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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| {{Heartburn}} | | {{Heartburn}} |
| {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{DY}} {{LRO}} | | {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Jose}} |
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| |
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| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| [[Heartburn]] is commonly caused by [[gastroesophageal reflux disease]] ([[GERD]]), including adverse reactions with various food and drugs. | | [[Heartburn]] is commonly caused by [[gastroesophageal reflux disease]] ([[GERD]]) or adverse reactions to various food and drugs, causing [[esophagitis]]. |
| Other causes are far less common, but some of them are potentially life-threatening.
| | Life threatening causes of [[heartburn]] are far less common and include [[acute coronary syndromes]] and [[esophageal cancer]]. |
| | |
| ==Causes== | | ==Causes== |
| <div style="-webkit-user-select: none;">
| |
| [[Heartburn]] is commonly caused by sources of [[acid reflux]], including adverse reactions with various food and drugs. <br>
| |
| [[Esophageal]] and [[gastrointestinal]] [[cancer]] are potentially life threatening causes of heartburn and require prompt diagnosis and management.
| |
|
| |
| ===Life Threatening Causes=== | | ===Life Threatening Causes=== |
| | | These causes present with [[chest pain]] that may present similarly to [[heartburn]] and also other clinical features that occur with [[heartburn]]: |
| *[[Esophagus cancer ]]
| | *[[Acute coronary syndrome]] |
| *[[Gastric lymphoma ]]
| | *[[Esophageal cancer]] |
| *[[Lymphoma]]
| | *[[Mediastinitis]] |
| *[[Stomach cancer ]] | |
| *[[Wilms tumor ]] | |
| *[[Zollinger-ellison syndrome]] | |
|
| |
|
| ===Common Causes=== | | ===Common Causes=== |
| | *[[Gastroesophageal reflux disease]] ([[GERD]])<ref name="pmid17345925">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Giorgi F, Palmiero M, Esposito I, Mosca F, Cuomo R |title=Pathophysiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease |journal=Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=241–6 |date=October 2006 |pmid=17345925 |pmc=2639970 |doi= |url=}}</ref> |
| | *[[Esophagitis]] <ref name="pmid16926745">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fennerty MB, Johnson DA |title=Heartburn severity does not predict disease severity in patients with erosive esophagitis |journal=MedGenMed |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=6 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16926745 |pmc=1785158 |doi= |url=}}</ref> |
| | *[[Hiatal hernia]]<ref name="pmid24917956">{{cite journal |vauthors=Karamanolis G, Polymeros D, Triantafyllou K, Adamopoulos A, Barbatzas C, Vafiadis I, Ladas SD |title=Hiatal hernia predisposes to nocturnal gastro-oesophageal reflux |journal=United European Gastroenterol J |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=169–74 |date=June 2013 |pmid=24917956 |pmc=4040758 |doi=10.1177/2050640613490295 |url=}}</ref> |
| | *Motility disorders (e.g., [[gastroparesis]]) |
| | *[[Peptic ulcer]] disorder |
| | *Lifestyle: |
| | **Exercise |
| | **Obesity |
| | **[[Smoking]] (tobacco) |
| | **[[Stress]] |
| | **Supine body position |
| | **tight-fitting clothing |
| | *Medications: |
| | **[[Alpha-adrenergic antagonist]]s |
| | **[[Anticholinergic]] agents |
| | **[[Aspirin]] and other [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]] |
| | **[[Beta2 -adrenergic drugs]] |
| | **[[Barbiturates]] |
| | **[[Benzodiazepines]] |
| | **[[Bisphosphonates]] |
| | **[[Calcium channel blockers]] |
| | **[[Chemotherapy]] |
| | **[[Dopamine]] |
| | **[[Estrogen]] |
| | **[[Iron]] |
| | **[[Narcotic analgesics]] |
| | **[[Nitrates]] |
| | **[[Potassium]] |
| | **[[Progesterone]] |
| | **[[Prostaglandins]] |
| | **[[Quinidine]] |
| | **[[Tetracycline]] |
| | **[[Theophylline]] |
| | **[[Tricyclic antidepressants]] |
| | **[[Zidovudine]] |
| | *Dietary: |
| | **[[Alcohol]] |
| | **Caffeinated beverages |
| | **Carbonated beverages |
| | **Chocolate |
| | **Citrus fruit or juices |
| | **Fatty foods |
| | **Garlic or onions |
| | **Mint (peppermint, spearmint) |
| | **Salt and salt substitutes |
| | **Spicy foods |
| | **Tomatoes/tomato juice |
| | *Other: |
| | **Genetics |
| | **Pregnancy<ref name="urlwww.worldgastroenterology.org">{{cite web |url=https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/UserFiles/file/WDHD-2015-handbook-final.pdf |title=www.worldgastroenterology.org |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> |
|
| |
|
| *[[Amines]]
| | ==Less Common Causes== |
| *[[Caffeine]]
| | *[[Scleroderma]] |
| *[[Methamphetamine ]]
| | *[[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]] |
| *[[Chocolate]]
| | *[[Pericarditis]] |
| *[[Citrus fruit]]
| |
| *[[Fatty foods ]]
| |
| *[[Food additives ]]
| |
| *[[Garlic]]
| |
| *[[Msg ]]
| |
| *[[Naproxen sodium]]
| |
| *[[Peanuts]]
| |
| *[[Peppermint ]]
| |
| *[[Red pepper ]]
| |
| *[[Sodas ]]
| |
| *[[Spicy foods]]
| |
| *[[Tomatoes ]]
| |
| *[[Wine]]
| |
| *[[Achalasia cardia]]
| |
| *[[Acute gastritis]]
| |
| *[[Celiac artery stenosis ]]
| |
| *[[Crohn's disease of the esophagus ]]
| |
| *[[Indigestion ]]
| |
| *[[Reflux ]]
| |
| *[[Sandifer syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Schatzki ring ]]
| |
| *[[Short bowel syndrome ]]
| |
| | |
| ===Causes by Organ System===
| |
| {| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
| |
| | style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular'''
| |
| | style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" |[[Celiac artery stenosis ]] , [[Diffuse systemic sclerosi ]] , [[Nocturnal heartburn ]] , [[Pylephlebitis ]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |[[1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane ]] , [[Acid regurgitation]], [[Alcohol]], [[Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency ]] , [[Callistin shellfish poisoning ]] , [[Citrus fruit]], [[Copper toxicity ]] , [[Niacin toxicity ]] , [[Nickel carbonyl ]] , [[Pollen food allergy syndrome ]] , [[Pyresmethrin ]] , [[Silafluofen ]] , [[Smoking]], [[Sodas ]] , [[Sulfite ]] , [[Tobacco products ]] , [[Tomatoes ]] , [[Vinyl choride]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| |'''Dental'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| |'''Dermatologic'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Scleroderma]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| |'''Drug Side Effect'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acrinathrin ]] , [[Alpha-cypermethrin ]] , [[Amines ]] , [[Barthrin ]] , [[Beta-cyfluthrin ]] , [[Beta-cypermethrin ]] , [[Bifenthrin ]] , [[Bioallethrin ]] , [[Bioehtanomethrin ]] , [[Biopermethrin ]] , [[Bioresmethrin]], [[Caffeine ]] , [[Cismethrin ]] , [[Cyclethrin ]] , [[Cyfluthrin ]] , [[Cyhalothrin ]] , [[Cyllprothrin ]] , [[Cyphenothrin ]] , [[Deltamethrin ]] , [[Dimefluthrin]], [[Dimethrin ]] , [[Empenthrin ]] , [[Esfenvalerate ]] , [[Fenfluthrin]], [[Fenpirithrin ]] , [[Fenpropathrin ]] , [[Fenvalerate ]] , [[Flucythrinate ]] , [[Flufenprox ]] , [[Flurbiprofen]], [[Fluvalinate ]] , [[Furethrin ]] , [[Gamma-cyhalothrin ]] , [[Glucosamine ]] , [[Halfenprox ]] , [[Ibuprofen]], [[Imiprothrin ]] , [[Indinavir]], [[Ketorolac tromethamine]], [[Lambda-cyhalothrin ]] , [[Methamphetamine ]] , [[Methylene dianiline ]] , [[Metofluthrin ]] , [[Oxaprozin]], [[Piroxicam]], [[Prallethrin ]] , [[Profluthrin ]] , [[Protrifenbute ]] , [[Pyrethroid ]] , [[Salicylate ]] , [[Tau-fluvalinate ]] , [[Tefluthrin ]] , [[Theta-cypermethrin ]] , [[Tolbutamide]], [[Tralomethrin ]] , [[Transfluthrin ]] , [[Transpermethrin]], [[Zeta-cypermethrin ]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| |'''Ear Nose Throat'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Achalasia cardia]], [[Sjogren's syndrome ]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| |'''Endocrine'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency ]] , [[Secondary hyperparathyroidism ]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| |'''Environmental'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| |'''Gastroenterologic'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Achalasia cardia]], [[Acute gastritis]], [[Acute oesophagitis]], [[Barrett esophagus ]] , [[Celiac artery stenosis ]] , [[Crohn's disease of the esophagus ]] , [[Decreased gastrointestinal motility ]] , [[Esophageal carcinoma ]] , [[Esophageal ulcer ]] , [[Esophagus cancer ]] , [[Gastric lymphoma ]] , [[Gastroesophageal reflux disease ]] , [[Gastrointestinal motility disorders]], [[Indigestion ]] , [[Janbon syndrome ]] , [[Microgastria short stature diabetes ]] , [[Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome]], [[Peptic ulcer]], [[Reflux ]] , [[Sandifer syndrome ]] , [[Schatzki ring ]] , [[Short bowel syndrome ]] , [[Stomach cancer ]] , [[Stomach emptying disorders]], [[Weak esophageal muscles]], [[Zieve syndrome ]] , [[Zollinger-ellison syndrome]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| |'''Genetic'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Bbb syndrome]], [[Brachmann-de lange syndrome ]] , [[Chromosome 12p tetrasomy syndrome ]] , [[Chromosome 1p deletion syndrome ]] , [[Chromosome 22q deletion syndrome ]] , [[Chromosome 9q deletion syndrome ]] , [[Congenital microgastria limb reduction defect ]] , [[Cornelia de lange syndrome 1 ]] , [[Deletion of the short arm of chromosome 1 ]] , [[Emanuel syndrome]], [[Hypertelorism]], [[Nyssen-van bogaert syndrome ]] , [[Opitz syndrome ]] , [[Pallister-killian syndrome]], [[Smith-lemli-opitz syndrome ]] , [[Wagr syndrome ]] , [[Worster drought syndrome ]] , [[X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome ]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| |'''Hematologic'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency ]] , [[Familial infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy ]] , [[Microgastria short stature diabetes ]] , [[Velocardiofacial syndrome ]] , [[Wilms tumor ]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| |'''Iatrogenic'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| |'''Infectious Disease'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Ankylostomiasis ]] , [[Fascioliasis ]] , [[Helicobacter pylori bacteria]], [[Pylephlebitis ]] , [[Strongyloidiasis ]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| |'''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Congenital microgastria limb reduction defect ]] , [[Rest syndrome]], [[Spastic paraplegia 9]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| |'''Neurologic'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Mental retardation]], [[Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome]], [[Polyneuropathy ]] , [[Rest syndrome]], [[Sleep apnea syndromes ]] , [[Spastic paraplegia 9]], [[X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome ]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| |'''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Chocolate]], [[Citrus fruit]], [[Fatty foods ]] , [[Food additives ]] , [[Garlic]], [[Msg ]] , [[Naproxen sodium]], [[Peanuts]], [[Peppermint ]] , [[Red pepper ]] , [[Sodas ]] , [[Spicy foods]], [[Tomatoes ]] , [[Wine]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| |'''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Pregnancy]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| |'''Oncologic'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Esophagus cancer ]] , [[Gastric lymphoma ]] , [[Lymphoma]], [[Stomach cancer ]] , [[Wilms tumor ]] , [[Zollinger-ellison syndrome]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| |'''Ophthalmologic'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| |'''Overdose/Toxicity'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Alcohol]], [[Caffeine ]] , [[Peanuts]], [[Peppermint ]] , [[Pollen food allergy syndrome ]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| |'''Psychiatric'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Stress]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| |'''Pulmonary'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Mediastinitis ]] , [[Sleep apnea syndromes ]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| |'''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| |'''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Allergenic cross-reactivity ]] , [[Gluten allergy ]] , [[Grain-based foods]], [[Scleroderma ]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| |'''Sexual'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| |'''Trauma'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Hiatus hernia]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| |'''Urologic'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Hypospadias]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| |'''Miscellaneous'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| ===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
| |
| {{columns-list|
| |
| *[[1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane ]]
| |
| *[[Achalasia cardia]]
| |
| *[[Acid regurgitation]]
| |
| *[[Acrinathrin ]]
| |
| *[[Acute gastritis]]
| |
| *[[Acute oesophagitis]]
| |
| *[[Alcohol]]
| |
| *[[Allergenic cross-reactivity ]]
| |
| *[[Alpha-cypermethrin ]]
| |
| *[[Amines ]]
| |
| *[[Ankylostomiasis ]]
| |
| *[[Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency ]]
| |
| *[[Barrett esophagus ]]
| |
| *[[Barrett syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Barthrin ]]
| |
| *[[Bbb syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Beta-cyfluthrin ]]
| |
| *[[Beta-cypermethrin ]]
| |
| *[[Bifenthrin ]]
| |
| *[[Bioallethrin ]]
| |
| *[[Bioehtanomethrin ]]
| |
| *[[Biopermethrin ]]
| |
| *[[Bioresmethrin]]
| |
| *[[Brachmann-de lange syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Caffeine ]]
| |
| *[[Callistin shellfish poisoning ]]
| |
| *[[Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency ]]
| |
| *[[Celiac artery stenosis ]]
| |
| *[[Chocolate]]
| |
| *[[Chromosome 12p tetrasomy syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Chromosome 1p deletion syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Chromosome 22q deletion syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Chromosome 9q deletion syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Cismethrin ]]
| |
| *[[Citrus fruit]]
| |
| *[[Congenital microgastria limb reduction defect ]]
| |
| *[[Copper toxicity ]]
| |
| *[[Cornelia de lange syndrome 1 ]]
| |
| *[[Crohn's disease of the esophagus ]]
| |
| *[[Cyclethrin ]]
| |
| *[[Cyfluthrin ]]
| |
| *[[Cyhalothrin ]]
| |
| *[[Cyllprothrin ]]
| |
| *[[Cyphenothrin ]]
| |
| *[[Decreased gastrointestinal motility ]]
| |
| *[[Deletion of the short arm of chromosome 1 ]]
| |
| *[[Deltamethrin ]]
| |
| *[[Diffuse systemic sclerosi ]]
| |
| *[[Dimefluthrin]]
| |
| *[[Dimethrin ]]
| |
| *[[Emanuel syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Empenthrin ]]
| |
| *[[Esfenvalerate ]]
| |
| *[[Esophageal carcinoma ]]
| |
| *[[Esophageal ulcer ]]
| |
| *[[Esophagus cancer ]]
| |
| *[[Familial infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy ]]
| |
| *[[Fascioliasis ]]
| |
| *[[Fatty foods ]]
| |
| *[[Fenfluthrin]]
| |
| *[[Fenpirithrin ]] | |
| *[[Fenpropathrin ]]
| |
| *[[Fenvalerate ]]
| |
| *[[Flucythrinate ]]
| |
| *[[Flufenprox ]]
| |
| *[[Flurbiprofen]]
| |
| *[[Fluvalinate ]]
| |
| *[[Food additives ]]
| |
| *[[Furethrin ]]
| |
| *[[Gamma-cyhalothrin ]]
| |
| *[[Garlic]]
| |
| *[[Gastric lymphoma ]]
| |
| *[[Gastroesophageal reflux disease ]]
| |
| *[[Gastrointestinal motility disorders]]
| |
| *[[Glucosamine ]]
| |
| *[[Gluten allergy ]]
| |
| *[[Grain-based foods]]
| |
| *[[Halfenprox ]]
| |
| *[[Helicobacter pylori bacteria]]
| |
| *[[Hiatus hernia]]
| |
| *[[Hypertelorism]]
| |
| *[[Hypospadias ]]
| |
| *[[Ibuprofen]]
| |
| *[[Imiprothrin ]]
| |
| *[[Indigestion ]]
| |
| *[[Indinavir]]
| |
| *[[Janbon syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Ketorolac tromethamine]]
| |
| *[[Lambda-cyhalothrin ]]
| |
| *[[Lymphoma]]
| |
| *[[Mediastinitis ]]
| |
| *[[Mental retardation]]
| |
| *[[Methamphetamine ]]
| |
| *[[Methylene dianiline ]]
| |
| *[[Metofluthrin ]]
| |
| *[[Microgastria short stature diabetes ]]
| |
| *[[Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Msg ]]
| |
| *[[Naproxen sodium]]
| |
| *[[Niacin toxicity ]]
| |
| *[[Nickel carbonyl ]]
| |
| *[[Nocturnal heartburn ]]
| |
| *[[Nyssen-van bogaert syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Opitz syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Oxaprozin]]
| |
| *[[Pallister-killian syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Peanuts]]
| |
| *[[Peppermint ]]
| |
| *[[Peptic ulcer]]
| |
| *[[Piroxicam]]
| |
| *[[Pollen food allergy syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Polyneuropathy ]]
| |
| *[[Prallethrin ]]
| |
| *[[Pregnancy]]
| |
| *[[Profluthrin ]]
| |
| *[[Protrifenbute ]]
| |
| *[[Pylephlebitis ]]
| |
| *[[Pyresmethrin ]]
| |
| *[[Pyrethroid ]]
| |
| *[[Red pepper ]]
| |
| *[[Reflux ]]
| |
| *[[Rest syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Salicylate ]]
| |
| *[[Sandifer syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Schatzki ring ]]
| |
| *[[Scleroderma ]]
| |
| *[[Secondary hyperparathyroidism ]]
| |
| *[[Short bowel syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Silafluofen ]]
| |
| *[[Sjogren's syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Sleep apnea syndromes ]]
| |
| *[[Smith-lemli-opitz syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Smoking]]
| |
| *[[Sodas ]]
| |
| *[[Spastic paraplegia 9]]
| |
| *[[Spicy foods]]
| |
| *[[Stomach cancer ]]
| |
| *[[Stomach emptying disorders]]
| |
| *[[Stress]]
| |
| *[[Strongyloidiasis ]]
| |
| *[[Sulfite ]]
| |
| *[[Tau-fluvalinate ]]
| |
| *[[Tefluthrin ]]
| |
| *[[Theta-cypermethrin ]]
| |
| *[[Tobacco products ]]
| |
| *[[Tolbutamide]]
| |
| *[[Tomatoes ]]
| |
| *[[Tralomethrin ]]
| |
| *[[Transfluthrin ]]
| |
| *[[Transpermethrin]]
| |
| *[[Velocardiofacial syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Vinyl choride]]
| |
| *[[Wagr syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Weak esophageal muscles]]
| |
| *[[Wilms tumor ]]
| |
| *[[Wine]]
| |
| *[[Worster drought syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Zeta-cypermethrin ]]
| |
| *[[Zieve syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Zollinger-ellison syndrome]]
| |
| }}
| |
| </div>
| |
|
| |
|
| ==References== | | ==References== |
| Line 335: |
Line 76: |
| [[Category:Gastroenterology]] | | [[Category:Gastroenterology]] |
| [[Category:Digestive disease symptoms]] | | [[Category:Digestive disease symptoms]] |
| | [[Category:Up-To-Date]] |