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Revision as of 21:52, 7 February 2018
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Amandeep Singh M.D.[2]
Overview
A hiatus hernia is the protrusion (or herniation) of the upper part of the stomach into the thorax through a tear or weakness in the diaphragm.Hiatus hernia may be classified into four subtypes: Type I: Sliding hernia and Type II, III, IV: Paraesophageal hernias(rolling hernias).It is understood that hiatus hernia is the result of either decreased elastin of phrenoesophageal membrane due to aging that increases the risk of developing hiatal hernia. Pressure gradient between intra-abdominal and intra-thoracic pressure leads to the esophagogastric junction being displaced into normal hiatus.A rise in intraabdominal pressure and lower thoracic pressure can cause hernia. Esophageal shortening, pulls the junction into the hiatus. This physiological shortening occurs as a normal response to swallowing. The LES is shorter and weaker in large hiatus hernia and have severe reflux symptoms and trauma. Paraesophageal hernia are less common and have lesser incidence of GERD.The cause of hiatus hernia has not been identified clearly. Hiatus hernia is due to herniation of contents of the abdominal cavity through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm due to weakning of the muscles around esophagus .Hiatus hernia may be caused by older age,trauma,congenital defects,increase in the abdominal pressure,obesity and smoking.Hiatus hernia presents as gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD) with dysphagia and must be differentiated from other causes of dysphagia. Hiatus hernias affect around 1 to 20% of the population. out of this 9 % are symptomatic, depending on the ability of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). 95% of these categorize under "sliding" hiatus hernias, in which the lower esophageal sphincter protrudes above the diaphragm along with the stomach, and only 5% is the "rolling" type (paraesophageal), in which the LES remains stationary but the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm. A hiatus hernia is more common in older people.Common risk factors in the development of hiatus hernia include aging, obesity, trauma, scoliosis and congenital defects.The symptoms of a hiatus hernia usually develop in the first decade of life in children and start with symptoms such as vomiting, heartburn, regurgitation, and dysphagia. If left untreated, patients with a hiatus hernia may progress to develop strangulation, esophageal adenocarcinoma, and gastric volvulus. Prognosis is generally excellent and recovery after surgery in a large hernia is approximately 90%. The disease is well controlled with medical therapy but not cured.The symptoms include acid reflux, and pain, similar to heartburn, in the chest and upper stomach. In most patients, hiatus hernias cause no symptoms. Sometimes patients experience heartburn and regurgitation, when stomach acid refluxes back into the esophagus.Physical examination of patients with hiatus hernia is usually normal and unhelpful in the diagnosis. In some cases, hiatus hernia may develop GERD. Patients with GERD usually appear ill due to the pain. Common physical examination include hoarseness of voice, laryngitis, otitis media, and lung wheezes.On chest radiographs, a paraesophageal hernia may appear as a soft-tissue-opacity lesion posterior to the heart near the esophageal hiatus.CT helps verify migration of the stomach cranially through the hiatus. Sagittal and coronal reformatted images often help demonstrate the hernia and the hiatal defect.A hiatal hernia occurs when a part of the stomach protrudes into the thoracic cavity through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. Approximately 99% of hiatal hernias are sliding, and the rest 1% are paraesophageal hernia. Barium swallow may be helpful in the diagnosis of a hiatus hernia. Findings on a Barium swallow suggestive hiatus hernia include anatomy and size of a hernia, the orientation of the stomach location of the gastroesophageal junction.In most cases, patients experience no discomfort and no treatment is required. However, when a hiatal hernia is large, it is likely to cause esophageal stricturewhich results in discomfort. Symptomatic patients benefit from not lying down immediately after meals and also benefit by elevating the head of their beds. If stress has been identified as the major risk factor, stress reduction techniques may be practiced, or if overweight, weight loss may be indicated. Certain medications causeslower esophageal sphincter (or LES to relax those medications should be avoided. Anti-acid drugs like proton pump inhibitors and H2 receptor blockers can be used to decrease the acid secretion.Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for patients with a symptoms or complications. Paraesophageal hernias can be repaired transabdominally or transthoracically. Laparoscopic approach is preferred for most patients. A Nissen-fundoplication is usually done with the surgery. Overall mortality and morbidity rates associated with laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair are low. A fixation of the stomach to the abdominal wall (anterior gastropexy) can be used to reduce the risk of gastric reherniation into the thoracic cavity. Complications include pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, heart failure, postoperative leak, and recurrence.
Classification
Hiatus hernia may be classified into four subtypes: Type I: Sliding hernia and Type II, III, IV: Paraesophageal hernias(rolling hernias)
Pathophysiology
It is understood that hiatus hernia is the result of either decreased elastin of phrenoesophageal membrane due to aging that increases the risk of developing hiatal hernia. Pressure gradient between intra-abdominal and intra-thoracic pressure leads to the esophagogastric junction being displaced into normal hiatus.A rise in intraabdominal pressure and lower thoracic pressure can cause hernia. Esophageal shortening, pulls the junction into the hiatus. This physiological shortening occurs as a normal response to swallowing. The LES is shorter and weaker in large hiatus hernia and have severe reflux symptoms and trauma. Paraesophageal hernia are less common and have lesser incidence of GERD.
Causes
The cause of hiatus hernia has not been identified clearly. Hiatus hernia is due to herniation of contents of the abdominal cavity through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm due to weakning of the muscles around esophagus .Hiatus hernia may be caused by older age,trauma,congenital defects,increase in the abdominal pressure,obesity and smoking.
Differentiating Hereditary pancreatitis from Other Diseases
Hiatus hernia presents as gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD) with dysphagia and must be differentiated from other causes of dysphagia
Epidemiology and Demographics
Hiatus hernias affect around 1 to 20% of the population. out of this 9 % are symptomatic, depending on the ability of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). 95% of these categorize under "sliding" hiatus hernias, in which the lower esophageal sphincter protrudes above the diaphragm along with the stomach, and only 5% is the "rolling" type (paraesophageal), in which the LES remains stationary but the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm. A hiatus hernia is more common in older people.
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of hiatus hernia include aging, obesity, trauma, scoliosis and congenital defects..
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
The symptoms of a hiatus hernia usually develop in the first decade of life in children and start with symptoms such as vomiting, heartburn, regurgitation, and dysphagia. If left untreated, patients with a hiatus hernia may progress to develop strangulation, esophageal adenocarcinoma, and gastric volvulus. Prognosis is generally excellent and recovery after surgery in a large hernia is approximately 90%. The disease is well controlled with medical therapy but not cured.
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
The symptoms include acid reflux, and pain, similar to heartburn, in the chest and upper stomach. In most patients, hiatus hernias cause no symptoms. Sometimes patients experience heartburn and regurgitation, when stomach acid refluxes back into the esophagus.
Physical Examination
Physical examination of patients with hiatus hernia is usually normal and unhelpful in the diagnosis. In some cases, hiatus hernia may develop GERD. Patients with GERD usually appear ill due to the pain. Common physical examination include hoarseness of voice, laryngitis, otitis media, and lung wheezes.
Chest X Ray
On chest radiographs, a paraesophageal hernia may appear as a soft-tissue-opacity lesion posterior to the heart near the esophageal hiatus.
CT
CT helps verify migration of the stomach cranially through the hiatus. Sagittal and coronal reformatted images often help demonstrate the hernia and the hiatal defect.
Other Imaging Findings
A hiatal hernia occurs when a part of the stomach protrudes into the thoracic cavity through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. Approximately 99% of hiatal hernias are sliding, and the rest 1% are paraesophageal hernia. Barium swallow may be helpful in the diagnosis of a hiatus hernia. Findings on a Barium swallow suggestive hiatus hernia include anatomy and size of a hernia, the orientation of the stomach location of the gastroesophageal junction.
Other Diagnostic Studies
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with a hiatus hernia.
Treatment
Medical Therapy
In most cases, patients experience no discomfort and no treatment is required. However, when a hiatal hernia is large, it is likely to cause esophageal stricturewhich results in discomfort. Symptomatic patients benefit from not lying down immediately after meals and also benefit by elevating the head of their beds. If stress has been identified as the major risk factor, stress reduction techniques may be practiced, or if overweight, weight loss may be indicated. Certain medications causeslower esophageal sphincter (or LES to relax those medications should be avoided. Anti-acid drugs like proton pump inhibitors and H2 receptor blockers can be used to decrease the acid secretion.
Surgery
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for patients with a symptoms or complications. Paraesophageal hernias can be repaired transabdominally or transthoracically. Laparoscopic approach is preferred for most patients. A Nissen-fundoplication is usually done with the surgery. Overall mortality and morbidity rates associated with laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair are low. A fixation of the stomach to the abdominal wall (anterior gastropexy) can be used to reduce the risk of gastric reherniation into the thoracic cavity. Complications include pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, heart failure, postoperative leak, and recurrence.
Primary Prevention
There are no established measures for the primary prevention of hiatus hernia.
Secondary Prevention
There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of hiatus hernia.