Hepatitis E epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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Hepatitis E may occur either as a sporadic case, or as an [[epidemic]] disease.  It is often caused by [[genotype]]s 1 (Asia) and 2 (Central America and Africa).<ref name="pmid18192058">{{cite journal| author=Purcell RH, Emerson SU| title=Hepatitis E: an emerging awareness of an old disease. | journal=J Hepatol | year= 2008 | volume= 48 | issue= 3 | pages= 494-503 | pmid=18192058 | doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2007.12.008 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18192058  }} </ref>  Anti-HEV antibodies were detected in 30 to 80% of adults.<ref name="pmid23013075">{{cite journal| author=Hoofnagle JH, Nelson KE, Purcell RH| title=Hepatitis E. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2012 | volume= 367 | issue= 13 | pages= 1237-44 | pmid=23013075 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1204512 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23013075  }} </ref>
Hepatitis E may occur either as a sporadic case, or as an [[epidemic]] disease.  It is often caused by [[genotype]]s 1 (Asia) and 2 (Central America and Africa).<ref name="pmid18192058">{{cite journal| author=Purcell RH, Emerson SU| title=Hepatitis E: an emerging awareness of an old disease. | journal=J Hepatol | year= 2008 | volume= 48 | issue= 3 | pages= 494-503 | pmid=18192058 | doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2007.12.008 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18192058  }} </ref>  Anti-HEV antibodies were detected in 30 to 80% of adults.<ref name="pmid23013075">{{cite journal| author=Hoofnagle JH, Nelson KE, Purcell RH| title=Hepatitis E. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2012 | volume= 367 | issue= 13 | pages= 1237-44 | pmid=23013075 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1204512 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23013075  }} </ref>


Men in developing countries develop clinical manifestations of hepatitis E 2-5 times more than women during outbreaks, despite absence of difference in exposure.<ref name="pmid1909252">{{cite journal| author=Zhuang H, Cao XY, Liu CB, Wang GM| title=Epidemiology of hepatitis E in China. | journal=Gastroenterol Jpn | year= 1991 | volume= 26 Suppl 3 | issue=  | pages= 135-8 | pmid=1909252 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1909252  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11871830">{{cite journal| author=Aggarwal R, Kumar R, Pal R, Naik S, Semwal SN, Naik SR| title=Role of travel as a risk factor for hepatitis E virus infection in a disease-endemic area. | journal=Indian J Gastroenterol | year= 2002 | volume= 21 | issue= 1 | pages= 14-8 | pmid=11871830 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11871830  }} </ref>
Men in developing countries manifest symptoms of hepatitis E 2 to 5 times more than women during [[outbreaks]].<ref name="pmid1909252">{{cite journal| author=Zhuang H, Cao XY, Liu CB, Wang GM| title=Epidemiology of hepatitis E in China. | journal=Gastroenterol Jpn | year= 1991 | volume= 26 Suppl 3 | issue=  | pages= 135-8 | pmid=1909252 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1909252  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11871830">{{cite journal| author=Aggarwal R, Kumar R, Pal R, Naik S, Semwal SN, Naik SR| title=Role of travel as a risk factor for hepatitis E virus infection in a disease-endemic area. | journal=Indian J Gastroenterol | year= 2002 | volume= 21 | issue= 1 | pages= 14-8 | pmid=11871830 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11871830  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 22:41, 27 August 2014

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2]

Overview

Prevalence

Incidence

Age

The rate of anti-HEV antibodies increases with age. According to a survey conducted in the US from 1988 to 1994, this rate can range from 10% (6 to 10 years) to 40% (>60 years).[1]

Gender

Women have a minimally smaller rate of anti-HEV antibodies (20.4%) than men (21.6%).[2]

Pregnant Women

Although pregnant women have the same exposure to the virus as other people, due to their micronutrient status and cytokine levels, they are more prone to the severe form of the disease. [3]

Race

After adjusting to age, the rate of anti-HEV antibodies was noted to be higher in non-hispanic whites (22.1%) than among blacks (14.5%).[1]

Developed Countries

Small outbreaks and individuals cases of hepatitis E are often related to consumption of undercook pork, shellfish, as well as to blood transfusions.[3][4][5][6] The rate of anti-HEV antibodies is lower than in developing countries. [3]

Developing Countries

Hepatitis E may occur either as a sporadic case, or as an epidemic disease. It is often caused by genotypes 1 (Asia) and 2 (Central America and Africa).[7] Anti-HEV antibodies were detected in 30 to 80% of adults.[3]

Men in developing countries manifest symptoms of hepatitis E 2 to 5 times more than women during outbreaks.[8][9]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Kuniholm MH, Purcell RH, McQuillan GM, Engle RE, Wasley A, Nelson KE (2009). "Epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in the United States: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994". J Infect Dis. 200 (1): 48–56. doi:10.1086/599319. PMC 2762746. PMID 19473098.
  2. Kamar N, Bendall R, Legrand-Abravanel F, Xia NS, Ijaz S, Izopet J; et al. (2012). "Hepatitis E." Lancet. 379 (9835): 2477–88. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61849-7. PMID 22549046.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Hoofnagle JH, Nelson KE, Purcell RH (2012). "Hepatitis E." N Engl J Med. 367 (13): 1237–44. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1204512. PMID 23013075.
  4. Boxall E, Herborn A, Kochethu G, Pratt G, Adams D, Ijaz S; et al. (2006). "Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E in a 'nonhyperendemic' country". Transfus Med. 16 (2): 79–83. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3148.2006.00652.x. PMID 16623913.
  5. Matsubayashi K, Kang JH, Sakata H, Takahashi K, Shindo M, Kato M; et al. (2008). "A case of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E caused by blood from a donor infected with hepatitis E virus via zoonotic food-borne route". Transfusion. 48 (7): 1368–75. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.01722.x. PMID 18651907.
  6. Wichmann O, Schimanski S, Koch J, Kohler M, Rothe C, Plentz A; et al. (2008). "Phylogenetic and case-control study on hepatitis E virus infection in Germany". J Infect Dis. 198 (12): 1732–41. doi:10.1086/593211. PMID 18983248.
  7. Purcell RH, Emerson SU (2008). "Hepatitis E: an emerging awareness of an old disease". J Hepatol. 48 (3): 494–503. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2007.12.008. PMID 18192058.
  8. Zhuang H, Cao XY, Liu CB, Wang GM (1991). "Epidemiology of hepatitis E in China". Gastroenterol Jpn. 26 Suppl 3: 135–8. PMID 1909252.
  9. Aggarwal R, Kumar R, Pal R, Naik S, Semwal SN, Naik SR (2002). "Role of travel as a risk factor for hepatitis E virus infection in a disease-endemic area". Indian J Gastroenterol. 21 (1): 14–8. PMID 11871830.