Immunoglobulin supergene family: Difference between revisions

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# NP_001346123.1 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 precursor: "Transcript Variant: This variant (4) represents the DRB1*04:03:01 allele of the HLA-DRB1 gene, as represented in the alternate locus group ALT_REF_LOCI_7 of the reference genome."<ref name=RefSeq2020/>
# NP_001346123.1 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 precursor: "Transcript Variant: This variant (4) represents the DRB1*04:03:01 allele of the HLA-DRB1 gene, as represented in the alternate locus group ALT_REF_LOCI_7 of the reference genome."<ref name=RefSeq2020/>
# NP_002115.2  major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 precursor precursor: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the DRB1*15:01:01 allele of the HLA-DRB1 gene, as represented in the assembled chromosome 6 in the primary assembly of the reference genome and the CHM1_1.1 genome."<ref name=RefSeq2020/>
# NP_002115.2  major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 precursor precursor: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the DRB1*15:01:01 allele of the HLA-DRB1 gene, as represented in the assembled chromosome 6 in the primary assembly of the reference genome and the CHM1_1.1 genome."<ref name=RefSeq2020/>
Gene ID: 3126 is HLA-DRB4 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 4: "HLA-DRB4 belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogues. This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DRA) and a beta (DRB) chain, both anchored in the membrane. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells. The beta chain is approximately 26-28 kDa and its gene contains 6 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and exon 5 encodes the cytoplasmic tail. Within the DR molecule the beta chain contains all the polymorphisms specifying the peptide binding specificities. Typing for these polymorphisms is routinely done for bone marrow and kidney transplantation. There are multiple pseudogenes of this gene."<ref name=RefSeq2020DR>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=HLA-DRB4 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 4 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=February 2020
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3126
|accessdate=28 March 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_068818.4 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 4 precursor.<ref name=RefSeq2020DR/>


Gene ID: 3133 is HLA-E major histocompatibility complex, class I, E: "HLA-E belongs to the HLA class I heavy chain paralogues. This class I molecule is a heterodimer consisting of a heavy chain and a light chain (beta-2 microglobulin). The heavy chain is anchored in the membrane. HLA-E binds a restricted subset of peptides derived from the leader peptides of other class I molecules. The heavy chain is approximately 45 kDa and its gene contains 8 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the alpha1 and alpha2 domains, which both bind the peptide, exon 4 encodes the alpha3 domain, exon 5 encodes the transmembrane region, and exons 6 and 7 encode the cytoplasmic tail."<ref name=RefSeq2008E>{{ cite web
Gene ID: 3133 is HLA-E major histocompatibility complex, class I, E: "HLA-E belongs to the HLA class I heavy chain paralogues. This class I molecule is a heterodimer consisting of a heavy chain and a light chain (beta-2 microglobulin). The heavy chain is anchored in the membrane. HLA-E binds a restricted subset of peptides derived from the leader peptides of other class I molecules. The heavy chain is approximately 45 kDa and its gene contains 8 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the alpha1 and alpha2 domains, which both bind the peptide, exon 4 encodes the alpha3 domain, exon 5 encodes the transmembrane region, and exons 6 and 7 encode the cytoplasmic tail."<ref name=RefSeq2008E>{{ cite web

Revision as of 01:21, 29 March 2020

Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Henry A. Hoff

The immunoglobulin supergene family is "the group of proteins that have immunoglobulin-like domains, including histocompatibility antigens, the T-cell antigen receptor, poly-IgR, and other proteins involved in the vertebrate immune response (17)."[1]

𝛂1B-glycoprotein

"𝛂1B-glycoprotein(𝛂1B) [...] consists of a single polypeptide chain N-linked to four glucosamine oligosaccharides. The polypeptide has five intrachain disulfide bonds and contains 474 amino acid residues. [...] 𝛂1B exhibits internal duplication and consists of five repeating structural domains, each containing about 95 amino acids and one disulfide bond. [...] several domains of 𝛂1B, especially the third, show statistically significant homology to variable regions of certain immunoglobulin light and heavy chains. 𝛂1B [...] exhibits sequence similarity to other members of the immunoglobulin supergene family such as the receptor for transepithelial transport of IgA and IgM and the secretory component of human IgA."[1]

"Some of the domains of 𝛂1B show significant homology to variable (V) and constant (C) regions of certain immunoglobulins. Likewise, there is statistically significant homology between 𝛂1B and the secretory component (SC) of human IgA (15) and also with the extracellular portion of the rabbit receptor for transepithelial transport of polymeric immunoglobulins (IgA and IgM). Mostov et al. (16) have called the later protein the poly-Ig receptor or poly-IgR and have shown that it is the precursor of SC."[1]

Human genes

Gene ID: 634 is CEACAM1 CEA cell adhesion molecule 1: "This gene encodes a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family, which belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. Two subgroups of the CEA family, the CEA cell adhesion molecules and the pregnancy-specific glycoproteins, are located within a 1.2 Mb cluster on the long arm of chromosome 19. Eleven pseudogenes of the CEA cell adhesion molecule subgroup are also found in the cluster. The encoded protein was originally described in bile ducts of liver as biliary glycoprotein. Subsequently, it was found to be a cell-cell adhesion molecule detected on leukocytes, epithelia, and endothelia. The encoded protein mediates cell adhesion via homophilic as well as heterophilic binding to other proteins of the subgroup. Multiple cellular activities have been attributed to the encoded protein, including roles in the differentiation and arrangement of tissue three-dimensional structure, angiogenesis, apoptosis, tumor suppression, metastasis, and the modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been reported, but the full-length nature of all variants has not been defined."[2]

  1. NP_001020083.1 carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 isoform 2 precursor: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) lacks an exon in the 3' coding region that results in a frameshift and an early stop codon, compared to variant 1. The resulting protein (isoform 2) has a distinct C-terminus and is shorter than isoform 1. This variant has been referred to by multiple names, including BGPc, transmembrane carcinoembryonic antigen 3, TM3-CEA, and CEACAM1-4S."[2]
  2. NP_001171742.1 carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 isoform 4 precursor: "Transcript Variant: This variant (4) lacks an alternate, in-frame, exon, compared to variant 1. The resulting protein (isoform 3) is shorter when it was compared to isoform 1."[2]
  3. NP_001171744.1 carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 isoform 3 precursor: "Transcript Variant: This variant (3) has one and lacks a different alternate, in-frame, segment, compared to variant 1. The resulting protein (isoform 3) is shorter when it was compared to isoform 1. This variant has been referred to as 'alternative spliced isoform 3S' and 'short form 3'."[2]
  4. NP_001171745.1 carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 isoform 5 precursor: "Transcript Variant: This variant (5) lacks two coding region segments, one of which shifts the reading frame, compared to variant 1. The resulting protein (isoform 5) has a shorter and distinct C-terminus when it is compared to isoform 1."[2]
  5. NP_001192273.1 carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 isoform 6 precursor: "Transcript Variant: This variant (6) lacks a segment, which results in a frameshift, compared to variant 1. The resulting protein (isoform 6) has a distinct C-terminus, compared to isoform 1."[2]
  6. NP_001703.2 carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 isoform 1 precursor: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest transcript and encodes the longest protein (isoform 1). This variant has been referred to by multiple names, including transmembrane carcinoembryonic antigen BGPa, TM1-CEA, and CEACAM1-4L."[2]

Gene ID: 3105 is HLA-A major histocompatibility complex, class I, A: "HLA-A belongs to the HLA class I heavy chain paralogues. This class I molecule is a heterodimer consisting of a heavy chain and a light chain (beta-2 microglobulin). The heavy chain is anchored in the membrane. Class I molecules play a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. They are expressed in nearly all cells. The heavy chain is approximately 45 kDa and its gene contains 8 exons. Exon 1 encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the alpha1 and alpha2 domains, which both bind the peptide, exon 4 encodes the alpha3 domain, exon 5 encodes the transmembrane region, and exons 6 and 7 encode the cytoplasmic tail. Polymorphisms within exon 2 and exon 3 are responsible for the peptide binding specificity of each class one molecule. Typing for these polymorphisms is routinely done for bone marrow and kidney transplantation. Hundreds of HLA-A alleles have been described."[3]

  1. NP_001229687.1 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, A alpha chain A*01:01:01:01 precursor: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) represents the A*01:01:01:01 allele of the HLA-A gene, as found in the alternate locus group ALT_REF_LOCI_2 of the reference genome and in the RefSeqGene NG_029217."[3]
  2. NP_002107.3 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, A alpha chain A*03:01:0:01 precursor: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the A*03:01:0:01 allele of the HLA-A gene, as found in the primary assembly of the reference genome."[3]

Gene ID: 3106 is HLA-B major histocompatibility complex, class I, B: "HLA-B belongs to the HLA class I heavy chain paralogues. This class I molecule is a heterodimer consisting of a heavy chain and a light chain (beta-2 microglobulin). The heavy chain is anchored in the membrane. Class I molecules play a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. They are expressed in nearly all cells. The heavy chain is approximately 45 kDa and its gene contains 8 exons. Exon 1 encodes the leader peptide, exon 2 and 3 encode the alpha1 and alpha2 domains, which both bind the peptide, exon 4 encodes the alpha3 domain, exon 5 encodes the transmembrane region and exons 6 and 7 encode the cytoplasmic tail. Polymorphisms within exon 2 and exon 3 are responsible for the peptide binding specificity of each class one molecule. Typing for these polymorphisms is routinely done for bone marrow and kidney transplantation. Hundreds of HLA-B alleles have been described."[4]

  1. NP_005505.2 major histocompatibility complex, class I, B precursor.[4]

Gene ID: 3107 is HLA-C major histocompatibility complex, class I, C: "HLA-C belongs to the HLA class I heavy chain paralogues. This class I molecule is a heterodimer consisting of a heavy chain and a light chain (beta-2 microglobulin). The heavy chain is anchored in the membrane. Class I molecules play a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from endoplasmic reticulum lumen. They are expressed in nearly all cells. The heavy chain is approximately 45 kDa and its gene contains 8 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the alpha1 and alpha2 domain, which both bind the peptide, exon 4 encodes the alpha3 domain, exon 5 encodes the transmembrane region, and exons 6 and 7 encode the cytoplasmic tail. Polymorphisms within exon 2 and exon 3 are responsible for the peptide binding specificity of each class one molecule. Typing for these polymorphisms is routinely done for bone marrow and kidney transplantation. Over one hundred HLA-C alleles have been described."[5]

  1. NP_001229971.1 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, C alpha chain precursor: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) represents the C*07:01:01:01 allele of the HLA-C gene, as represented in the alternate locus group ALT_REF_LOCI_2 of the reference genome."[5]
  2. NP_002108.4 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, C alpha chain precursor: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the C*07:02:01 allele of the HLA-C gene, as represented in the assembled chromosome 6 in the primary assembly of the reference genome."[5]

Gene ID: 3115 is HLA-DPB1 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DP beta 1: "HLA-DPB belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogues. This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DPA) and a beta chain (DPB), both anchored in the membrane. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). The beta chain is approximately 26-28 kDa and its gene contains 6 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and exon 5 encodes the cytoplasmic tail. Within the DP molecule both the alpha chain and the beta chain contain the polymorphisms specifying the peptide binding specificities, resulting in up to 4 different molecules."[6]

  1. NP_002112.3 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP beta 1 chain precursor.[6]

Gene ID: 3117 is HLA-DQA1 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ alpha 1: "HLA-DQA1 belongs to the HLA class II alpha chain paralogues. The class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DQA) and a beta chain (DQB), both anchored in the membrane. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B Lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). The alpha chain is approximately 33-35 kDa. It is encoded by 5 exons; exon 1 encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, and exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic tail. Within the DQ molecule both the alpha chain and the beta chain contain the polymorphisms specifying the peptide binding specificities, resulting in up to four different molecules. Typing for these polymorphisms is routinely done for bone marrow transplantation."[7]

  1. NP_002113.2 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ alpha 1 chain precursor.[7]

Gene ID: 3119 is HLA-DQB1 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta 1: "HLA-DQB1 belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogs. This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DQA) and a beta chain (DQB), both anchored in the membrane. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). The beta chain is approximately 26-28 kDa and it contains six exons. Exon 1 encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and exon 5 encodes the cytoplasmic tail. Within the DQ molecule both the alpha chain and the beta chain contain the polymorphisms specifying the peptide binding specificities, resulting in up to four different molecules. Typing for these polymorphisms is routinely done for bone marrow transplantation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants."[8]

  1. NP_001230890.1 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ beta 1 chain isoform 2 precursor: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) includes an alternate in-frame exon in the coding region, compared to variant 1. It encodes isoform 2 which is longer than isoform 1. This transcript represents the DQB1*06:02:01:01 allele of the HLA-DQB1 gene, as represented in the assembled chromosome 6 in the primary assembly of the reference genome."[8]
  2. NP_001230891.1 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ beta 1 chain isoform 1 precursor: "Transcript Variant: This variant (3) has the same exon combination as variant 1 but represents the DQB1*02:01:01:01 allele of the HLA-DQB1 gene, as represented in the alternate locus group ALT_REF_LOCI_2 of the reference genome. It encodes isoform 1."[8]
  3. NP_002114.3 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ beta 1 chain isoform 1 precursor: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) is the predominant transcript and encodes isoform 1. This transcript represents the DQB1*06:02:01:01 allele of the HLA-DQB1 gene, as represented in the assembled chromosome 6 in the primary assembly of the reference genome."[8]

Gene ID: 3123 is HLA-DRB1 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1: "HLA-DRB1 belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogs. The class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DRA) and a beta chain (DRB), both anchored in the membrane. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells. The beta chain is approximately 26-28 kDa. It is encoded by 6 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide; exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains; exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain; and exon 5 encodes the cytoplasmic tail. Within the DR molecule the beta chain contains all the polymorphisms specifying the peptide binding specificities. Hundreds of DRB1 alleles have been described and some alleles have increased frequencies associated with certain diseases. There are multiple pseudogenes of this gene."[9]

  1. NP_001230894.1 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 precursor precursor: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) represents the DRB1*03:01:01 allele of the HLA-DRB1 gene, as represented in the alternate locus groups ALT_REF_LOCI_2 and ALT_REF_LOCI_6 of the reference genome."[9]
  2. NP_001346122.1 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 precursor: "Transcript Variant: This variant (3) represents the DRB1*07:01:01 allele of the HLA-DRB1 gene, as represented in the alternate locus groups ALT_REF_LOCI_3 and ALT_REF_LOCI_4 of the reference genome."[9]
  3. NP_001346123.1 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 precursor: "Transcript Variant: This variant (4) represents the DRB1*04:03:01 allele of the HLA-DRB1 gene, as represented in the alternate locus group ALT_REF_LOCI_7 of the reference genome."[9]
  4. NP_002115.2 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 precursor precursor: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the DRB1*15:01:01 allele of the HLA-DRB1 gene, as represented in the assembled chromosome 6 in the primary assembly of the reference genome and the CHM1_1.1 genome."[9]

Gene ID: 3126 is HLA-DRB4 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 4: "HLA-DRB4 belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogues. This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DRA) and a beta (DRB) chain, both anchored in the membrane. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells. The beta chain is approximately 26-28 kDa and its gene contains 6 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and exon 5 encodes the cytoplasmic tail. Within the DR molecule the beta chain contains all the polymorphisms specifying the peptide binding specificities. Typing for these polymorphisms is routinely done for bone marrow and kidney transplantation. There are multiple pseudogenes of this gene."[10]

  1. NP_068818.4 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 4 precursor.[10]

Gene ID: 3133 is HLA-E major histocompatibility complex, class I, E: "HLA-E belongs to the HLA class I heavy chain paralogues. This class I molecule is a heterodimer consisting of a heavy chain and a light chain (beta-2 microglobulin). The heavy chain is anchored in the membrane. HLA-E binds a restricted subset of peptides derived from the leader peptides of other class I molecules. The heavy chain is approximately 45 kDa and its gene contains 8 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the alpha1 and alpha2 domains, which both bind the peptide, exon 4 encodes the alpha3 domain, exon 5 encodes the transmembrane region, and exons 6 and 7 encode the cytoplasmic tail."[11]

  1. NP_005507.3 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain E precursor.[11]

Gene ID: 3135 is HLA-G major histocompatibility complex, class I, G: "HLA-G belongs to the HLA class I heavy chain paralogues. This class I molecule is a heterodimer consisting of a heavy chain and a light chain (beta-2 microglobulin). The heavy chain is anchored in the membrane. HLA-G is expressed on fetal derived placental cells. The heavy chain is approximately 45 kDa and its gene contains 8 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the alpha1 and alpha2 domain, which both bind the peptide, exon 4 encodes the alpha3 domain, exon 5 encodes the transmembrane region, and exon 6 encodes the cytoplasmic tail."[12]

  1. NP_001350496.1 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain G isoform 1 precursor: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) encodes the longer isoform (1)."[12]
  2. NP_002118.1 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain G isoform 2 precursor: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) differs in the 5' UTR and coding sequence compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (2) is shorter at the N-terminus compared to isoform 1."[12]

Gene ID: 4792 is NFKBIA NFKB inhibitor alpha aka major histocompatibility complex enhancer-binding protein MAD3: "This gene encodes a member of the NF-kappa-B inhibitor family, which contain multiple ankrin repeat domains. The encoded protein interacts with REL dimers to inhibit NF-kappa-B/REL complexes which are involved in inflammatory responses. The encoded protein moves between the cytoplasm and the nucleus via a nuclear localization signal and CRM1-mediated nuclear export. Mutations in this gene have been found in ectodermal dysplasia anhidrotic with T-cell immunodeficiency autosomal dominant disease."[13]

Gene ID: 100507436 is MICA MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A: "This gene encodes the highly polymorphic major histocompatability complex class I chain-related protein A. The protein product is expressed on the cell surface, although unlike canonical class I molecules it does not seem to associate with beta-2-microglobulin. It is a ligand for the NKG2-D type II integral membrane protein receptor. The protein functions as a stress-induced antigen that is broadly recognized by intestinal epithelial gamma delta T cells. Variations in this gene have been associated with susceptibility to psoriasis 1 and psoriatic arthritis, and the shedding of MICA-related antibodies and ligands is involved in the progression from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance to multiple myeloma. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants."[14]

  1. NP_000238.1 MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A isoform 1 (MICA*001) precursor: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1*001, also known as 1) is derived from the MICA*001 allele. It encodes the longest isoform (1). The MICA*001 allele is found in the c6_QBL (ALT_REF_LOCI_6) alternate assembly."[14]
  2. NP_001170990.1 MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A isoform 2 (MICA*00801) precursor: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1*00801, also known as 1) is derived from the MICA*00801 allele. It contains a 4 nt insertion (rs9279200) that results in a frameshift and truncation of the CDS, compared to variant 1 (allele MICA*001). The resulting isoform (2) has a shorter and distinct C-terminus, compared to isoform 1. The MICA*00801 allele is found in the primary, ALT_REF_LOCI_2 and ALT_REF_LOCI_7 assembly units of the GRCh38 reference genome sequence."[14]
  3. NP_001276081.1 MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A isoform 3 (MICA*00801): "Transcript Variant: This variant (3) contains an alternate 5' exon and it thus differs in the 5' UTR, lacks a portion of the 5' coding region, and initiates translation from a downstream in-frame start codon, compared to variant 1 (MICA*00801 allele). The encoded isoform (3) is shorter at the N-terminus, compared to isoform 2. This RefSeq represents the MICA*00801 allelic form of variant 3; the MICA*00801 allele is found in the primary, ALT_REF_LOCI_2 and ALT_REF_LOCI_7 assembly units of the GRCh38 reference genome sequence. Both variants 2 and 3 encode the same isoform."[14]
  4. NP_001276082.1 MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A isoform 3 (MICA*00801): "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) contains an alternate 5' exon and it thus differs in the 5' UTR, lacks a portion of the 5' coding region, and initiates translation from a downstream in-frame start codon, compared to variant 1 (MICA*00801 allele). The encoded isoform (3) is shorter at the N-terminus, compared to isoform 2. This RefSeq represents the MICA*00801 allelic form of variant 2; the MICA*00801 allele is found in the primary, ALT_REF_LOCI_2 and ALT_REF_LOCI_7 assembly units of the GRCh38 reference genome sequence. Both variants 2 and 3 encode the same isoform."[14]
  5. NP_001276083.1 MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A isoform 4 (MICA*00801): "Transcript Variant: This variant (4) contains an alternate 5' exon and uses an alternate splice site in an internal exon, and it thus differs in the 5' UTR, lacks a portion of the 5' coding region, and initiates translation from an alternate start codon, compared to variant 1 (MICA*00801 allele). The encoded isoform (4) has a distinct and shorter N-terminus, compared to isoform 2. This RefSeq represents the MICA*00801 allelic form of variant 4; the MICA*00801 allele is found in the primary, ALT_REF_LOCI_2 and ALT_REF_LOCI_7 assembly units of the GRCh38 reference genome sequence."[14]

Hypotheses

  1. Downstream core promoters may work as transcription factors even as their complements or inverses.
  2. In addition to the DNA binding sequences listed above, the transcription factors that can open up and attach through the local epigenome need to be known and specified.

See also

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Noriaki Ishioka, Nobuhiro Takahashi, and Frank W. Putnam (April 1986). "Amino acid sequence of human plasma 𝛂1B-glycoprotein: Homology to the immunoglobulin supergene family" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 83 (8): 2363–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.8.2363. PMID 3458201. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 RefSeq (May 2010). "CEACAM1 CEA cell adhesion molecule 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". U.S. National Library of Medicine, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 RefSeq (July 2008). "HLA-A major histocompatibility complex, class I, A [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". U.S. National Library of Medicine, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  4. 4.0 4.1 RefSeq (July 2008). "HLA-B major histocompatibility complex, class I, B [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". U.S. National Library of Medicine, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 RefSeq (July 2008). "HLA-C major histocompatibility complex, class I, C [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". U.S. National Library of Medicine, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  6. 6.0 6.1 RefSeq (July 2008). "HLA-DPB1 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DP beta 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  7. 7.0 7.1 RefSeq (July 2008). "HLA-DQA1 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ alpha 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 RefSeq (September 2011). "HLA-DQB1 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 RefSeq (February 2020). "HLA-DRB1 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  10. 10.0 10.1 RefSeq (February 2020). "HLA-DRB4 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 4 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  11. 11.0 11.1 RefSeq (July 2008). "HLA-E major histocompatibility complex, class I, E [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  12. 12.0 12.1 12.2 RefSeq (July 2008). "HLA-G major histocompatibility complex, class I, G [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  13. RefSeq (August 2011). "NFKBIA NFKB inhibitor alpha [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  14. 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 RefSeq (January 2014). "MICA MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 28 March 2020.

External links

{{Phosphate biochemistry}}Template:Sisterlinks