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{{Hyperkalemia }}
{{Hyperkalemia }}


{{CMG}}; {{AE}}  
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{JSS}}; {{Hudakarman}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
Hyperkalemia develops when blood potassium levels are more than 5.1meq/L.Hyperkalemia can be classified based on the potassium levelas as mild,moderate and severe.It is also classified on basis of duration as hyperacute,acute and chronic.Causes of hyperkalemia can also be used to classify.
Hyperkalemia develops when blood [[potassium]] levels are more than 5.1 meq/L. Hyperkalemia can be classified based on the [[potassium]] levels, duration of onset and the cause of hyperkalemia.
== Classification ==
* Hyperkalemia may be classified according to the [[potassium]] levels as : <ref name="pmid21181208">{{cite journal| author=Lehnhardt A, Kemper MJ| title=Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of hyperkalemia. | journal=Pediatr Nephrol | year= 2011 | volume= 26 | issue= 3 | pages= 377-84 | pmid=21181208 | doi=10.1007/s00467-010-1699-3 | pmc=3061004 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21181208  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7025622">{{cite journal| author=Adrogué HJ, Madias NE| title=Changes in plasma potassium concentration during acute acid-base disturbances. | journal=Am J Med | year= 1981 | volume= 71 | issue= 3 | pages= 456-67 | pmid=7025622 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7025622  }} </ref>
**Mild- [[potassium]] levels between 5.1-6.0 mEq/L.
**Moderate- [[potassium]] levels between 6.1-7.0 mEq/L.
**Severe- [[potassium]] levels more than 7.0 mEq/L.
* Hyperkalemia can be classified on the basis of duration as <ref name="pmid3344745">{{cite journal| author=Magner PO, Robinson L, Halperin RM, Zettle R, Halperin ML| title=The plasma potassium concentration in metabolic acidosis: a re-evaluation. | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 1988 | volume= 11 | issue= 3 | pages= 220-4 | pmid=3344745 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3344745  }} </ref> :
**Hyperacute- develops in a few hours, usually in tissue breakdown or parenteral [[potassium]] supplement.
**[[Acute]]-develops within 48 hours, could be due to [[acute kidney injury]].
**[[Chronic]]-develops gradually, usually due to [[chronic diseases]] such [[Chronic kidney disease|as chronic kidney disease]].<ref name="pmid18638465">{{cite journal| author=Lee HK, Brough TJ, Curtis MB, Polito FA, Yeo KT| title=Pseudohyperkalemia--is serum or whole blood a better specimen type than plasma? | journal=Clin Chim Acta | year= 2008 | volume= 396 | issue= 1-2 | pages= 95-6 | pmid=18638465 | doi=10.1016/j.cca.2008.06.022 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18638465  }} </ref>


== Classification ==
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align="center"
! style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" rowspan=1 | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF| Hyperkalemia classification type}}
! style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" rowspan=1 | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF| Characterestics}}
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="6;" |Based on [[potassium]] levels
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1;"|Mild
|-
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Potassium]] levels between 5.1-6.0 mEq/L.
 
*
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1;"|Moderate
|-
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Potassium]] levels between 6.1-7.0 mEq/L.


=== Hyperkalemia may be classified according to the potassium levels as ===
*
*Mild-Potassium levels between 5.1-6.0 meq/L
|-
*Moderate-Potassium levels between 6.2-7.0 meq/L
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1;"|Severe
*Severe-Potassium levels more than 7.0 meq/L
|-
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Potassium]] levels more than 7.0 mEq/L.


=== Hyperkalemia can be classified on the basis of duration as ===
*
*Hyperacute-Develops in a few hours,usually in tissue breakdown or parenteral potassium
|-
*Acute-Develops within 48 hours,could be due to acute kidney injury.
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="6;" |Based on the duration
*Chronic-Develops gradually,usually due to chronic diseases such as chronic kidney disease.
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1;"|Hyperacute
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
* Develops in a few hours
* Usually due to tissue breakdown
* Or due to parenteral [[potassium]] supplement.


=== Hyperkalemia may be classified into several subtypes based on its cause. ===
*
*Excessive intake
|-
*Transcellular shift
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1;"|Acute
*Impaired elimination from body
|-
*Hormone deficiency such as aldosterone.
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
* Develops within 48 hours,
* Could be due to [[acute kidney injury]].
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1;"|Chronic
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
* Develops gradually,
* Usually due to [[chronic diseases]] such [[Chronic kidney disease|as chronic kidney disease]]
|-
|}


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 21:15, 22 April 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Jogeet Singh Sekhon, M.D. [2]; Huda A. Karman, M.D.

Overview

Hyperkalemia develops when blood potassium levels are more than 5.1 meq/L. Hyperkalemia can be classified based on the potassium levels, duration of onset and the cause of hyperkalemia.

Classification

Hyperkalemia classification type Characterestics
Based on potassium levels Mild
Potassium levels between 5.1-6.0 mEq/L.
Moderate
Potassium levels between 6.1-7.0 mEq/L.
Severe
Potassium levels more than 7.0 mEq/L.
Based on the duration Hyperacute
  • Develops in a few hours
  • Usually due to tissue breakdown
  • Or due to parenteral potassium supplement.
Acute
Chronic

References

  1. ↑ Lehnhardt A, Kemper MJ (2011). "Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of hyperkalemia". Pediatr Nephrol. 26 (3): 377–84. doi:10.1007/s00467-010-1699-3. PMC 3061004. PMID 21181208.
  2. ↑ Adrogué HJ, Madias NE (1981). "Changes in plasma potassium concentration during acute acid-base disturbances". Am J Med. 71 (3): 456–67. PMID 7025622.
  3. ↑ Magner PO, Robinson L, Halperin RM, Zettle R, Halperin ML (1988). "The plasma potassium concentration in metabolic acidosis: a re-evaluation". Am J Kidney Dis. 11 (3): 220–4. PMID 3344745.
  4. ↑ Lee HK, Brough TJ, Curtis MB, Polito FA, Yeo KT (2008). "Pseudohyperkalemia--is serum or whole blood a better specimen type than plasma?". Clin Chim Acta. 396 (1–2): 95–6. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2008.06.022. PMID 18638465.

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