hispanic race, and genetic diseases such as sickle cell disease.

Risk factor

Identification of risk factors for stroke is complicated by the fact that strokes come in many varieties. Risk factors for hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke are similar, but there are some notable differences; there are also differences in risk factors among the etiologic categories of ischemic stroke.[1][2] According to Framingham cohort and later research, the risk factors for ischemic stroke are as follows:

There is a similar classification for the risk factors of hemorrhagic stroke, which is:

  • Modifiable risk factors
  • Non-modifiable risk factors
    • Age
    • Sex
    • Race/Ethnicity

References

  1. ↑ Boehme AK, Esenwa C, Elkind MS (February 2017). "Stroke Risk Factors, Genetics, and Prevention". Circ Res. 120 (3): 472–495. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308398. PMC 5321635. PMID 28154098.
  2. ↑ O'Donnell MJ, Xavier D, Liu L, Zhang H, Chin SL, Rao-Melacini P, Rangarajan S, Islam S, Pais P, McQueen MJ, Mondo C, Damasceno A, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Hankey GJ, Dans AL, Yusoff K, Truelsen T, Diener HC, Sacco RL, Ryglewicz D, Czlonkowska A, Weimar C, Wang X, Yusuf S (July 2010). "Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case-control study". Lancet. 376 (9735): 112–23. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60834-3. PMID 20561675.

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