Hepatitis B epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
Line 7: Line 7:
==Incidence and Prevalence==
==Incidence and Prevalence==
An estimated one third of the global population has been infected with HBV, and more than 780,000 people die every year from related acute and chronic consequences. Regions with the highest prevalence of HBV include sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia.  The infection is usually acquired during childhood in these regions.  Approximately 5-10% of adults are chronically infected.  Higher rates of chronic HBV is also found in southern parts of Eastern and Central Europe, the Amazon, the Middle East, and India.  An estimated 2-5% of the population in the Middle East and Indian subcontinent is chronically infected.
An estimated one third of the global population has been infected with HBV, and more than 780,000 people die every year from related acute and chronic consequences. Regions with the highest prevalence of HBV include sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia.  The infection is usually acquired during childhood in these regions.  Approximately 5-10% of adults are chronically infected.  Higher rates of chronic HBV is also found in southern parts of Eastern and Central Europe, the Amazon, the Middle East, and India.  An estimated 2-5% of the population in the Middle East and Indian subcontinent is chronically infected.
[[image:HBVMAP.png|600px|thumb|center|CDC - Geographic distribution of chronic HBV. [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/figures/r708a1f3.gif]]]


In 2009, there were 38,000 acute HBV cases reported in the U.S.  This was the lowest incidence ever recorded at 1.5 cases per 100,000 population. Between 1991 and 2010, the incidence of HBV has decreased by approximately 82%.  The decrease was greatest among children largely due to implementation of routine vaccination in 1991.
In 2009, there were 38,000 acute HBV cases reported in the U.S.  This was the lowest incidence ever recorded at 1.5 cases per 100,000 population. Between 1991 and 2010, the incidence of HBV has decreased by approximately 82%.  The decrease was greatest among children largely due to implementation of routine vaccination in 1991.
Line 16: Line 18:
In the United States, Asian and Pacific Islanders (APIs) make up less than 5% of the total population, but account for more than 50% of Americans living with chronic Hepatitis B. Despite the high rates of infection, many APIs are not tested for Hepatitis B and are unaware of their infection. As a result, chronic Hepatitis B and associated liver cancer in APIs is one of the most serious health disparities in the United States.
In the United States, Asian and Pacific Islanders (APIs) make up less than 5% of the total population, but account for more than 50% of Americans living with chronic Hepatitis B. Despite the high rates of infection, many APIs are not tested for Hepatitis B and are unaware of their infection. As a result, chronic Hepatitis B and associated liver cancer in APIs is one of the most serious health disparities in the United States.


[[image:HBVCDC.png|600px|thumb|center|CDC figures for sources of infection in the US. [http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/c/plan/HCV_infection.htm Source]]]
[[image:HBVCDC.png|600px|thumb|center|CDC - Incidence and Prevalence of HBV. [http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/c/plan/HCV_infection.htm Source]]]
 




* In the United States, nearly 70% of APIs were born or have parents born in countries where Hepatitis B is common.
* Hepatitis B-related liver cancer incidence is highest among APIs and is a leading cause of cancer deaths in this population.
* The death rate from Hepatitis B among APIs is 7 times greater than deaths among whites.
* Knowledge of Hepatitis B varies greatly in the API community and many misconceptions exist. The lack of knowledge and awareness of the disease significantly contributes to the low testing rates in the API population.
* Limited English proficiency can be a significant barrier to seeking and receiving Hepatitis B related care and services.


===Modes of Transmission===
===Modes of Transmission===
[[Image:HBV prevalence 2005.png|thumb|center|350px|Prevalence of Hepatitis B virus as of 2005.]]


The primary method of transmission reflects the prevalence of chronic HBV infection in a given area. In low prevalence areas such as the continental [[United States]] and Western Europe, where less than 2% of the population is chronically infected, injection drug abuse and unprotected sex are the primary methods, although other factors may be important.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Patient-to-patient transmission of hepatitis B virus associated with oral surgery | author=Redd JT, Baumbach J, Kohn W, ''et al.'' | journal=J Infect Dis | year=2007 | volume=195 | issue=9 | pages=1311&ndash;4 | url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/JID/journal/issues/v195n9/36695/36695.web.pdf }}</ref> In moderate prevalence areas, which include Eastern Europe, Russia, and Japan, where 2-7% of the population is chronically infected, the disease is predominantly spread among children. In high prevalence areas such as China and South East Asia, transmission during childbirth is most common, although in other areas of high endemicity such as Africa, transmission during childhood is also a significant factor.<ref> name="pmid12616449">{{cite journal |author=Alter MJ |title=Epidemiology and prevention of hepatitis B |journal=Semin. Liver Dis. |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=39-46 |year=2003 |pmid=12616449 |doi=10.1055/s-2003-37583}}</ref>  The prevalence of chronic HBV infection in areas of high endemicity is at least 8%.
The primary method of transmission reflects the prevalence of chronic HBV infection in a given area. In low prevalence areas such as the continental [[United States]] and Western Europe, where less than 2% of the population is chronically infected, injection drug abuse and unprotected sex are the primary methods, although other factors may be important.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Patient-to-patient transmission of hepatitis B virus associated with oral surgery | author=Redd JT, Baumbach J, Kohn W, ''et al.'' | journal=J Infect Dis | year=2007 | volume=195 | issue=9 | pages=1311&ndash;4 | url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/JID/journal/issues/v195n9/36695/36695.web.pdf }}</ref> In moderate prevalence areas, which include Eastern Europe, Russia, and Japan, where 2-7% of the population is chronically infected, the disease is predominantly spread among children. In high prevalence areas such as China and South East Asia, transmission during childbirth is most common, although in other areas of high endemicity such as Africa, transmission during childhood is also a significant factor.<ref> name="pmid12616449">{{cite journal |author=Alter MJ |title=Epidemiology and prevention of hepatitis B |journal=Semin. Liver Dis. |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=39-46 |year=2003 |pmid=12616449 |doi=10.1055/s-2003-37583}}</ref>  The prevalence of chronic HBV infection in areas of high endemicity is at least 8%.

Revision as of 20:59, 29 July 2014

Hepatitis Main Page

Hepatitis B

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Hepatitis B from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

CT

MRI

Ultrasound

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Hepatitis B epidemiology and demographics On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Hepatitis B epidemiology and demographics

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Hepatitis B epidemiology and demographics

CDC on Hepatitis B epidemiology and demographics

Hepatitis B epidemiology and demographics in the news

Blogs on Hepatitis B epidemiology and demographics

Directions to Hospitals Treating Hepatitis B

Risk calculators and risk factors for Hepatitis B epidemiology and demographics

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]

Overview

Chronic Hepatitis B(HBV) is a global public health issue. According to the World Health Organization(WHO), more than 2 billion people have been infected with HBV. It is a major cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, affecting more than 240 million people. Approximately 25% of carriers develop serious liver disease such as chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and primary hepatocellular carcinoma.

Incidence and Prevalence

An estimated one third of the global population has been infected with HBV, and more than 780,000 people die every year from related acute and chronic consequences. Regions with the highest prevalence of HBV include sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia. The infection is usually acquired during childhood in these regions. Approximately 5-10% of adults are chronically infected. Higher rates of chronic HBV is also found in southern parts of Eastern and Central Europe, the Amazon, the Middle East, and India. An estimated 2-5% of the population in the Middle East and Indian subcontinent is chronically infected.

CDC - Geographic distribution of chronic HBV. [1]

In 2009, there were 38,000 acute HBV cases reported in the U.S. This was the lowest incidence ever recorded at 1.5 cases per 100,000 population. Between 1991 and 2010, the incidence of HBV has decreased by approximately 82%. The decrease was greatest among children largely due to implementation of routine vaccination in 1991.

Although the incidence of HBV is declining in the U.S., it is important to note that reported cases underestimate the true incidence of HBV infection due to the asymptomatic nature of early infections and because of underreporting of symptomatic cases.

Chronic HBV affects an estimated 800,000-1.4 million persons in the U.S. and is responsible for approximately 3,000 annual deaths from associated chronic liver disease.

In the United States, Asian and Pacific Islanders (APIs) make up less than 5% of the total population, but account for more than 50% of Americans living with chronic Hepatitis B. Despite the high rates of infection, many APIs are not tested for Hepatitis B and are unaware of their infection. As a result, chronic Hepatitis B and associated liver cancer in APIs is one of the most serious health disparities in the United States.

CDC - Incidence and Prevalence of HBV. Source



Modes of Transmission

The primary method of transmission reflects the prevalence of chronic HBV infection in a given area. In low prevalence areas such as the continental United States and Western Europe, where less than 2% of the population is chronically infected, injection drug abuse and unprotected sex are the primary methods, although other factors may be important.[1] In moderate prevalence areas, which include Eastern Europe, Russia, and Japan, where 2-7% of the population is chronically infected, the disease is predominantly spread among children. In high prevalence areas such as China and South East Asia, transmission during childbirth is most common, although in other areas of high endemicity such as Africa, transmission during childhood is also a significant factor.[2] The prevalence of chronic HBV infection in areas of high endemicity is at least 8%.

Roughly 16-40% of unimmunized sexual partners of individuals with hepatitis B will be infected through sexual contact. The risk of transmission is closely related to the rate of viral replication in the infected individual at the time of exposure.

References

  1. Redd JT, Baumbach J, Kohn W; et al. (2007). "Patient-to-patient transmission of hepatitis B virus associated with oral surgery" (PDF). J Infect Dis. 195 (9): 1311&ndash, 4.
  2. name="pmid12616449">Alter MJ (2003). "Epidemiology and prevention of hepatitis B". Semin. Liver Dis. 23 (1): 39–46. doi:10.1055/s-2003-37583. PMID 12616449.

Template:STD/STI

Template:WH Template:WS