Hepatitis C historical perspective: Difference between revisions
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In the early 1960s, scientists only differentiated between hepatitis A, an acute infection of short incubation period transmitted via the fecal-oral route, and hepatitis B, a potentially chronic infection of long incubation period transmitted via blood exposure. Therefore, the discovery of hepatitis C only occurred with the availability of diagnostic assays in the early 1970s.<ref name="pmid4136143">{{cite journal| author=Prince AM, Brotman B, Grady GF, Kuhns WJ, Hazzi C, Levine RW et al.| title=Long-incubation post-transfusion hepatitis without serological evidence of exposure to hepatitis-B virus. | journal=Lancet | year= 1974 | volume= 2 | issue= 7875 | pages= 241-6 | pmid=4136143 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4136143 }} </ref><ref name="pmid163436">{{cite journal| author=Feinstone SM, Kapikian AZ, Purcell RH, Alter HJ, Holland PV| title=Transfusion-associated hepatitis not due to viral hepatitis type A or B. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1975 | volume= 292 | issue= 15 | pages= 767-70 | pmid=163436 | doi=10.1056/NEJM197504102921502 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=163436 }} </ref><ref name="pmid318578">{{cite journal| author=Seeff LB, Zimmerman HJ, Wright EC, Finkelstein JD, Garcia-Pont P, Greenlee HB et al.| title=A randomized, double blind controlled trial of the efficacy of immune serum globulin for the prevention of post-transfusion hepatitis. A Veterans Administration cooperative study. | journal=Gastroenterology | year= 1977 | volume= 72 | issue= 1 | pages= 111-21 | pmid=318578 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=318578 }} </ref> In 1975, the new discovery was termed "non-A, non-B viral hepatitis (NANBH) when serological markers for hepatitis A and B were both absent in patients with signs and symptoms of viral hepatitis. Shortly after, studies scrutinizing into the new discovery revealed that most patients with NANBH were exposed to blood transfusions<ref name="pmid464417">{{cite journal| author=Berman M, Alter HJ, Ishak KG, Purcell RH, Jones EA| title=The chronic sequelae of non-A, non-B hepatitis. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1979 | volume= 91 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-6 | pmid=464417 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=464417 }} </ref><ref name="pmid6782484">{{cite journal| author=Aach RD, Szmuness W, Mosley JW, Hollinger FB, Kahn RA, Stevens CE et al.| title=Serum alanine aminotransferase of donors in relation to the risk of non-A,non-B hepatitis in recipients: the transfusion-transmitted viruses study. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1981 | volume= 304 | issue= 17 | pages= 989-94 | pmid=6782484 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198104233041701 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6782484 }} </ref>, and hepatic cirrhosis ensued in as many as 20% of these patients.<ref name="pmid3929263">{{cite journal| author=Hoofnagle JH, Alter HJ| title=Chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis. | journal=Prog Clin Biol Res | year= 1985 | volume= 182 | issue= | pages= 63-9 | pmid=3929263 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3929263 }} </ref> | |||
In the mid 1970s, [[Harvey J. Alter]], Chief of the Infectious Disease Section in the Department of Transfusion Medicine at the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH), and his research team demonstrated that most post-transfusion hepatitis cases were not due to [[hepatitis A]] and [[Hepatitis B|B]] viruses. Despite this discovery, international research effort to identify the virus, initially called ''non-A, non-B hepatitis'' (NANBH), failed for the next decade. In 1987, Michael Houghton, Qui-Lim Choo, and George Kuo at Chiron Corporation utilized [[molecular cloning]] to identify the unknown organism. In 1988, the virus was confirmed by Alter by verifying its presence in a panel of NANBH specimens. In April of 1989, the discovery of the virus, re-named hepatitis C virus (HCV), was published in two articles in the journal ''Science''. | In the mid 1970s, [[Harvey J. Alter]], Chief of the Infectious Disease Section in the Department of Transfusion Medicine at the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH), and his research team demonstrated that most post-transfusion hepatitis cases were not due to [[hepatitis A]] and [[Hepatitis B|B]] viruses. Despite this discovery, international research effort to identify the virus, initially called ''non-A, non-B hepatitis'' (NANBH), failed for the next decade. In 1987, Michael Houghton, Qui-Lim Choo, and George Kuo at Chiron Corporation utilized [[molecular cloning]] to identify the unknown organism. In 1988, the virus was confirmed by Alter by verifying its presence in a panel of NANBH specimens. In April of 1989, the discovery of the virus, re-named hepatitis C virus (HCV), was published in two articles in the journal ''Science''. | ||
Revision as of 21:34, 27 July 2014
In the early 1960s, scientists only differentiated between hepatitis A, an acute infection of short incubation period transmitted via the fecal-oral route, and hepatitis B, a potentially chronic infection of long incubation period transmitted via blood exposure. Therefore, the discovery of hepatitis C only occurred with the availability of diagnostic assays in the early 1970s.[1][2][3] In 1975, the new discovery was termed "non-A, non-B viral hepatitis (NANBH) when serological markers for hepatitis A and B were both absent in patients with signs and symptoms of viral hepatitis. Shortly after, studies scrutinizing into the new discovery revealed that most patients with NANBH were exposed to blood transfusions[4][5], and hepatic cirrhosis ensued in as many as 20% of these patients.[6]
In the mid 1970s, Harvey J. Alter, Chief of the Infectious Disease Section in the Department of Transfusion Medicine at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and his research team demonstrated that most post-transfusion hepatitis cases were not due to hepatitis A and B viruses. Despite this discovery, international research effort to identify the virus, initially called non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANBH), failed for the next decade. In 1987, Michael Houghton, Qui-Lim Choo, and George Kuo at Chiron Corporation utilized molecular cloning to identify the unknown organism. In 1988, the virus was confirmed by Alter by verifying its presence in a panel of NANBH specimens. In April of 1989, the discovery of the virus, re-named hepatitis C virus (HCV), was published in two articles in the journal Science.
Dr. D.W. Bradley filed suit against Chiron, challenging the status of U.S. patent 5,350,671 covering HCV clones, diagnostics, and vaccines. Dr. Bradley sought to invalidate the patent, have himself included as a co-inventor, and receive damages and royalty income from Chiron. Dr. Bradley claimed he supplied Chiron with HCV-infected plasma that was instrumental in Chiron's isolation and cloning of HCV, that he developed critical findings about the virus, and that he provided Chiron with assistance regarding cloning methods. Dr. Bradley began work on what was then called non-A, non-B hepatitis in 1977 and the dispute between Dr. Bradley and Chiron can be traced back to 1986 when the parties failed to agree on terms for Dr. Bradley to provide infected plasma to Chiron. [7][8][9][10]
References
- ↑ Prince AM, Brotman B, Grady GF, Kuhns WJ, Hazzi C, Levine RW; et al. (1974). "Long-incubation post-transfusion hepatitis without serological evidence of exposure to hepatitis-B virus". Lancet. 2 (7875): 241–6. PMID 4136143.
- ↑ Feinstone SM, Kapikian AZ, Purcell RH, Alter HJ, Holland PV (1975). "Transfusion-associated hepatitis not due to viral hepatitis type A or B." N Engl J Med. 292 (15): 767–70. doi:10.1056/NEJM197504102921502. PMID 163436.
- ↑ Seeff LB, Zimmerman HJ, Wright EC, Finkelstein JD, Garcia-Pont P, Greenlee HB; et al. (1977). "A randomized, double blind controlled trial of the efficacy of immune serum globulin for the prevention of post-transfusion hepatitis. A Veterans Administration cooperative study". Gastroenterology. 72 (1): 111–21. PMID 318578.
- ↑ Berman M, Alter HJ, Ishak KG, Purcell RH, Jones EA (1979). "The chronic sequelae of non-A, non-B hepatitis". Ann Intern Med. 91 (1): 1–6. PMID 464417.
- ↑ Aach RD, Szmuness W, Mosley JW, Hollinger FB, Kahn RA, Stevens CE; et al. (1981). "Serum alanine aminotransferase of donors in relation to the risk of non-A,non-B hepatitis in recipients: the transfusion-transmitted viruses study". N Engl J Med. 304 (17): 989–94. doi:10.1056/NEJM198104233041701. PMID 6782484.
- ↑ Hoofnagle JH, Alter HJ (1985). "Chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis". Prog Clin Biol Res. 182: 63–9. PMID 3929263.
- ↑ Chiron Corporation Chiron Hepatitis C Research Honored with 2000 Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research Press release, 18 September 2000.
- ↑ Choo Q, Kuo G, Weiner A, Overby L, Bradley D, Houghton M (1989). "Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome". Science. 244 (4902): 359–62. PMID 2523562.
- ↑ Kuo G, Choo Q, Alter H, Gitnick G, Redeker A, Purcell R, Miyamura T, Dienstag J, Alter M, Stevens C (1989). "An assay for circulating antibodies to a major etiologic virus of human non-A, non-B hepatitis". Science. 244 (4902): 362–4. PMID 2496467.
- ↑ Houghton, M., Q.-L. Choo, and G. Kuo. NANBV Diagnostics and Vaccines. European Patent No. EP-0-3 18-216-A1. European Patent Office (filed 18 November 1988, published 31 May 1989).