Hypopituitarism risk factors: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 7: Line 7:


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
===More common risk factors===
===Common risk factors===
Common risk factors of hypopituitarism include the following: <ref name="pmid25312299">{{cite journal| author=Khajeh L, Blijdorp K, Neggers SJ, Ribbers GM, Dippel DW, van Kooten F| title=Hypopituitarism after subarachnoid haemorrhage, do we know enough? | journal=BMC Neurol | year= 2014 | volume= 14 | issue=  | pages= 205 | pmid=25312299 | doi=10.1186/s12883-014-0205-0 | pmc=4207357 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25312299  }} </ref>
Common [[risk factors]] of hypopituitarism include the following: <ref name="pmid25312299">{{cite journal| author=Khajeh L, Blijdorp K, Neggers SJ, Ribbers GM, Dippel DW, van Kooten F| title=Hypopituitarism after subarachnoid haemorrhage, do we know enough? | journal=BMC Neurol | year= 2014 | volume= 14 | issue=  | pages= 205 | pmid=25312299 | doi=10.1186/s12883-014-0205-0 | pmc=4207357 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25312299  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8043090">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vance ML |title=Hypopituitarism |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=330 |issue=23 |pages=1651–62 |year=1994 |pmid=8043090 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199406093302306 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26252454">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jahangiri A, Wagner JR, Han SW, Tran MT, Miller LM, Chen R, Tom MW, Ostling LR, Kunwar S, Blevins L, Aghi MK |title=Improved versus worsened endocrine function after transsphenoidal surgery for nonfunctional pituitary adenomas: rate, time course, and radiological analysis |journal=J. Neurosurg. |volume=124 |issue=3 |pages=589–95 |year=2016 |pmid=26252454 |doi=10.3171/2015.1.JNS141543 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3092668">{{cite journal |vauthors=Snyder PJ, Fowble BF, Schatz NJ, Savino PJ, Gennarelli TA |title=Hypopituitarism following radiation therapy of pituitary adenomas |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=457–62 |year=1986 |pmid=3092668 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26252454" /><ref name="pmid2594955">{{cite journal |vauthors=Littley MD, Shalet SM, Beardwell CG, Ahmed SR, Applegate G, Sutton ML |title=Hypopituitarism following external radiotherapy for pituitary tumours in adults |journal=Q. J. Med. |volume=70 |issue=262 |pages=145–60 |year=1989 |pmid=2594955 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid447799">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eastman RC, Gorden P, Roth J |title=Conventional supervoltage irradiation is an effective treatment for acromegaly |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=931–40 |year=1979 |pmid=447799 |doi=10.1210/jcem-48-6-931 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21922454">{{cite journal |vauthors=Harbeck B, Klose S, Buchfelder M, Brabant G, Lehnert H |title=Hypopituitarism in a HIV affected patient |journal=Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes |volume=119 |issue=10 |pages=633–5 |year=2011 |pmid=21922454 |doi=10.1055/s-0031-1284366 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24646812">{{cite journal |vauthors=Morichika D, Sato-Hisamoto A, Hotta K, Takata K, Iwaki N, Uchida K, Minami D, Kubo T, Tanimoto M, Kiura K |title=Fatal Candida septic shock during systemic chemotherapy in lung cancer patient receiving corticosteroid replacement therapy for hypopituitarism: a case report |journal=Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=501–5 |year=2014 |pmid=24646812 |doi=10.1093/jjco/hyu019 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Pituitary tumor]] or space occupying [[lesion]]<ref name="pmid8043090">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vance ML |title=Hypopituitarism |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=330 |issue=23 |pages=1651–62 |year=1994 |pmid=8043090 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199406093302306 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26252454">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jahangiri A, Wagner JR, Han SW, Tran MT, Miller LM, Chen R, Tom MW, Ostling LR, Kunwar S, Blevins L, Aghi MK |title=Improved versus worsened endocrine function after transsphenoidal surgery for nonfunctional pituitary adenomas: rate, time course, and radiological analysis |journal=J. Neurosurg. |volume=124 |issue=3 |pages=589–95 |year=2016 |pmid=26252454 |doi=10.3171/2015.1.JNS141543 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Pituitary tumor]] or [[space occupying lesion]]
*[[Pituitary apoplexy]]
*[[Pituitary apoplexy]]
*Severe loss of [[blood]] such as [[Sheehan syndrome]] or [[postpartum hypopituitarism]]
*Severe loss of [[blood]] such as [[Sheehan syndrome]] or [[postpartum hypopituitarism]]
*[[Pituitary]] [[surgery]] such as [[hypophysectomy]]<ref name="pmid26252454">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jahangiri A, Wagner JR, Han SW, Tran MT, Miller LM, Chen R, Tom MW, Ostling LR, Kunwar S, Blevins L, Aghi MK |title=Improved versus worsened endocrine function after transsphenoidal surgery for nonfunctional pituitary adenomas: rate, time course, and radiological analysis |journal=J. Neurosurg. |volume=124 |issue=3 |pages=589–95 |year=2016 |pmid=26252454 |doi=10.3171/2015.1.JNS141543 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Pituitary]] [[surgery]] such as [[hypophysectomy]]
*[[Radiation|Cranial radiation]]<ref name="pmid3092668">{{cite journal |vauthors=Snyder PJ, Fowble BF, Schatz NJ, Savino PJ, Gennarelli TA |title=Hypopituitarism following radiation therapy of pituitary adenomas |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=457–62 |year=1986 |pmid=3092668 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2594955">{{cite journal |vauthors=Littley MD, Shalet SM, Beardwell CG, Ahmed SR, Applegate G, Sutton ML |title=Hypopituitarism following external radiotherapy for pituitary tumours in adults |journal=Q. J. Med. |volume=70 |issue=262 |pages=145–60 |year=1989 |pmid=2594955 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid447799">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eastman RC, Gorden P, Roth J |title=Conventional supervoltage irradiation is an effective treatment for acromegaly |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=931–40 |year=1979 |pmid=447799 |doi=10.1210/jcem-48-6-931 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Radiation|Cranial radiation]]
*[[Genetic defects]]
*[[Genetic defects]]
*[[Hypothalamic]] [[disease]]
*[[Hypothalamic]] [[disease]]
* [[Immunosuppression]] such as [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] and high dose [[glucocorticoid]] intake <ref name="pmid21922454">{{cite journal |vauthors=Harbeck B, Klose S, Buchfelder M, Brabant G, Lehnert H |title=Hypopituitarism in a HIV affected patient |journal=Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes |volume=119 |issue=10 |pages=633–5 |year=2011 |pmid=21922454 |doi=10.1055/s-0031-1284366 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24646812">{{cite journal |vauthors=Morichika D, Sato-Hisamoto A, Hotta K, Takata K, Iwaki N, Uchida K, Minami D, Kubo T, Tanimoto M, Kiura K |title=Fatal Candida septic shock during systemic chemotherapy in lung cancer patient receiving corticosteroid replacement therapy for hypopituitarism: a case report |journal=Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=501–5 |year=2014 |pmid=24646812 |doi=10.1093/jjco/hyu019 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Immunosuppression]] such as [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] and high dose [[glucocorticoid]] intake  
* [[Inflammatory]] processes such as [[hypophysitis]]   
* [[Inflammatory]] processes such as [[hypophysitis]]   
* [[Pituitary]] [[infarction]]
* [[Pituitary]] [[infarction]]
Line 22: Line 22:


=== Less common risk factors ===
=== Less common risk factors ===
Less common risk factors include:
Less common [[risk factors]] include:
* Infiltrative disorders such as [[sarcoidosis]] and [[histiocytosis]]<ref name="pmid10770168">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaltsas GA, Powles TB, Evanson J, Plowman PN, Drinkwater JE, Jenkins PJ, Monson JP, Besser GM, Grossman AB |title=Hypothalamo-pituitary abnormalities in adult patients with langerhans cell histiocytosis: clinical, endocrinological, and radiological features and response to treatment |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=1370–6 |year=2000 |pmid=10770168 |doi=10.1210/jcem.85.4.6501 |url=}}</ref>
* Infiltrative disorders such as [[sarcoidosis]] and [[histiocytosis]]<ref name="pmid10770168">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaltsas GA, Powles TB, Evanson J, Plowman PN, Drinkwater JE, Jenkins PJ, Monson JP, Besser GM, Grossman AB |title=Hypothalamo-pituitary abnormalities in adult patients with langerhans cell histiocytosis: clinical, endocrinological, and radiological features and response to treatment |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=1370–6 |year=2000 |pmid=10770168 |doi=10.1210/jcem.85.4.6501 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Traumatic brain injury]] causing skull fractures<ref name="pmid3018425">{{cite journal |vauthors=Edwards OM, Clark JD |title=Post-traumatic hypopituitarism. Six cases and a review of the literature |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=65 |issue=5 |pages=281–90 |year=1986 |pmid=3018425 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17467517">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schneider HJ, Aimaretti G, Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Stalla GK, Ghigo E |title=Hypopituitarism |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9571 |pages=1461–70 |year=2007 |pmid=17467517 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60673-4 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10770165">{{cite journal |vauthors=Benvenga S, Campenní A, Ruggeri RM, Trimarchi F |title=Clinical review 113: Hypopituitarism secondary to head trauma |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=1353–61 |year=2000 |pmid=10770165 |doi=10.1210/jcem.85.4.6506 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11397882">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lieberman SA, Oberoi AL, Gilkison CR, Masel BE, Urban RJ |title=Prevalence of neuroendocrine dysfunction in patients recovering from traumatic brain injury |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=2752–6 |year=2001 |pmid=11397882 |doi=10.1210/jcem.86.6.7592 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15579748">{{cite journal |vauthors=Agha A, Thornton E, O'Kelly P, Tormey W, Phillips J, Thompson CJ |title=Posterior pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injury |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=89 |issue=12 |pages=5987–92 |year=2004 |pmid=15579748 |doi=10.1210/jc.2004-1058 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Traumatic brain injury]] causing [[skull]] [[fractures]]<ref name="pmid3018425">{{cite journal |vauthors=Edwards OM, Clark JD |title=Post-traumatic hypopituitarism. Six cases and a review of the literature |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=65 |issue=5 |pages=281–90 |year=1986 |pmid=3018425 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17467517">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schneider HJ, Aimaretti G, Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Stalla GK, Ghigo E |title=Hypopituitarism |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9571 |pages=1461–70 |year=2007 |pmid=17467517 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60673-4 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10770165">{{cite journal |vauthors=Benvenga S, Campenní A, Ruggeri RM, Trimarchi F |title=Clinical review 113: Hypopituitarism secondary to head trauma |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=1353–61 |year=2000 |pmid=10770165 |doi=10.1210/jcem.85.4.6506 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11397882">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lieberman SA, Oberoi AL, Gilkison CR, Masel BE, Urban RJ |title=Prevalence of neuroendocrine dysfunction in patients recovering from traumatic brain injury |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=2752–6 |year=2001 |pmid=11397882 |doi=10.1210/jcem.86.6.7592 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15579748">{{cite journal |vauthors=Agha A, Thornton E, O'Kelly P, Tormey W, Phillips J, Thompson CJ |title=Posterior pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injury |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=89 |issue=12 |pages=5987–92 |year=2004 |pmid=15579748 |doi=10.1210/jc.2004-1058 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Ischemic stroke]]<ref name="pmid20660027">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bondanelli M, Ambrosio MR, Carli A, Bergonzoni A, Bertocchi A, Zatelli MC, Ceruti S, Valle D, Basaglia N, degli Uberti EC |title=Predictors of pituitary dysfunction in patients surviving ischemic stroke |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=95 |issue=10 |pages=4660–8 |year=2010 |pmid=20660027 |doi=10.1210/jc.2010-0611 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Ischemic stroke]]<ref name="pmid20660027">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bondanelli M, Ambrosio MR, Carli A, Bergonzoni A, Bertocchi A, Zatelli MC, Ceruti S, Valle D, Basaglia N, degli Uberti EC |title=Predictors of pituitary dysfunction in patients surviving ischemic stroke |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=95 |issue=10 |pages=4660–8 |year=2010 |pmid=20660027 |doi=10.1210/jc.2010-0611 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]<ref name="pmid17467517">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schneider HJ, Aimaretti G, Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Stalla GK, Ghigo E |title=Hypopituitarism |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9571 |pages=1461–70 |year=2007 |pmid=17467517 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60673-4 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20105184">{{cite journal |vauthors=Klose M, Brennum J, Poulsgaard L, Kosteljanetz M, Wagner A, Feldt-Rasmussen U |title=Hypopituitarism is uncommon after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage |journal=Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=95–101 |year=2010 |pmid=20105184 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03791.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17895459">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schneider HJ, Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Ghigo E, Stalla GK, Agha A |title=Hypothalamopituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review |journal=JAMA |volume=298 |issue=12 |pages=1429–38 |year=2007 |pmid=17895459 |doi=10.1001/jama.298.12.1429 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24965315">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hannon MJ, Behan LA, O'Brien MM, Tormey W, Javadpour M, Sherlock M, Thompson CJ |title=Chronic hypopituitarism is uncommon in survivors of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage |journal=Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=115–21 |year=2015 |pmid=24965315 |doi=10.1111/cen.12533 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]<ref name="pmid17467517">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schneider HJ, Aimaretti G, Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Stalla GK, Ghigo E |title=Hypopituitarism |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9571 |pages=1461–70 |year=2007 |pmid=17467517 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60673-4 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20105184">{{cite journal |vauthors=Klose M, Brennum J, Poulsgaard L, Kosteljanetz M, Wagner A, Feldt-Rasmussen U |title=Hypopituitarism is uncommon after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage |journal=Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=95–101 |year=2010 |pmid=20105184 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03791.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17895459">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schneider HJ, Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Ghigo E, Stalla GK, Agha A |title=Hypothalamopituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review |journal=JAMA |volume=298 |issue=12 |pages=1429–38 |year=2007 |pmid=17895459 |doi=10.1001/jama.298.12.1429 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24965315">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hannon MJ, Behan LA, O'Brien MM, Tormey W, Javadpour M, Sherlock M, Thompson CJ |title=Chronic hypopituitarism is uncommon in survivors of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage |journal=Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=115–21 |year=2015 |pmid=24965315 |doi=10.1111/cen.12533 |url=}}</ref>

Revision as of 18:50, 25 September 2017

Hypopituitarism Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Hypopituitarism from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X Ray

CT

MRI

Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Hypopituitarism risk factors On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Hypopituitarism risk factors

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Hypopituitarism risk factors

CDC on Hypopituitarism risk factors

Hypopituitarism risk factors in the news

Blogs on Hypopituitarism risk factors

Directions to Hospitals Treating Hypopituitarism

Risk calculators and risk factors for Hypopituitarism risk factors

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Elsaiey, MBBCH [2] Iqra Qamar M.D.[3]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of hypopituitarism may include pituitary tumor or space occupying lesion, pituitary apoplexy, severe blood loss such as Sheehan's syndrome, pituitary surgery, cranial radiation, genetic defects, hypothalamic disease, immunosuppression, inflammatory processes, pituitary infarction and non-compliance with hormone replacement therapy. Less common risk factors include infiltrative disorders, traumatic brain injury causing skull fractures, ischemic stroke and subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Risk Factors

Common risk factors

Common risk factors of hypopituitarism include the following: [1][2][3][4][3][5][6][7][8]

Less common risk factors

Less common risk factors include:

References

  1. Khajeh L, Blijdorp K, Neggers SJ, Ribbers GM, Dippel DW, van Kooten F (2014). "Hypopituitarism after subarachnoid haemorrhage, do we know enough?". BMC Neurol. 14: 205. doi:10.1186/s12883-014-0205-0. PMC 4207357. PMID 25312299.
  2. Vance ML (1994). "Hypopituitarism". N. Engl. J. Med. 330 (23): 1651–62. doi:10.1056/NEJM199406093302306. PMID 8043090.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Jahangiri A, Wagner JR, Han SW, Tran MT, Miller LM, Chen R, Tom MW, Ostling LR, Kunwar S, Blevins L, Aghi MK (2016). "Improved versus worsened endocrine function after transsphenoidal surgery for nonfunctional pituitary adenomas: rate, time course, and radiological analysis". J. Neurosurg. 124 (3): 589–95. doi:10.3171/2015.1.JNS141543. PMID 26252454.
  4. Snyder PJ, Fowble BF, Schatz NJ, Savino PJ, Gennarelli TA (1986). "Hypopituitarism following radiation therapy of pituitary adenomas". Am. J. Med. 81 (3): 457–62. PMID 3092668.
  5. Littley MD, Shalet SM, Beardwell CG, Ahmed SR, Applegate G, Sutton ML (1989). "Hypopituitarism following external radiotherapy for pituitary tumours in adults". Q. J. Med. 70 (262): 145–60. PMID 2594955.
  6. Eastman RC, Gorden P, Roth J (1979). "Conventional supervoltage irradiation is an effective treatment for acromegaly". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 48 (6): 931–40. doi:10.1210/jcem-48-6-931. PMID 447799.
  7. Harbeck B, Klose S, Buchfelder M, Brabant G, Lehnert H (2011). "Hypopituitarism in a HIV affected patient". Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes. 119 (10): 633–5. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1284366. PMID 21922454.
  8. Morichika D, Sato-Hisamoto A, Hotta K, Takata K, Iwaki N, Uchida K, Minami D, Kubo T, Tanimoto M, Kiura K (2014). "Fatal Candida septic shock during systemic chemotherapy in lung cancer patient receiving corticosteroid replacement therapy for hypopituitarism: a case report". Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 44 (5): 501–5. doi:10.1093/jjco/hyu019. PMID 24646812.
  9. Kaltsas GA, Powles TB, Evanson J, Plowman PN, Drinkwater JE, Jenkins PJ, Monson JP, Besser GM, Grossman AB (2000). "Hypothalamo-pituitary abnormalities in adult patients with langerhans cell histiocytosis: clinical, endocrinological, and radiological features and response to treatment". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85 (4): 1370–6. doi:10.1210/jcem.85.4.6501. PMID 10770168.
  10. Edwards OM, Clark JD (1986). "Post-traumatic hypopituitarism. Six cases and a review of the literature". Medicine (Baltimore). 65 (5): 281–90. PMID 3018425.
  11. 11.0 11.1 Schneider HJ, Aimaretti G, Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Stalla GK, Ghigo E (2007). "Hypopituitarism". Lancet. 369 (9571): 1461–70. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60673-4. PMID 17467517.
  12. Benvenga S, Campenní A, Ruggeri RM, Trimarchi F (2000). "Clinical review 113: Hypopituitarism secondary to head trauma". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85 (4): 1353–61. doi:10.1210/jcem.85.4.6506. PMID 10770165.
  13. Lieberman SA, Oberoi AL, Gilkison CR, Masel BE, Urban RJ (2001). "Prevalence of neuroendocrine dysfunction in patients recovering from traumatic brain injury". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (6): 2752–6. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.6.7592. PMID 11397882.
  14. Agha A, Thornton E, O'Kelly P, Tormey W, Phillips J, Thompson CJ (2004). "Posterior pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injury". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89 (12): 5987–92. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1058. PMID 15579748.
  15. Bondanelli M, Ambrosio MR, Carli A, Bergonzoni A, Bertocchi A, Zatelli MC, Ceruti S, Valle D, Basaglia N, degli Uberti EC (2010). "Predictors of pituitary dysfunction in patients surviving ischemic stroke". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 95 (10): 4660–8. doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0611. PMID 20660027.
  16. Klose M, Brennum J, Poulsgaard L, Kosteljanetz M, Wagner A, Feldt-Rasmussen U (2010). "Hypopituitarism is uncommon after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage". Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 73 (1): 95–101. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03791.x. PMID 20105184.
  17. Schneider HJ, Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Ghigo E, Stalla GK, Agha A (2007). "Hypothalamopituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review". JAMA. 298 (12): 1429–38. doi:10.1001/jama.298.12.1429. PMID 17895459.
  18. Hannon MJ, Behan LA, O'Brien MM, Tormey W, Javadpour M, Sherlock M, Thompson CJ (2015). "Chronic hypopituitarism is uncommon in survivors of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage". Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 82 (1): 115–21. doi:10.1111/cen.12533. PMID 24965315.


Template:WH Template:WS