Intraocular lymphoma

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maria Fernanda Villarreal, M.D. [2]

Synonyms and keywords: PIOL

Overview

Intraocular lymphoma (also known as "PIOL") is a rare subtype of primary central nervous system lymphoma. Intraocular lymphoma may affect the eye secondarily from a metastasis from a non-ocular tumor or may arise within the eye primarily. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification, intraocular lymphomas are most commonly a diffuse large B-cell immunohistologic subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The most common symptoms of intraocular lymphoma is blurred or decreased vision. In the majority of patients, central nervous system involvement, only accounts for 20% of primary central nervous system lymphomas. The median age at diagnosis among patients with intraocular lymphoma is between 50-60 years. The pathogenesis of intraocular lymphoma is characterized by the affection of the sub-retinal pigment epithelium, which is normally involved in the light absorption. On fluorescein angiography, findings may reveal "leopard spot" patterns due to sub-retinal pigment epithelium infiltrates that stain early and progressively or mottling of the sub-retinal pigment epithelium due to hyper- and hypo-fluorescent window defects. The initial therapy for patients with intraocular lymphoma is corticosteroids.[1]

Historical Perspective

  • Intraocular lymphoma was first discovered by Samuel Wilks, a British physician, in 1856.

Classification

  • According to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification, intraocular lymphomas are most commonly a diffuse large B-cell immunohistologic subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
  • Primary central nervous system lymphoma may be classified into 5 subtypes:[1]
  • Primary cerebral lymphoma
  • Primary leptomeningeal lymphoma
  • Primary intraocular lymphoma
  • Primary spinal lymphoma
  • Neurolymphomatosis

Pathophysiology

  • Intraocular lymphoma is characterized as a secondary central nervous system lymphoma that mainly affects the optic nerve and the eye.[2]
  • The pathogenesis of intraocular lymphoma is characterized by the affection of the sub-retinal pigment epithelium, which is normally involved in the light absorption.[1]
  • Genes associated with the development of intraocular lymphoma, include:[2]
  • On gross pathology, characteristic findings of intraocular lymphoma, include:
  • No remarkable findings
  • On microscopic histopathological analysis, characteristic findings of intraocular lymphoma, include:[2]
  • Marginal zone (52%)
  • Follicular (23%)
  • Atypical lymphocytes (gold standard)

Causes

  • There are no established causes of intraocular lymphoma.

Differentiating Intraocular Lymphoma from Other Diseases

  • Intraocular lymphoma must be differentiated from other diseases that cause chronic loss of vision, or headaches, such as:
  • Ocular metastasis (most common)
  • Choroidal hemangioma
  • Vitrous lymphoma
  • Retrolental fibroplasia

Epidemiology and Demographics

  • The prevalence of intraocular lymphoma remains unknown.[1]

Age

  • Intraocular lymphoma is more commonly observed among patients aged 50 to 60 years old.[1]
  • Intraocular lymphoma is more commonly observed among middle aged adults.

Gender

  • Males are more commonly affected with intraocular lymphoma than females.[2]

Race

  • There is no racial predilection for intraocular lymphoma.

Risk Factors

  • Common risk factors in the development of intraocular lymphoma, include:[2]
  • Toxoplasma gondii infection

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

  • The majority of patients with intraocular lymphoma are symptomatic at the time of diagnosis.
  • Early clinical features include symptoms of a non-resolving uveitis, and blurred vision.[1]
  • If left untreated, patients with intraocular lymphoma may progress to develop complete vision loss.
  • Common complications of intraocular lymphoma, include:[2]
  • Radiation-induced retinopathy
  • Prognosis is generally poor, and the median survival rate of patients with intraocular lymphoma is approximately

Diagnosis

Symptoms

  • Symptoms of intraocular lymphoma may include the following:[1]
  • Burning of the eye
  • Redness of the eye
  • Blurred vision
  • Photophobia or sensitivity to light
  • Eye pain
  • Floaters (which are dark spots that float in the visual field)
  • Headache
  • Severe symptoms of intraocular lymphoma, may include:[1]

Physical Examination

  • Patients with intraocular lymphoma usually appear pale or malnourished.[1]
  • Physical examination may be remarkable for:
  • Decreased visual acuity (most common)
  • Irregular pupil
  • Increased lacrimation
  • Eye redness
  • Increased intraocular pressure

Laboratory Findings

  • There are no specific laboratory findings associated with intraocular lymphoma.[1]

Imaging Findings

  • Magnetic resonance image (MRI) is the imaging modality of choice for patients with intraocular lymphoma.[1]
  • On MRI, characteristic findings of intraocular lymphoma, include:[2]
  • Fat suppressed T2 and post-contrast T1 weighted images, with thin slice thickness and a reduced FOV is ideal, and should include the cavernous sinuses.
  • T1: isointense to muscle 8
  • T2: hyperintense to muscle, hypointense to fat
  • T1 C+ (GAD): enhancement present but variable

Treatment

Medical Therapy

  • The initial therapy for intraocular lymphoma is corticosteroids.[1]
  • Other medical therapies for intraocular lymphoma, may include:
  • Methotrexate
  • Intravitreal rituximab

Surgery

  • Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for intraocular lymphoma.

Prevention

  • There are no primary preventive measures available for intraocular lymphoma.[1]
  • Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with intraocular lymphoma are followed-up periodically every 3, 6, or 12 months.

References

  1. 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 Hanson JA, Alexandru D and Bota DA: The evaluation and treatment of primary intraocular lymphoma. journal of Cancer Therapeutics and Research 2013, 2:15 http://dx.doi.org/10.7243/2049-7962-2-15
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Intraocular lymphoma. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraocular_lymphoma