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==Other Imaging Studies==


===Manometry=== : In this test, a pressure sensor ([[manometer]]) is passed through the mouth into the esophagus and measures the pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter directly.
==Overview==
===Endoscopy=== : The esophageal mucosa can be visualized directly by passing a thin, lighted tube with a tiny camera attached (an endoscope) through the mouth to examine the esophagus and stomachIn this way, evidence of esophageal inflammation can be detected, and biopsies taken if necessary. Since an endoscopy allows a doctor to visually inspect the upper digestive track the procedure may help identify any additional damage to the tract that may not have been detected otherwise.
There are no other imaging findings associated with GERD. However, [[endoscopy]] may be used in screening for the complications associated with chronic GERD like [[barrett's esophagus]].
 
==Other Imaging Findings==
 
=== Endoscopy ===
* The [[endoscope]] has been before one of the [[diagnostic]] tools for GERD.
* Endoscopy is not recommended now for the diagnosis of GERD with the typical symptoms, however, it is used in [[screening]] for the GERD complications as [[esophagitis]], [[esophageal]] [[strictures]], and [[barrett's esophagus]].<ref name="pmid23419381">{{cite journal| author=Katz PO, Gerson LB, Vela MF| title=Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. | journal=Am J Gastroenterol | year= 2013 | volume= 108 | issue= 3 | pages= 308-28; quiz 329 | pmid=23419381 | doi=10.1038/ajg.2012.444 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23419381  }} </ref>
* [[Endoscopy]] is also beneficial in doing [[biopsies]] in the [[screening]] of [[barrett's esophagus]], or while trying to diagnose [[eosinophilic esophagitis]].
* Other advantages include also the possibility of [[H. pylori]] testing.
* [[Endoscopy]] has a very important role in the follow-up of [[Barrett's esophagus]] and must be performed if the patient is at high risk for complications, of which one of the most severe is the [[esophageal cancer]].
**High Risk patient's for [[Barrett's esophagus]]: Men >50 years with chronic [[gastroesophageal reflux disease]] [[symptoms]] (>5 years), AND:<ref name="pmid23419381">{{cite journal| author=Katz PO, Gerson LB, Vela MF| title=Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. | journal=Am J Gastroenterol | year= 2013 | volume= 108 | issue= 3 | pages= 308-28; quiz 329 | pmid=23419381 | doi=10.1038/ajg.2012.444 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23419381 }} </ref>
***[[Nocturnal]] [[reflux]] [[symptoms]]
***[[Hiatal hernia]]
***Elevated [[body mass index]]
***[[Tobacco]] use
***Intra-abdominal distribution of fat
Patients presenting with [[Dysphagia]], [[bleeding]], [[anemia]], [[weight loss]] and recurrent [[vomiting]] must be considered for [[upper endoscopy]] investigation. [[Esophageal cancer]], and other severe diseases including [[esophagitis]] may be considered, the latter especially in [[HIV]] patients.<ref name="pmid30228725">{{cite journal| author=Clarrett DM, Hachem C| title=Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). | journal=Mo Med | year= 2018 | volume= 115 | issue= 3 | pages= 214-218 | pmid=30228725 | doi= | pmc=6140167 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30228725  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==
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{{Reflist|2}}
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[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:General practice]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
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[[Category:Infectious disease]]

Latest revision as of 14:06, 7 September 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: José Eduardo Riceto Loyola Junior, M.D.[2] Ahmed Elsaiey, MBBCH [3]

Overview

There are no other imaging findings associated with GERD. However, endoscopy may be used in screening for the complications associated with chronic GERD like barrett's esophagus.

Other Imaging Findings

Endoscopy

Patients presenting with Dysphagia, bleeding, anemia, weight loss and recurrent vomiting must be considered for upper endoscopy investigation. Esophageal cancer, and other severe diseases including esophagitis may be considered, the latter especially in HIV patients.[2]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Katz PO, Gerson LB, Vela MF (2013). "Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease". Am J Gastroenterol. 108 (3): 308–28, quiz 329. doi:10.1038/ajg.2012.444. PMID 23419381.
  2. Clarrett DM, Hachem C (2018). "Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)". Mo Med. 115 (3): 214–218. PMC 6140167. PMID 30228725.