Heartburn causes: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
 
(21 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Heartburn}}
{{Heartburn}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{DY}} {{LRO}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Jose}}


==Overview==
[[Heartburn]] is commonly caused by [[gastroesophageal reflux disease]] ([[GERD]]) or adverse reactions to various food and drugs, causing [[esophagitis]].
Life threatening causes of [[heartburn]] are far less common and include [[acute coronary syndromes]] and [[esophageal cancer]].
==Causes==
==Causes==
<div style="-webkit-user-select: none;">
Heart is commonly caused by sources of [[acid reflux]], including adverse reactions with various food and drugs. [[Esophageal]] and [[gastrointestinal]] [[cancer]] are potentially life threatening causes of heartburn and require prompt diagnosis and management.
===Life Threatening Causes===
===Life Threatening Causes===
 
These causes present with [[chest pain]] that may present similarly to [[heartburn]] and also other clinical features that occur with [[heartburn]]:
*[[Esophagus cancer ]]
*[[Acute coronary syndrome]]
*[[Gastric lymphoma ]]
*[[Esophageal cancer]]
*[[Lymphoma]]
*[[Mediastinitis]]
*[[Stomach cancer ]]
*[[Wilms tumor ]]
*[[Zollinger-ellison syndrome]]


===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
*[[Gastroesophageal reflux disease]] ([[GERD]])<ref name="pmid17345925">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Giorgi F, Palmiero M, Esposito I, Mosca F, Cuomo R |title=Pathophysiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease |journal=Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=241–6 |date=October 2006 |pmid=17345925 |pmc=2639970 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Esophagitis]] <ref name="pmid16926745">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fennerty MB, Johnson DA |title=Heartburn severity does not predict disease severity in patients with erosive esophagitis |journal=MedGenMed |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=6 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16926745 |pmc=1785158 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Hiatal hernia]]<ref name="pmid24917956">{{cite journal |vauthors=Karamanolis G, Polymeros D, Triantafyllou K, Adamopoulos A, Barbatzas C, Vafiadis I, Ladas SD |title=Hiatal hernia predisposes to nocturnal gastro-oesophageal reflux |journal=United European Gastroenterol J |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=169–74 |date=June 2013 |pmid=24917956 |pmc=4040758 |doi=10.1177/2050640613490295 |url=}}</ref>
*Motility disorders (e.g., [[gastroparesis]])
*[[Peptic ulcer]] disorder
*Lifestyle:
**Exercise
**Obesity
**[[Smoking]] (tobacco)
**[[Stress]]
**Supine body position
**tight-fitting clothing
*Medications:
**[[Alpha-adrenergic antagonist]]s
**[[Anticholinergic]] agents
**[[Aspirin]] and other [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]]
**[[Beta2 -adrenergic drugs]]
**[[Barbiturates]]
**[[Benzodiazepines]]
**[[Bisphosphonates]]
**[[Calcium channel blockers]]
**[[Chemotherapy]]
**[[Dopamine]]
**[[Estrogen]]
**[[Iron]]
**[[Narcotic analgesics]]
**[[Nitrates]]
**[[Potassium]]
**[[Progesterone]]
**[[Prostaglandins]]
**[[Quinidine]]
**[[Tetracycline]]
**[[Theophylline]]
**[[Tricyclic antidepressants]]
**[[Zidovudine]]
*Dietary:
**[[Alcohol]]
**Caffeinated beverages
**Carbonated beverages
**Chocolate
**Citrus fruit or juices
**Fatty foods
**Garlic or onions
**Mint (peppermint, spearmint)
**Salt and salt substitutes
**Spicy foods
**Tomatoes/tomato juice
*Other:
**Genetics
**Pregnancy<ref name="urlwww.worldgastroenterology.org">{{cite web |url=https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/UserFiles/file/WDHD-2015-handbook-final.pdf |title=www.worldgastroenterology.org |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>


*[[Amines]]
==Less Common Causes==
*[[Caffeine]]
*[[Scleroderma]]
*[[Methamphetamine ]]
*[[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]]
*[[Chocolate]]
*[[Pericarditis]]
*[[Citrus fruit]]
*[[Fatty foods ]]
*[[Food additives ]]
*[[Garlic]]
*[[Msg ]]
*[[Naproxen sodium]]
*[[Peanuts]]
*[[Peppermint ]]
*[[Red pepper ]]
*[[Sodas ]]
*[[Spicy foods]]
*[[Tomatoes ]]
*[[Wine]]
*[[Achalasia cardia]]
*[[Acute gastritis]]
*[[Celiac artery stenosis ]]
*[[Crohn's disease of the esophagus ]]
*[[Indigestion ]]
*[[Reflux ]]
*[[Sandifer syndrome ]]
*[[Schatzki ring ]]
*[[Short bowel syndrome ]]


===Causes by Organ System===
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" |[[Celiac artery stenosis ]] ,  [[Diffuse systemic sclerosi ]] ,  [[Nocturnal heartburn ]] ,  [[Pylephlebitis ]]
|-
| bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane ]] ,  [[Acid regurgitation]],  [[Alcohol]],  [[Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency ]] ,  [[Callistin shellfish poisoning ]] ,  [[Citrus fruit]],  [[Copper toxicity ]] ,  [[Niacin toxicity ]] ,  [[Nickel carbonyl ]] ,  [[Pollen food allergy syndrome ]] ,  [[Pyresmethrin ]] ,  [[Silafluofen ]] ,  [[Smoking]],  [[Sodas ]] ,  [[Sulfite ]] ,  [[Tobacco products ]] ,  [[Tomatoes ]] ,  [[Vinyl choride]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|'''Dental'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|'''Dermatologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Scleroderma]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|'''Drug Side Effect'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acrinathrin ]] ,  [[Alpha-cypermethrin ]] ,  [[Amines ]] ,  [[Barthrin ]] ,  [[Beta-cyfluthrin ]] ,  [[Beta-cypermethrin ]] ,  [[Bifenthrin ]] ,  [[Bioallethrin ]] ,  [[Bioehtanomethrin ]] ,  [[Biopermethrin ]] ,  [[Bioresmethrin]],  [[Caffeine ]] ,  [[Cismethrin ]] ,  [[Cyclethrin ]] ,  [[Cyfluthrin ]] ,  [[Cyhalothrin ]] ,  [[Cyllprothrin ]] ,  [[Cyphenothrin ]] ,  [[Deltamethrin ]] ,  [[Dimefluthrin]],  [[Dimethrin ]] ,  [[Empenthrin ]] ,  [[Esfenvalerate ]] ,  [[Fenfluthrin]],  [[Fenpirithrin ]] ,  [[Fenpropathrin ]] ,  [[Fenvalerate ]] ,  [[Flucythrinate ]] ,  [[Flufenprox ]] ,  [[Flurbiprofen]],  [[Fluvalinate ]] ,  [[Furethrin ]] ,  [[Gamma-cyhalothrin ]] ,  [[Glucosamine ]] ,  [[Halfenprox ]] ,  [[Ibuprofen]],  [[Imiprothrin ]] ,  [[Indinavir]],  [[Ketorolac tromethamine]],  [[Lambda-cyhalothrin ]] ,  [[Methamphetamine ]] ,  [[Methylene dianiline ]] ,  [[Metofluthrin ]] ,  [[Oxaprozin]],  [[Piroxicam]],  [[Prallethrin ]] ,  [[Profluthrin ]] ,  [[Protrifenbute ]] ,  [[Pyrethroid ]] ,  [[Salicylate ]] ,  [[Tau-fluvalinate ]] ,  [[Tefluthrin ]] ,  [[Theta-cypermethrin ]] ,  [[Tolbutamide]],  [[Tralomethrin ]] ,  [[Transfluthrin ]] ,  [[Transpermethrin]],  [[Zeta-cypermethrin ]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|'''Ear Nose Throat'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Achalasia cardia]],  [[Sjogren's syndrome ]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|'''Endocrine'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency ]] ,  [[Secondary hyperparathyroidism ]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|'''Environmental'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|'''Gastroenterologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Achalasia cardia]],  [[Acute gastritis]],  [[Acute oesophagitis]],  [[Barrett esophagus ]] ,  [[Celiac artery stenosis ]] ,  [[Crohn's disease of the esophagus ]] ,  [[Decreased gastrointestinal motility ]] ,  [[Esophageal carcinoma ]] ,  [[Esophageal ulcer ]] ,  [[Esophagus cancer ]] ,  [[Gastric lymphoma ]] ,  [[Gastroesophageal reflux disease ]] ,  [[Gastrointestinal motility disorders]],  [[Indigestion ]] ,  [[Janbon syndrome ]] ,  [[Microgastria short stature diabetes ]] ,  [[Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome]],  [[Peptic ulcer]],  [[Reflux ]] ,  [[Sandifer syndrome ]] ,  [[Schatzki ring ]] ,  [[Short bowel syndrome ]] ,  [[Stomach cancer ]] ,  [[Stomach emptying disorders]],  [[Weak esophageal muscles]],  [[Zieve syndrome ]] ,  [[Zollinger-ellison syndrome]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|'''Genetic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Bbb syndrome]],  [[Brachmann-de lange syndrome ]] ,  [[Chromosome 12p tetrasomy syndrome ]] ,  [[Chromosome 1p deletion syndrome ]] ,  [[Chromosome 22q deletion syndrome ]] ,  [[Chromosome 9q deletion syndrome ]] ,  [[Congenital microgastria limb reduction defect ]] ,  [[Cornelia de lange syndrome 1 ]] ,  [[Deletion of the short arm of chromosome 1 ]] ,  [[Emanuel syndrome]],  [[Hypertelorism]],  [[Nyssen-van bogaert syndrome ]] ,  [[Opitz syndrome ]] ,  [[Pallister-killian syndrome]],  [[Smith-lemli-opitz syndrome ]] ,  [[Wagr syndrome ]] ,  [[Worster drought syndrome ]] ,  [[X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome ]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|'''Hematologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency ]] ,  [[Familial infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy ]] ,  [[Microgastria short stature diabetes ]] ,  [[Velocardiofacial syndrome ]] ,  [[Wilms tumor ]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|'''Iatrogenic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|'''Infectious Disease'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Ankylostomiasis ]] ,  [[Fascioliasis ]] ,  [[Helicobacter pylori bacteria]],  [[Pylephlebitis ]] ,  [[Strongyloidiasis ]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|'''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Congenital microgastria limb reduction defect ]] ,  [[Rest syndrome]],  [[Spastic paraplegia 9]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|'''Neurologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Mental retardation]],  [[Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome]],  [[Polyneuropathy ]] ,  [[Rest syndrome]],  [[Sleep apnea syndromes ]] ,  [[Spastic paraplegia 9]],  [[X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome ]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|'''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Chocolate]],  [[Citrus fruit]],  [[Fatty foods ]] ,  [[Food additives ]] ,  [[Garlic]],  [[Msg ]] ,  [[Naproxen sodium]],  [[Peanuts]],  [[Peppermint ]] ,  [[Red pepper ]] ,  [[Sodas ]] ,  [[Spicy foods]],  [[Tomatoes ]] ,  [[Wine]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|'''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Pregnancy]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|'''Oncologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Esophagus cancer ]] ,  [[Gastric lymphoma ]] ,  [[Lymphoma]],  [[Stomach cancer ]] ,  [[Wilms tumor ]] ,  [[Zollinger-ellison syndrome]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|'''Ophthalmologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|'''Overdose/Toxicity'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Alcohol]],  [[Caffeine ]] ,  [[Peanuts]],  [[Peppermint ]] ,  [[Pollen food allergy syndrome ]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|'''Psychiatric'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Stress]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|'''Pulmonary'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Mediastinitis ]] ,  [[Sleep apnea syndromes ]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|'''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|'''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Allergenic cross-reactivity ]] ,  [[Gluten allergy ]] ,  [[Grain-based foods]],  [[Scleroderma ]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|'''Sexual'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|'''Trauma'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Hiatus hernia]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|'''Urologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Hypospadias]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|'''Miscellaneous'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|}
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{columns-list|
*[[1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane ]]
*[[Achalasia cardia]]
*[[Acid regurgitation]]
*[[Acrinathrin ]]
*[[Acute gastritis]]
*[[Acute oesophagitis]]
*[[Alcohol]]
*[[Allergenic cross-reactivity ]]
*[[Alpha-cypermethrin ]]
*[[Amines ]]
*[[Ankylostomiasis ]]
*[[Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency ]]
*[[Barrett esophagus ]]
*[[Barrett syndrome ]]
*[[Barthrin ]]
*[[Bbb syndrome]]
*[[Beta-cyfluthrin ]]
*[[Beta-cypermethrin ]]
*[[Bifenthrin ]]
*[[Bioallethrin ]]
*[[Bioehtanomethrin ]]
*[[Biopermethrin ]]
*[[Bioresmethrin]]
*[[Brachmann-de lange syndrome ]]
*[[Caffeine ]]
*[[Callistin shellfish poisoning ]]
*[[Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency ]]
*[[Celiac artery stenosis ]]
*[[Chocolate]]
*[[Chromosome 12p tetrasomy syndrome ]]
*[[Chromosome 1p deletion syndrome ]]
*[[Chromosome 22q deletion syndrome ]]
*[[Chromosome 9q deletion syndrome ]]
*[[Cismethrin ]]
*[[Citrus fruit]]
*[[Congenital microgastria limb reduction defect ]]
*[[Copper toxicity ]]
*[[Cornelia de lange syndrome 1 ]]
*[[Crohn's disease of the esophagus ]]
*[[Cyclethrin ]]
*[[Cyfluthrin ]]
*[[Cyhalothrin ]]
*[[Cyllprothrin ]]
*[[Cyphenothrin ]]
*[[Decreased gastrointestinal motility ]]
*[[Deletion of the short arm of chromosome 1 ]]
*[[Deltamethrin ]]
*[[Diffuse systemic sclerosi ]]
*[[Dimefluthrin]]
*[[Dimethrin ]]
*[[Emanuel syndrome]]
*[[Empenthrin ]]
*[[Esfenvalerate ]]
*[[Esophageal carcinoma ]]
*[[Esophageal ulcer ]]
*[[Esophagus cancer ]]
*[[Familial infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy ]]
*[[Fascioliasis ]]
*[[Fatty foods ]]
*[[Fenfluthrin]]
*[[Fenpirithrin ]]
*[[Fenpropathrin ]]
*[[Fenvalerate ]]
*[[Flucythrinate ]]
*[[Flufenprox ]]
*[[Flurbiprofen]]
*[[Fluvalinate ]]
*[[Food additives ]]
*[[Furethrin ]]
*[[Gamma-cyhalothrin ]]
*[[Garlic]]
*[[Gastric lymphoma ]]
*[[Gastroesophageal reflux disease ]]
*[[Gastrointestinal motility disorders]]
*[[Glucosamine ]]
*[[Gluten allergy ]]
*[[Grain-based foods]]
*[[Halfenprox ]]
*[[Helicobacter pylori bacteria]]
*[[Hiatus hernia]]
*[[Hypertelorism]]
*[[Hypospadias ]]
*[[Ibuprofen]]
*[[Imiprothrin ]]
*[[Indigestion ]]
*[[Indinavir]]
*[[Janbon syndrome ]]
*[[Ketorolac tromethamine]]
*[[Lambda-cyhalothrin ]]
*[[Lymphoma]]
*[[Mediastinitis ]]
*[[Mental retardation]]
*[[Methamphetamine ]]
*[[Methylene dianiline ]]
*[[Metofluthrin ]]
*[[Microgastria short stature diabetes ]]
*[[Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome]]
*[[Msg ]]
*[[Naproxen sodium]]
*[[Niacin toxicity ]]
*[[Nickel carbonyl ]]
*[[Nocturnal heartburn ]]
*[[Nyssen-van bogaert syndrome ]]
*[[Opitz syndrome ]]
*[[Oxaprozin]]
*[[Pallister-killian syndrome]]
*[[Peanuts]]
*[[Peppermint ]]
*[[Peptic ulcer]]
*[[Piroxicam]]
*[[Pollen food allergy syndrome ]]
*[[Polyneuropathy ]]
*[[Prallethrin ]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Profluthrin ]]
*[[Protrifenbute ]]
*[[Pylephlebitis ]]
*[[Pyresmethrin ]]
*[[Pyrethroid ]]
*[[Red pepper ]]
*[[Reflux ]]
*[[Rest syndrome]]
*[[Salicylate ]]
*[[Sandifer syndrome ]]
*[[Schatzki ring ]]
*[[Scleroderma ]]
*[[Secondary hyperparathyroidism ]]
*[[Short bowel syndrome ]]
*[[Silafluofen ]]
*[[Sjogren's syndrome ]]
*[[Sleep apnea syndromes ]]
*[[Smith-lemli-opitz syndrome ]]
*[[Smoking]]
*[[Sodas ]]
*[[Spastic paraplegia 9]]
*[[Spicy foods]]
*[[Stomach cancer ]]
*[[Stomach emptying disorders]]
*[[Stress]]
*[[Strongyloidiasis ]]
*[[Sulfite ]]
*[[Tau-fluvalinate ]]
*[[Tefluthrin ]]
*[[Theta-cypermethrin ]]
*[[Tobacco products ]]
*[[Tolbutamide]]
*[[Tomatoes ]]
*[[Tralomethrin ]]
*[[Transfluthrin ]]
*[[Transpermethrin]]
*[[Velocardiofacial syndrome ]]
*[[Vinyl choride]]
*[[Wagr syndrome ]]
*[[Weak esophageal muscles]]
*[[Wilms tumor ]]
*[[Wine]]
*[[Worster drought syndrome ]]
*[[X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome ]]
*[[Zeta-cypermethrin ]]
*[[Zieve syndrome ]]
*[[Zollinger-ellison syndrome]]
}}
</div>
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}


[[Category:General practice]]
[[Category:General practice]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Digestive disease symptoms]]
[[Category:Digestive disease symptoms]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]

Latest revision as of 15:10, 28 September 2020

Heartburn Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Heartburn from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

CT-Scan

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Heartburn causes On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Heartburn causes

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA onHeartburn causes

CDC on Heartburn causes

Heartburn causes in the news

Blogs on Heartburn causes

Directions to Hospitals Treating Heartburn

Risk calculators and risk factors for Heartburn causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: José Eduardo Riceto Loyola Junior, M.D.[2]

Overview

Heartburn is commonly caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or adverse reactions to various food and drugs, causing esophagitis. Life threatening causes of heartburn are far less common and include acute coronary syndromes and esophageal cancer.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

These causes present with chest pain that may present similarly to heartburn and also other clinical features that occur with heartburn:

Common Causes

Less Common Causes

References

  1. De Giorgi F, Palmiero M, Esposito I, Mosca F, Cuomo R (October 2006). "Pathophysiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease". Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 26 (5): 241–6. PMC 2639970. PMID 17345925.
  2. Fennerty MB, Johnson DA (April 2006). "Heartburn severity does not predict disease severity in patients with erosive esophagitis". MedGenMed. 8 (2): 6. PMC 1785158. PMID 16926745.
  3. Karamanolis G, Polymeros D, Triantafyllou K, Adamopoulos A, Barbatzas C, Vafiadis I, Ladas SD (June 2013). "Hiatal hernia predisposes to nocturnal gastro-oesophageal reflux". United European Gastroenterol J. 1 (3): 169–74. doi:10.1177/2050640613490295. PMC 4040758. PMID 24917956.
  4. "www.worldgastroenterology.org" (PDF).