Irritable bowel syndrome risk factors: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Common risk factors in the development of IBS include stress, anxiety, [[depression]], history of [[Inflammatory bowel disease|IBD]] and acute gastrointestinal infections.
Common risk factors in the development of [[Irritable bowel syndrome|IBS]] include [[Stress (medicine)|stress]], [[anxiety]], [[depression]], history of [[Inflammatory bowel disease|IBD]] and acute gastrointestinal [[Infection|infections]].
==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
*Common risk factors in the development of IBS include psychological causes like stress, anxiety, [[depression]], history of [[Inflammatory bowel disease|IBD]] and acute gastrointestinal infections.
*Common risk factors in the development of IBS include psychological causes like [[Stress (medicine)|stress]], [[anxiety]], [[depression]], history of [[Inflammatory bowel disease|IBD]] and acute gastrointestinal [[Infection|infections]].
===Common Risk Factors===
===Common Risk Factors===
*Common risk factors in the development of IBS may be psychological, epidemiological, genetic, and infectious.
*Common risk factors in the development of IBS may be [[Psychological Science (journal)|psychological]], [[Epidemiology|epidemiological]], [[Genetics|genetic]], and [[Infection|infectious]].
*Common risk factors in the development of IBS include:
*Common risk factors in the development of IBS include:
**Psychological risk factors like stress, anxiety<ref name="pmid21697745">{{cite journal |vauthors=Devanarayana NM, Mettananda S, Liyanarachchi C, Nanayakkara N, Mendis N, Perera N, Rajindrajith S |title=Abdominal pain-predominant functional gastrointestinal diseases in children and adolescents: prevalence, symptomatology, and association with emotional stress |journal=J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=659–65 |year=2011 |pmid=21697745 |doi=10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182296033 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25339801">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qin HY, Cheng CW, Tang XD, Bian ZX |title=Impact of psychological stress on irritable bowel syndrome |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=39 |pages=14126–31 |year=2014 |pmid=25339801 |pmc=4202343 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i39.14126 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27492916">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bharucha AE, Chakraborty S, Sletten CD |title=Common Functional Gastroenterological Disorders Associated With Abdominal Pain |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=91 |issue=8 |pages=1118–32 |year=2016 |pmid=27492916 |pmc=4985027 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.06.003 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26674980">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ibrahim NK |title=A systematic review of the prevalence and risk factors of irritable bowel syndrome among medical students |journal=Turk J Gastroenterol |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=10–6 |year=2016 |pmid=26674980 |doi=10.5152/tjg.2015.150333 |url=}}</ref>
**Psychological risk factors like [[Stress (medicine)|stress]], [[anxiety]]<ref name="pmid21697745">{{cite journal |vauthors=Devanarayana NM, Mettananda S, Liyanarachchi C, Nanayakkara N, Mendis N, Perera N, Rajindrajith S |title=Abdominal pain-predominant functional gastrointestinal diseases in children and adolescents: prevalence, symptomatology, and association with emotional stress |journal=J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=659–65 |year=2011 |pmid=21697745 |doi=10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182296033 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25339801">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qin HY, Cheng CW, Tang XD, Bian ZX |title=Impact of psychological stress on irritable bowel syndrome |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=39 |pages=14126–31 |year=2014 |pmid=25339801 |pmc=4202343 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i39.14126 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27492916">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bharucha AE, Chakraborty S, Sletten CD |title=Common Functional Gastroenterological Disorders Associated With Abdominal Pain |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=91 |issue=8 |pages=1118–32 |year=2016 |pmid=27492916 |pmc=4985027 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.06.003 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26674980">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ibrahim NK |title=A systematic review of the prevalence and risk factors of irritable bowel syndrome among medical students |journal=Turk J Gastroenterol |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=10–6 |year=2016 |pmid=26674980 |doi=10.5152/tjg.2015.150333 |url=}}</ref>
**Psychiatric risk factors like [[depression]], [[Panic disorder|panic disorders]]<ref name="pmid17007634">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cole JA, Rothman KJ, Cabral HJ, Zhang Y, Farraye FA |title=Migraine, fibromyalgia, and depression among people with IBS: a prevalence study |journal=BMC Gastroenterol |volume=6 |issue= |pages=26 |year=2006 |pmid=17007634 |pmc=1592499 |doi=10.1186/1471-230X-6-26 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25339801">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qin HY, Cheng CW, Tang XD, Bian ZX |title=Impact of psychological stress on irritable bowel syndrome |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=39 |pages=14126–31 |year=2014 |pmid=25339801 |pmc=4202343 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i39.14126 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27492916">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bharucha AE, Chakraborty S, Sletten CD |title=Common Functional Gastroenterological Disorders Associated With Abdominal Pain |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=91 |issue=8 |pages=1118–32 |year=2016 |pmid=27492916 |pmc=4985027 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.06.003 |url=}}</ref>
**Psychiatric risk factors like [[depression]], [[Panic disorder|panic disorders]]<ref name="pmid17007634">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cole JA, Rothman KJ, Cabral HJ, Zhang Y, Farraye FA |title=Migraine, fibromyalgia, and depression among people with IBS: a prevalence study |journal=BMC Gastroenterol |volume=6 |issue= |pages=26 |year=2006 |pmid=17007634 |pmc=1592499 |doi=10.1186/1471-230X-6-26 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25339801">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qin HY, Cheng CW, Tang XD, Bian ZX |title=Impact of psychological stress on irritable bowel syndrome |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=39 |pages=14126–31 |year=2014 |pmid=25339801 |pmc=4202343 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i39.14126 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27492916">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bharucha AE, Chakraborty S, Sletten CD |title=Common Functional Gastroenterological Disorders Associated With Abdominal Pain |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=91 |issue=8 |pages=1118–32 |year=2016 |pmid=27492916 |pmc=4985027 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.06.003 |url=}}</ref>
**History of physical or sexual abuse or adverse early life events
**History of physical or [[Sexual assault|sexual abuse]] or adverse early life events
**History of gastrointestinal disorders such as [[Inflammatory bowel disease|IBD]]<ref name="pmid24296462">{{cite journal |vauthors=Major G, Spiller R |title=Irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease and the microbiome |journal=Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=15–21 |year=2014 |pmid=24296462 |pmc=3871405 |doi=10.1097/MED.0000000000000032 |url=}}</ref>
**History of gastrointestinal disorders such as [[Inflammatory bowel disease|IBD]]<ref name="pmid24296462">{{cite journal |vauthors=Major G, Spiller R |title=Irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease and the microbiome |journal=Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=15–21 |year=2014 |pmid=24296462 |pmc=3871405 |doi=10.1097/MED.0000000000000032 |url=}}</ref>
**History of acute GI infections such as [[Traveler's diarrhea]] i.e post infectious state <ref name="pmid24379622">{{cite journal |vauthors=Halliez MC, Buret AG |title=Extra-intestinal and long term consequences of Giardia duodenalis infections |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=19 |issue=47 |pages=8974–85 |year=2013 |pmid=24379622 |pmc=3870550 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i47.8974 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22730468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Simrén M, Barbara G, Flint HJ, Spiegel BM, Spiller RC, Vanner S, Verdu EF, Whorwell PJ, Zoetendal EG |title=Intestinal microbiota in functional bowel disorders: a Rome foundation report |journal=Gut |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=159–76 |year=2013 |pmid=22730468 |pmc=3551212 |doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302167 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22895081">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jeffery IB, Quigley EM, Öhman L, Simrén M, O'Toole PW |title=The microbiota link to irritable bowel syndrome: an emerging story |journal=Gut Microbes |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=572–6 |year=2012 |pmid=22895081 |pmc=3495796 |doi=10.4161/gmic.21772 |url=}}</ref>
**History of acute GI infections such as [[Traveler's diarrhea]] i.e post [[Infection|infectious]] state <ref name="pmid24379622">{{cite journal |vauthors=Halliez MC, Buret AG |title=Extra-intestinal and long term consequences of Giardia duodenalis infections |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=19 |issue=47 |pages=8974–85 |year=2013 |pmid=24379622 |pmc=3870550 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i47.8974 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22730468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Simrén M, Barbara G, Flint HJ, Spiegel BM, Spiller RC, Vanner S, Verdu EF, Whorwell PJ, Zoetendal EG |title=Intestinal microbiota in functional bowel disorders: a Rome foundation report |journal=Gut |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=159–76 |year=2013 |pmid=22730468 |pmc=3551212 |doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302167 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22895081">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jeffery IB, Quigley EM, Öhman L, Simrén M, O'Toole PW |title=The microbiota link to irritable bowel syndrome: an emerging story |journal=Gut Microbes |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=572–6 |year=2012 |pmid=22895081 |pmc=3495796 |doi=10.4161/gmic.21772 |url=}}</ref>
**History of [[antibiotic]] use<ref name="pmid28274108">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ghoshal UC, Shukla R, Ghoshal U |title=Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Bridge between Functional Organic Dichotomy |journal=Gut Liver |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=196–208 |year=2017 |pmid=28274108 |pmc=5347643 |doi=10.5009/gnl16126 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27621567">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gallo A, Passaro G, Gasbarrini A, Landolfi R, Montalto M |title=Modulation of microbiota as treatment for intestinal inflammatory disorders: An uptodate |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=22 |issue=32 |pages=7186–202 |year=2016 |pmid=27621567 |pmc=4997632 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v22.i32.7186 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26900286">{{cite journal |vauthors=Distrutti E, Monaldi L, Ricci P, Fiorucci S |title=Gut microbiota role in irritable bowel syndrome: New therapeutic strategies |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=22 |issue=7 |pages=2219–41 |year=2016 |pmid=26900286 |pmc=4734998 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v22.i7.2219 |url=}}</ref>
**History of [[antibiotic]] use<ref name="pmid28274108">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ghoshal UC, Shukla R, Ghoshal U |title=Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Bridge between Functional Organic Dichotomy |journal=Gut Liver |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=196–208 |year=2017 |pmid=28274108 |pmc=5347643 |doi=10.5009/gnl16126 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27621567">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gallo A, Passaro G, Gasbarrini A, Landolfi R, Montalto M |title=Modulation of microbiota as treatment for intestinal inflammatory disorders: An uptodate |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=22 |issue=32 |pages=7186–202 |year=2016 |pmid=27621567 |pmc=4997632 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v22.i32.7186 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26900286">{{cite journal |vauthors=Distrutti E, Monaldi L, Ricci P, Fiorucci S |title=Gut microbiota role in irritable bowel syndrome: New therapeutic strategies |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=22 |issue=7 |pages=2219–41 |year=2016 |pmid=26900286 |pmc=4734998 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v22.i7.2219 |url=}}</ref>


===Less Common Risk Factors===
===Less Common Risk Factors===
*Less common risk factors in the development of IBD include:
*Less common risk factors in the development of IBS include:
**Age: second decade of life<ref name="pmid23324872">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goodwin L, White PD, Hotopf M, Stansfeld SA, Clark C |title=Life course study of the etiology of self-reported irritable bowel syndrome in the 1958 British birth cohort |journal=Psychosom Med |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=202–10 |year=2013 |pmid=23324872 |doi=10.1097/PSY.0b013e31827c351b |url=}}</ref>
**Age: second decade of life<ref name="pmid23324872">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goodwin L, White PD, Hotopf M, Stansfeld SA, Clark C |title=Life course study of the etiology of self-reported irritable bowel syndrome in the 1958 British birth cohort |journal=Psychosom Med |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=202–10 |year=2013 |pmid=23324872 |doi=10.1097/PSY.0b013e31827c351b |url=}}</ref>
**Gender: women(possibly due to changes in [[menstrual cycle]])
**Gender: women(possibly due to changes in [[menstrual cycle]])
**Past history of abuse
**Past history of abuse
**Family history of IBS<ref name="pmid26525775">{{cite journal |vauthors=Makker J, Chilimuri S, Bella JN |title=Genetic epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=21 |issue=40 |pages=11353–61 |year=2015 |pmid=26525775 |pmc=4616211 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v21.i40.11353 |url=}}</ref>
**Family history of [[Irritable bowel syndrome|IBS]]<ref name="pmid26525775">{{cite journal |vauthors=Makker J, Chilimuri S, Bella JN |title=Genetic epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=21 |issue=40 |pages=11353–61 |year=2015 |pmid=26525775 |pmc=4616211 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v21.i40.11353 |url=}}</ref>
**History of [[Migraine Headache|migraine]] headaches<ref name="pmid17007634">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cole JA, Rothman KJ, Cabral HJ, Zhang Y, Farraye FA |title=Migraine, fibromyalgia, and depression among people with IBS: a prevalence study |journal=BMC Gastroenterol |volume=6 |issue= |pages=26 |year=2006 |pmid=17007634 |pmc=1592499 |doi=10.1186/1471-230X-6-26 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16419571">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mulak A, Paradowski L |title=[Migraine and irritable bowel syndrome] |language=Polish |journal=Neurol. Neurochir. Pol. |volume=39 |issue=4 Suppl 1 |pages=S55–60 |year=2005 |pmid=16419571 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27688656">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cámara-Lemarroy CR, Rodriguez-Gutierrez R, Monreal-Robles R, Marfil-Rivera A |title=Gastrointestinal disorders associated with migraine: A comprehensive review |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=22 |issue=36 |pages=8149–60 |year=2016 |pmid=27688656 |pmc=5037083 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v22.i36.8149 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22447132">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cady RK, Farmer K, Dexter JK, Hall J |title=The bowel and migraine: update on celiac disease and irritable bowel syndrome |journal=Curr Pain Headache Rep |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=278–86 |year=2012 |pmid=22447132 |doi=10.1007/s11916-012-0258-y |url=}}</ref>
**History of [[Migraine Headache|migraine]] headaches<ref name="pmid17007634">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cole JA, Rothman KJ, Cabral HJ, Zhang Y, Farraye FA |title=Migraine, fibromyalgia, and depression among people with IBS: a prevalence study |journal=BMC Gastroenterol |volume=6 |issue= |pages=26 |year=2006 |pmid=17007634 |pmc=1592499 |doi=10.1186/1471-230X-6-26 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16419571">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mulak A, Paradowski L |title=[Migraine and irritable bowel syndrome] |language=Polish |journal=Neurol. Neurochir. Pol. |volume=39 |issue=4 Suppl 1 |pages=S55–60 |year=2005 |pmid=16419571 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27688656">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cámara-Lemarroy CR, Rodriguez-Gutierrez R, Monreal-Robles R, Marfil-Rivera A |title=Gastrointestinal disorders associated with migraine: A comprehensive review |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=22 |issue=36 |pages=8149–60 |year=2016 |pmid=27688656 |pmc=5037083 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v22.i36.8149 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22447132">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cady RK, Farmer K, Dexter JK, Hall J |title=The bowel and migraine: update on celiac disease and irritable bowel syndrome |journal=Curr Pain Headache Rep |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=278–86 |year=2012 |pmid=22447132 |doi=10.1007/s11916-012-0258-y |url=}}</ref>
**history of pain disorders such as [[fibromyalgia]]<ref name="pmid17007634">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cole JA, Rothman KJ, Cabral HJ, Zhang Y, Farraye FA |title=Migraine, fibromyalgia, and depression among people with IBS: a prevalence study |journal=BMC Gastroenterol |volume=6 |issue= |pages=26 |year=2006 |pmid=17007634 |pmc=1592499 |doi=10.1186/1471-230X-6-26 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24879916">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vehof J, Zavos HM, Lachance G, Hammond CJ, Williams FM |title=Shared genetic factors underlie chronic pain syndromes |journal=Pain |volume=155 |issue=8 |pages=1562–8 |year=2014 |pmid=24879916 |doi=10.1016/j.pain.2014.05.002 |url=}}</ref>
**history of pain disorders such as [[fibromyalgia]]<ref name="pmid17007634">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cole JA, Rothman KJ, Cabral HJ, Zhang Y, Farraye FA |title=Migraine, fibromyalgia, and depression among people with IBS: a prevalence study |journal=BMC Gastroenterol |volume=6 |issue= |pages=26 |year=2006 |pmid=17007634 |pmc=1592499 |doi=10.1186/1471-230X-6-26 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24879916">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vehof J, Zavos HM, Lachance G, Hammond CJ, Williams FM |title=Shared genetic factors underlie chronic pain syndromes |journal=Pain |volume=155 |issue=8 |pages=1562–8 |year=2014 |pmid=24879916 |doi=10.1016/j.pain.2014.05.002 |url=}}</ref>

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of IBS include stress, anxiety, depression, history of IBD and acute gastrointestinal infections.

Risk Factors

Common Risk Factors

Less Common Risk Factors

  • Less common risk factors in the development of IBS include:

References

  1. ↑ Devanarayana NM, Mettananda S, Liyanarachchi C, Nanayakkara N, Mendis N, Perera N, Rajindrajith S (2011). "Abdominal pain-predominant functional gastrointestinal diseases in children and adolescents: prevalence, symptomatology, and association with emotional stress". J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 53 (6): 659–65. doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182296033. PMID 21697745.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Qin HY, Cheng CW, Tang XD, Bian ZX (2014). "Impact of psychological stress on irritable bowel syndrome". World J. Gastroenterol. 20 (39): 14126–31. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i39.14126. PMC 4202343. PMID 25339801.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bharucha AE, Chakraborty S, Sletten CD (2016). "Common Functional Gastroenterological Disorders Associated With Abdominal Pain". Mayo Clin. Proc. 91 (8): 1118–32. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.06.003. PMC 4985027. PMID 27492916.
  4. ↑ Ibrahim NK (2016). "A systematic review of the prevalence and risk factors of irritable bowel syndrome among medical students". Turk J Gastroenterol. 27 (1): 10–6. doi:10.5152/tjg.2015.150333. PMID 26674980.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Cole JA, Rothman KJ, Cabral HJ, Zhang Y, Farraye FA (2006). "Migraine, fibromyalgia, and depression among people with IBS: a prevalence study". BMC Gastroenterol. 6: 26. doi:10.1186/1471-230X-6-26. PMC 1592499. PMID 17007634.
  6. ↑ Major G, Spiller R (2014). "Irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease and the microbiome". Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 21 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1097/MED.0000000000000032. PMC 3871405. PMID 24296462.
  7. ↑ Halliez MC, Buret AG (2013). "Extra-intestinal and long term consequences of Giardia duodenalis infections". World J. Gastroenterol. 19 (47): 8974–85. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i47.8974. PMC 3870550. PMID 24379622.
  8. ↑ Simrén M, Barbara G, Flint HJ, Spiegel BM, Spiller RC, Vanner S, Verdu EF, Whorwell PJ, Zoetendal EG (2013). "Intestinal microbiota in functional bowel disorders: a Rome foundation report". Gut. 62 (1): 159–76. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302167. PMC 3551212. PMID 22730468.
  9. ↑ Jeffery IB, Quigley EM, Öhman L, Simrén M, O'Toole PW (2012). "The microbiota link to irritable bowel syndrome: an emerging story". Gut Microbes. 3 (6): 572–6. doi:10.4161/gmic.21772. PMC 3495796. PMID 22895081.
  10. ↑ Ghoshal UC, Shukla R, Ghoshal U (2017). "Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Bridge between Functional Organic Dichotomy". Gut Liver. 11 (2): 196–208. doi:10.5009/gnl16126. PMC 5347643. PMID 28274108.
  11. ↑ Gallo A, Passaro G, Gasbarrini A, Landolfi R, Montalto M (2016). "Modulation of microbiota as treatment for intestinal inflammatory disorders: An uptodate". World J. Gastroenterol. 22 (32): 7186–202. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i32.7186. PMC 4997632. PMID 27621567.
  12. ↑ Distrutti E, Monaldi L, Ricci P, Fiorucci S (2016). "Gut microbiota role in irritable bowel syndrome: New therapeutic strategies". World J. Gastroenterol. 22 (7): 2219–41. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i7.2219. PMC 4734998. PMID 26900286.
  13. ↑ Goodwin L, White PD, Hotopf M, Stansfeld SA, Clark C (2013). "Life course study of the etiology of self-reported irritable bowel syndrome in the 1958 British birth cohort". Psychosom Med. 75 (2): 202–10. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31827c351b. PMID 23324872.
  14. ↑ Makker J, Chilimuri S, Bella JN (2015). "Genetic epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome". World J. Gastroenterol. 21 (40): 11353–61. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i40.11353. PMC 4616211. PMID 26525775.
  15. ↑ Mulak A, Paradowski L (2005). "[Migraine and irritable bowel syndrome]". Neurol. Neurochir. Pol. (in Polish). 39 (4 Suppl 1): S55–60. PMID 16419571.
  16. ↑ Cámara-Lemarroy CR, Rodriguez-Gutierrez R, Monreal-Robles R, Marfil-Rivera A (2016). "Gastrointestinal disorders associated with migraine: A comprehensive review". World J. Gastroenterol. 22 (36): 8149–60. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i36.8149. PMC 5037083. PMID 27688656.
  17. ↑ Cady RK, Farmer K, Dexter JK, Hall J (2012). "The bowel and migraine: update on celiac disease and irritable bowel syndrome". Curr Pain Headache Rep. 16 (3): 278–86. doi:10.1007/s11916-012-0258-y. PMID 22447132.
  18. ↑ Vehof J, Zavos HM, Lachance G, Hammond CJ, Williams FM (2014). "Shared genetic factors underlie chronic pain syndromes". Pain. 155 (8): 1562–8. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2014.05.002. PMID 24879916.
  19. ↑ Chirila I, Petrariu FD, Ciortescu I, Mihai C, Drug VL (2012). "Diet and irritable bowel syndrome". J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 21 (4): 357–62. PMID 23256117.

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