HIV AIDS epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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{{AIDS}}
{{AIDS}}


{{CMG}} ; {{AE}} {{Ammu}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{IQ}}{{Ammu}}
{{main|AIDS pandemic}}
{{main|AIDS pandemic}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
HIV is now a [[pandemic]]. In 2007, an estimated 33.2&nbsp;million people lived with the disease worldwide, and it claimed the lives of an estimated 2.1&nbsp;million people, including 330,000 children. Over three-fourths of these deaths occurred in sub-Saharan Africa, retarding economic growth and destroying human capital. [[antiretroviral drug|Antiretroviral]] treatment reduces both the [[Mortality rate|mortality]] and the morbidity of HIV infection, but routine access to antiretroviral [[medication]] is not available in all countries.<ref name=Palella>{{
HIV is a global [[pandemic]]. In 2013, an estimated 35 million people were living with the disease worldwide. An estimated 39 million people have died from [[AIDS]] or AIDS-related causes, including and approximate 1.5 million patients in 2013 alone. Over three-fourths of these deaths are confined to Sub-Saharan Africa. Owing to the development and success of [[HIV AIDS medical therapy|ART]] over the past 25 years, the population of individuals with [[HIV AIDS|HIV infection]] is [[aging]]. Despite advances in antiretroviral therapy ([[HIV AIDS medical therapy|ART]]) and reduction of both the [[Mortality rate|mortality]] and the [[morbidity]] of HIV infection with regular use of these agents, routine access to ART is not available in all countries.<ref name="Palella">{{cite journal
<nowiki>|</nowiki> author=Palella FJ Jr, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, et al
<nowiki>|</nowiki> title=Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators
<nowiki>| journal=N. Engl. J. Med |</nowiki> year=1998 | pages=853&ndash;860 | volume=338 | issue=13
| pmid=9516219 </ref> At the end of 2013, 11.7 million people were receiving ART in low- and middle-income countries representing 36% of people living with [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] in these countries. In 2015,the number of new HIV cases in New York City fell below 2,500  for the first time since the beginning of the [[HIV AIDS|AIDS]] [[epidemic]] in 1981.


cite journal
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
| author=Palella FJ Jr, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, et al
===Incidence===
| title=Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators
 
| journal=N. Engl. J. Med | year=1998 | pages=853&ndash;860 | volume=338 | issue=13
*[[HIV AIDS|HIV/AIDS]] was first reported in the early 1980s.<ref name="pmid6815471">{{cite journal| author=Centers for Disease Control (CDC)| title=Update on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)--United States. | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | year= 1982 | volume= 31 | issue= 37 | pages= 507-8, 513-4 | pmid=6815471 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6815471  }}</ref>
| pmid=9516219
*In 2005, approximately 5 million people were newly infected with HIV and approximately 3 million people with [[AIDS]] died, an increase from 2004 and the highest number since 1981 (UNAIDS, 2005).
*Between 2011 and 2017, among patients receiving standard [[HIV AIDS medical therapy|ART]] regimens, the difference in the incidence of death at 5 years after diagnosis between patients receiving ART and age-matched controls was just 2.7%.<ref name="pmid34077645">{{cite journal| author=Saag MS| title=HIV Infection - Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2021 | volume= 384 | issue= 22 | pages= 2131-2143 | pmid=34077645 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1915826 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=34077645  }}</ref>
*In 2013, approximately 6000 new individuals were infected with [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] every day . <ref name="WHO">{{cite web | title = WHO 2013 statistics  | url =http://www.who.int/hiv/data/epi_core_dec2014.png?ua=1 }}</ref>
*In 2014, approximately 37,600 Americans became newly infected with [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]].
*In 2015, an estimated 44% of new infections occurred among key populations and their partners.
*Between 2000 and 2016, new [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] infections fell by 39% due to the [[HIV AIDS medical therapy|antiretroviral therapy]].
*In 2016, approximately 36.7 million people were found to be infected with [[HIV]] and among them 1.8 million people were newly infected with HIV.
*In 2018, approximately 38,000 new [[HIV]] cases were detected in the United States.
*Between 2014 and 2018, the incidence of HIV cases in adolescents and adults decreased by only 7%.<ref name="pmid28174911">{{cite journal| author=Peters H, Francis K, Sconza R, Horn A, S Peckham C, Tookey PA | display-authors=etal| title=UK Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission Rates Continue to Decline: 2012-2014. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2017 | volume= 64 | issue= 4 | pages= 527-528 | pmid=28174911 | doi=10.1093/cid/ciw791 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28174911  }}</ref>


}}</ref>
[[File: HIV incidence.PNG|center|thumb|700px|Estimated New HIV Infections– By HIV.govSource: https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and-trends/statistics]]


HIV/AIDS [[social stigma|stigma]] is more severe than that associated with some other life-threatening conditions and extends beyond the disease itself to providers and even volunteers involved with the care of people living with HIV.<ref name=Snyder>{{
===Prevalence===
cite journal |
| author=Snyder M, Omoto AM, Crain AL |
| title=Punished for their good deeds: stigmatization for AIDS volunteers |
| journal=American Behavioral Scientist | year=1999 | pages=1175&ndash;1192 | volume=42 | issue=7 | doi=10.1177/0002764299042007009
}}</ref>


In 2010, an estimated 34 million people were living with HIV, of whom more than 30 million were living in low- and middle-income countries.
*More than 1.1 million people in the U.S. are living with HIV today, and 1 in 7 of them do not know it.


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
[[Image: HIV adult prevalence 2016.png|center|thumb|700 px|Prevalence of HIV among adults aged 15 to 49, 2016 – By WHO region.Source: http://www.who.int/gho/hiv/en/]]
===Incidence===
[[Image: HIV all 2016.png|center|thumb|700 px|Estimated number of people living with HIV, 2016– By WHO regionSource: http://www.who.int/gho/hiv/en/]]
In 2005, approximately 5 million people were newly infected with HIV and approximately 3 million people with AIDS died, an increase from 2004 and the highest number since 1981 (UNAIDS, 2005).
In 2013, approximately 6000 new individuals were infected with HIV every day . <ref name=WHO>{{cite web | title = WHO 2013 statistics  | url =http://www.who.int/hiv/data/epi_core_dec2014.png?ua=1 }}</ref>
*About 700 were in children under 15 years of age.
*68% of those were in Sub Saharan Africa.
*About 5200 were adults ages 15 years or older of whom:
:*About 33% were among young people (15-24)
:*Almost 47% were among women


[[File:Estimated number of adults and children newly infected with HIV2013.png|thumb|center|700px| <SMALL><SMALL> ''[(http://www.who.int/hiv/data/en/)]''<ref name="WHO">{{Cite web | title = World health organization (WHO) |http://www.who.int/hiv/data/en/ url = }}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>]]


===Prevalence===
UNAIDS and the WHO estimate that AIDS has killed more than 25 million people since it was first recognized in 1981, making it one of the most destructive epidemics in recorded history.
[[File:Adults and children estimated to be living with HIV2013.png|thumb|center|700px| <SMALL><SMALL> ''[(http://www.who.int/hiv/data/en/)]''<ref name="WHO">{{Cite web | title = World health organization (WHO) |http://www.who.int/hiv/data/en/ url = }}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>]]
<br>
'''In 2013, the prevalence estimates were as follows:'''
'''In 2013, the prevalence estimates were as follows:'''
*Total = 35 million
*Total = 35 million
*Adults = 31.8 million
*Adults = 31.8 million
*Women = 16 million
*Women = 16 million
*Children (<15 years) = 3.2 million
*Children (<15 years) = 3.2 million
[[File:Regional HIV and AIDS statistics and features2013.png|thumb|center|700px| <SMALL><SMALL> ''[(http://www.who.int/hiv/data/en/)]''<ref name="WHO">{{Cite web | title = World health organization (WHO) |http://www.who.int/hiv/data/en/ url = }}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>]]


===Age===
===Age===
Globally, an estimated 2.5 million children are living with HIV. An estimated 400,000 children are infected yearly.<ref name=UNAIDS2007/>


<ref name=UNAIDS2007>{{
* Globally, an estimated 2.5 million children are living with HIV. An estimated 400,000 children are infected yearly.<ref name="UNAIDS2007" />
cite web
 
<ref name="UNAIDS2007">{{cite web
| author =[[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]], [[World Health Organization|WHO]]
| author =[[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]], [[World Health Organization|WHO]]
| date = December 2007
| date = December 2007
Line 64: Line 59:
The following table demonstrates the estimated number of AIDS diagnoses in the United States in 2011 distributed by age at time of diagnosis:
The following table demonstrates the estimated number of AIDS diagnoses in the United States in 2011 distributed by age at time of diagnosis:


[[File:Estimated number of AIDS diagnosis according to age.png|thumb|center|500px| <SMALL><SMALL> ''[(http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/statistics/basics/index.html)]''<ref name="CDC">{{Cite web | title = The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | url =http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/statistics/basics/index.html }}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>]]
[[File:Estimated number of AIDS diagnosis according to age.png|thumb|center|500px| Source: https://www.cdc.gov/]]
 
* Owing to the development and success of [[HIV AIDS medical therapy|ART]] over the past 25 years, the population of individuals with [[HIV AIDS|HIV infection]] is [[aging]].  
* For example, in the United States, more than half of the patients receiving care for [[HIV AIDS|HIV infection]] are older than 50 years of age and 18% are older than 60 years.<ref name="pmid32539152">{{cite journal| author=Marcus JL, Leyden WA, Alexeeff SE, Anderson AN, Hechter RC, Hu H | display-authors=etal| title=Comparison of Overall and Comorbidity-Free Life Expectancy Between Insured Adults With and Without HIV Infection, 2000-2016. | journal=JAMA Netw Open | year= 2020 | volume= 3 | issue= 6 | pages= e207954 | pmid=32539152 | doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.7954 | pmc=7296391 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32539152  }}</ref>


===Gender===
===Gender===
According to the statistics, males are more commonly affected than females.
In the United States, males are more commonly affected than females. This may be related to the higher [[prevalence]] of [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] in [[homosexual men]].
[[File:Diagnosis of HIV infection by sex 2008-2011.png|thumb|center|500px| <SMALL><SMALL> ''[(http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/statistics_surveillance_Epi-HIV-infection.pdf)]''<ref name="CDC">{{Cite web | title = The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |  url =http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/statistics_surveillance_Epi-HIV-infection.pdf }}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>]]
[[File:Diagnosis of HIV infection by sex 2008-2011.png|thumb|center|500px|Source: https://www.cdc.gov/]]


===Transmission===
===Prevalence by Mode of Transmission===


A pie chart representation of distribution of AIDS in different ethnicities are mentioned according to the statistical report of CDC in 2011.
*The most common method of transmission is [[sexual contact]].
[[File:HIV transmission among adults and adolescents, 2011.png|thumb|center|500px| <SMALL><SMALL> ''[(http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/statistics_surveillance_Epi-HIV-infection.pdf)]''<ref name="CDC">{{Cite web | title = The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |  url =http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/statistics_surveillance_Epi-HIV-infection.pdf }}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>]]
*Unprotected male-to-male [[sexual contact]] is the major factor, followed by [[Unprotected sex|unprotected]] male-to-female sexual contact.
*In the United States, one out of seven individuals with [[AIDS|HIV infection]]  is unaware of having the [[infection]]. The [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] transmission from them represents at least one third of new [[infections]] each year.
 
[[File:HIV transmission among adults and adolescents, 2011.png|thumb|center|500px|Source: https://www.cdc.gov/]]


===Race/Ethinicity===
===Race/Ethinicity===
A pie chart representation of various forms of trasmission of AIDS are mentioned according to the statistical report of CDC in 2011.
[[File:HIV diagnosis among different race.png|thumb|center|500px| <SMALL><SMALL> ''[(http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/statistics_surveillance_Epi-HIV-infection.pdf)]''<ref name="CDC">{{Cite web | title = The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |  url =http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/statistics_surveillance_Epi-HIV-infection.pdf }}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>]]
===Developing Countries===
[[AIDS pandemic#Sub-Saharan Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] remains by far the worst affected region, with an estimated 23.8 to 28.9 million people currently living with HIV. More than 60% of all people living with HIV are in sub-Saharan Africa, as are more than three quarters (76%) of all women living with HIV.


In 2007 it contained an estimated 68% of all people living with AIDS and 76% of all AIDS deaths, with 1.7&nbsp;million new infections bringing the number of people living with HIV to 22.5&nbsp;million, and with 11.4&nbsp;million AIDS orphans living in the region. Unlike other regions, most people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa in 2007 (61%) were women. Adult prevalence in 2007 was an estimated 5.0%, and AIDS continued to be the single largest cause of mortality in this region.<ref name=UNAIDS2007/> South Africa has the largest population of HIV patients in the world, followed by Nigeria and India.<ref>
*HIV type 1 ([[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV-1]]) is the most common and predominant type in the United states; however, HIV type 2 (HIV-2) is endemic in other countries (e.g., West Africa).<ref name="pmid340776452">{{cite journal| author=Saag MS| title=HIV Infection - Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2021 | volume= 384 | issue= 22 | pages= 2131-2143 | pmid=34077645 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1915826 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=34077645  }}</ref>
{{cite news
*In the United States, [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] is most common among African-American males and females from Native Hawaiian, Hispanic, and Latin origin.
| date = 2007-11-20
| title= U.N. agency to say it overstated extent of H.I.V. cases by millions
| url= http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01EEDF103BF933A15752C1A9619C8B63
| work= New York Times | accessdate=2008-03-18
| author= McNeil DG Jr
}}</ref> [[AIDS pandemic#South and South-East Asia|South & South East Asia]] are second worst affected; in 2007 this region contained an estimated 18% of all people living with AIDS, and an estimated 300,000 deaths from AIDS.<ref name=UNAIDS2007/> India has an estimated 2.5&nbsp;million infections and an estimated adult prevalence of 0.36%.<ref name=UNAIDS2007/> [[Life expectancy]] has fallen dramatically in the worst-affected countries; for example, in 2006 it was estimated that it had dropped from 65 to 35 years in Botswana.<ref name=Kallings>{{cite journal |journal= J Intern Med |date=2008 |volume=263 |issue=3 |pages=218–43 |title= The first postmodern pandemic: 25 years of HIV/AIDS |author= Kallings LO |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x |pmid=18205765}}</ref>


The latest evaluation report of the World Bank's Operations Evaluation Department assesses the development effectiveness of the World Bank's country-level HIV/AIDS assistance defined as policy dialogue, analytic work, and lending with the explicit objective of reducing the scope or impact of the AIDS epidemic. This is the first comprehensive evaluation of the World Bank's HIV/AIDS support to countries, from the beginning of the epidemic through mid-2004. Because the Bank's assistance is for implementation of government programs by government, it provides important insights on how national AIDS programs can be made more effective.
[[File:HIV diagnosis among different race.png|thumb|center|500px| Source: https://www.cdc.gov/]]


===Mortality===
===Mortality===
According to the WHO statistics of 2013
The total number of death in 2013 is as follows
*Total = 1.5 million
*Adults = 1.3 million
*Children (>15 years) = 1,90,000


===Treatment===
*UNAIDS and the WHO estimate that AIDS has killed more than 25 million people since it was first recognized in 1981, making it one of the most destructive epidemics in recorded history.
*The total number of deaths attributable to HIV/AIDS in 2013 according to the WHO:
**Total = 1.5 million
**Adults = 1.3 million
**Children (>15 years) = 190,000


People receiving anti retroviral therapy in actual and projected figures are plotted in a graph and depicted below according to WHO statistics from 2003- 2015.
*In 2016, 1.0 million people died from HIV-related causes globally.
[[File:Actual and projected number of people receiving ART.png|thumb|center|500px| <SMALL><SMALL> ''[(http://www.who.int/hiv/data/art_2003_2015.png?ua=1)]''<ref name="WHO">{{Cite web | title = World health organization (WHO) | url = http://www.who.int/hiv/data/art_2003_2015.png?ua=1}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>]]
*HIV is a major global public health issue and has claimed more than 35 million lives so far.
*Between 2000 and 2016, HIV-related deaths fell by one third with 13.1 million lives saved due to ART.


<!--- CONTENT FROM HIV PAGE
<br>
UNAIDS and the WHO estimate that AIDS has killed more than 25&nbsp;million people since it was first recognized in 1981, making it one of the most destructive pandemics in recorded history. Despite recent improved access to antiretroviral treatment and care in many regions of the world, the AIDS pandemic claimed an estimated 2.8&nbsp;million (between 2.4 and 3.3&nbsp;million) lives in 2005 of which more than half a&nbsp;million (570,000) were children.
[[File: HIV deaths 2016.png|center|thumb|700px|Estimated number of people dying from HIV-related causes, 2016 – By WHO region.Source: http://www.who.int/gho/hiv/en/]]
==Epidemiology==


[[Image:HIV Epidemx3.png|250px|thumb|left|Prevalence of HIV among adults per country at the end of 2005
===Treatment===
{{legend|#800000|15&ndash;50%}}
{{legend|#FF0000|5&ndash;15%}}
{{legend|#E08040|1&ndash;5%}}
{{legend|#e0c000|0.5&ndash;1.0%}}
{{legend|#e0e080|0.1&ndash;0.5%}}
{{legend|#00e080|<0.1%}}
{{legend|#c0c0c0|no data}}
]]
Globally, between 33.4 and 46&nbsp;million people currently live with HIV. In 2005, between 3.4 and 6.2&nbsp;million people were newly infected and between 2.4 and 3.3&nbsp;million people with AIDS died, an increase from 2004 and the highest number since 1981.


[[AIDS pandemic#Sub-Saharan Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] remains by far the worst-affected region, with an estimated 21.6 to 27.4&nbsp;million people currently living with HIV. Two&nbsp;million &#91;1.5–3.0&nbsp;million&#93; of them are children younger than 15 years of age. More than 64% of all people living with HIV are in sub-Saharan Africa, as are more than three quarters of all women living with HIV. In 2005, there were 12.0&nbsp;million &#91;10.6&ndash;13.6&nbsp;million&#93; AIDS orphans living in sub-Saharan Africa 2005. [[AIDS pandemic#South and South-East Asia|South & South East Asia]] are second-worst affected with 15% of the total. AIDS accounts for the deaths of 500,000 children in this region. South Africa has the largest number of HIV patients in the world followed by Nigeria.<ref>{{cite news |first=Donald |last=McNeil, Jr. |authorlink= |coauthors= |title= U.N. Agency to Say It Overstated Extent of H.I.V. Cases by Millions |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01EEDF103BF933A15752C1A9619C8B63&n |work= |publisher=''The New York Times'' |date=November 20, 2007 |accessdate=2008-01-16 }}</ref> India has an estimated 2.5 &nbsp;million infections (0.23% of population), making India the country with the third largest population of HIV patients. In the 35 African nations with the highest prevalence, average [[life expectancy]] is 48.3 years&mdash;6.5 years less than it would be without the disease.<ref name=UNAIDS2001>{{
*The number of patients receiving antiretroviral therapy has been on the rise since the introduction of these agents.
*In 2013, approximately 12.5 million individuals were receiving antiretroviral therapy.
*Between 2000 and 2016, new HIV infections fell by 39% due to the antiretroviral therapy.
*Between 2000 and 2016, HIV-related deaths fell by one third with 13.1 million lives saved due to ART.
*Global ART coverage for pregnant and breastfeeding women living with HIV is high at 76%.
*In 2016, almost 8 out of 10 pregnant women living with HIV, or 1.1 million women, received antiretrovirals (ARVs).
*In mid-2017, 20.9 million people living with HIV were receiving antiretroviral therapy globally.
*54% of adults living with HIV are currently receiving lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART).
*43% of children living with HIV are currently receiving lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART).


cite web
[[File:Actual and projected number of people receiving ART.png|thumb|center|500px|Source: http://www.who.int/en/]]
| author=UNAIDS | publisher= | year=2001
| url=http://data.unaids.org/Publications/External-Documents/GAS26-rt3_en.pdf
| title=Special Session of the General Assembly on HIV/AIDS Round table 3 Socio-economic impact of the epidemic and the strengthening of national capacities to combat HIV/AIDS
| accessdate=2006-06-15
| format= [[PDF|PDF format]]


}}</ref>
===Developing Countries===


The latest evaluation report of the World Bank's Operations Evaluation Department assesses the development effectiveness of the World Bank's country-level HIV/AIDS assistance defined as policy dialogue, analytic work, and lending with the explicit objective of reducing the scope or impact of the AIDS epidemic.<ref name=Worldbank>{{
*[[AIDS pandemic#Sub-Saharan Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] remains by far the worst affected region, with an estimated 23.8 to 28.9 million people currently living with HIV. More than 60% of all people living with HIV are in Sub-Saharan Africa, as are more than three quarters (76%) of all women living with HIV.


cite web
*In 2007, Sub-Saharan Africa accounted for 76% of all AIDS deaths and approximately 35% of all new infections worldwide. Unlike other regions, most people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa in 2007 (61%) were women. Adult prevalence in 2007 was an estimated 5.0%, and AIDS continued to be the single largest cause of mortality in this region.<ref name="UNAIDS2007" /> South Africa has the largest population of HIV patients in the world, followed by Nigeria and India.<ref>{{cite news
  | author=[[World Bank Group|World Bank]] | publisher= | year=2005
  | date = 2007-11-20
  | url=http://www.worldbank.org/oed/aids/main_report.html
| title= U.N. agency to say it overstated extent of H.I.V. cases by millions
  | title=Evaluating the World Bank's Assistance for Fighting the HIV/AIDS Epidemic
  | url= http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01EEDF103BF933A15752C1A9619C8B63
| accessdate=2006-01-17
  | work= New York Times | accessdate=2008-03-18
 
| author= McNeil DG Jr
}}</ref> This is the first comprehensive evaluation of the World Bank's HIV/AIDS support to countries, from the beginning of the epidemic through mid-2004. Because the Bank aims to assist in implementation of national government programmes, their experience provides important insights on how national AIDS programmes can be made more effective.
}}</ref> [[AIDS pandemic#South and South-East Asia|South & South East Asia]] are the second worst affected regions; in 2007, an estimated 18% of all people living with AIDS, and an estimated 300,000 deaths from AIDS were attributable to these regions.<ref name="UNAIDS2007" /> The estimated adult prevalence of AIDS in India is approximately 0.36%.<ref name="UNAIDS2007" /> [[Life expectancy]] has fallen dramatically in the worst-affected countries; for example, in 2006 it was estimated that it had dropped from 65 to 35 years in Botswana.<ref name="Kallings">{{cite journal |journal= J Intern Med |date=2008 |volume=263 |issue=3 |pages=218–43 |title= The first postmodern pandemic: 25 years of HIV/AIDS |author= Kallings LO |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x |pmid=18205765}}</ref>
 
The development of [[HAART]] as effective therapy for HIV infection and AIDS has substantially reduced the death rate from this disease in those areas where these drugs are widely available. This has created the misperception that the disease has vanished. In fact, as the life expectancy of persons with AIDS has increased in countries where HAART is widely used, the number of persons living with AIDS has increased substantially. In the United States, the number of persons with AIDS increased from about 35,000 in 1988 to over 220,000 in 1996.<ref name=CDC1996>{{


cite journal |
[[Image:Aids2.jpg|500 px|thumb|center|By WHO infographics]]
author=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |
title=U.S. HIV and AIDS cases reported through December 1996 |
journal=HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report | year=1996 | pages=1-40 | volume=8 | issue=2 | url=http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/stats/hivsur82.pdf | format= [[PDF|PDF format]]


}}</ref>


In Africa, the number of MTCT and the prevalence of AIDS is beginning to reverse decades of steady progress in child survival. Countries such as Uganda are attempting to curb the MTCT epidemic by offering VCT (voluntary counselling and testing), PMTCT (prevention of mother-to-child transmission) and ANC (ante-natal care) services, which include the distribution of antiretroviral therapy.
===Ending the HIV Epidemic Plan===


===Incidence===
*This strategy has been adopted by the United States since 2019
In the United States in 2009, the incidence of HIV was 15 per 100,000 patients. <ref>http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/incidence.htm</ref>
*The target is reduction of the number of new [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] infections by 75% by 2025 and by 90% by 2030.
 
*It includes 4 elements:
==Demographics==
**Early identification of all cases of [[HIV AIDS|HIV infection]]
===Gay and Bisexual Men===
**Successful treatment with [[HIV AIDS medical therapy|ART]]
Gay and bisexual men remain the population most heavily affected by HIV in the United States. CDC estimates MSM represent approximately 2% of the US population, but accounted for more than 50% of all new HIV infections annually from 2006 to 2009 –56% in 2006 (27,000), 58% in 2007 (32,300), 56% in 2008 (26,900) and 61% (29,300) in 2009. <ref>http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/incidence.htm</ref>
**[[Prevention (medical)|Prevention]] of new [[Infection|infections]]
 
**Rapid response to [[Outbreak|outbreaks]]
===Race===
African Americans and Hispanics/Latinos are the racial/ethnic groups most affected by HIV. African Americans represent approximately 14% of the US population, but accounted for 44% (21,200) of all new HIV infections in 2009. Hispanic/Latinos represent approximately 16% of the total US population, but accounted for 20% (9,400) of all new HIV infections in 2009.
 
Overall, in 2009, African American men had the highest rate of new HIV infections (103.9 new infections per 100,000 persons), followed by Hispanic/Latino men (39.9 per 100,000), and African American women (39.7 per 100,000). <ref>http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/incidence.htm</ref>
 
 
--->


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
<references />


{{WH}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:HIV/AIDS]]
[[Category:HIV/AIDS]]
[[Category:Disease]]
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Latest revision as of 00:54, 15 June 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Iqra Qamar M.D.[2]Ammu Susheela, M.D. [3]

Main article: AIDS pandemic

Overview

HIV is a global pandemic. In 2013, an estimated 35 million people were living with the disease worldwide. An estimated 39 million people have died from AIDS or AIDS-related causes, including and approximate 1.5 million patients in 2013 alone. Over three-fourths of these deaths are confined to Sub-Saharan Africa. Owing to the development and success of ART over the past 25 years, the population of individuals with HIV infection is aging. Despite advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART) and reduction of both the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection with regular use of these agents, routine access to ART is not available in all countries.[1] At the end of 2013, 11.7 million people were receiving ART in low- and middle-income countries representing 36% of people living with HIV in these countries. In 2015,the number of new HIV cases in New York City fell below 2,500 for the first time since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic in 1981.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

  • HIV/AIDS was first reported in the early 1980s.[2]
  • In 2005, approximately 5 million people were newly infected with HIV and approximately 3 million people with AIDS died, an increase from 2004 and the highest number since 1981 (UNAIDS, 2005).
  • Between 2011 and 2017, among patients receiving standard ART regimens, the difference in the incidence of death at 5 years after diagnosis between patients receiving ART and age-matched controls was just 2.7%.[3]
  • In 2013, approximately 6000 new individuals were infected with HIV every day . [4]
  • In 2014, approximately 37,600 Americans became newly infected with HIV.
  • In 2015, an estimated 44% of new infections occurred among key populations and their partners.
  • Between 2000 and 2016, new HIV infections fell by 39% due to the antiretroviral therapy.
  • In 2016, approximately 36.7 million people were found to be infected with HIV and among them 1.8 million people were newly infected with HIV.
  • In 2018, approximately 38,000 new HIV cases were detected in the United States.
  • Between 2014 and 2018, the incidence of HIV cases in adolescents and adults decreased by only 7%.[5]
Estimated New HIV Infections– By HIV.govSource: https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and-trends/statistics

Prevalence

  • More than 1.1 million people in the U.S. are living with HIV today, and 1 in 7 of them do not know it.
Prevalence of HIV among adults aged 15 to 49, 2016 – By WHO region.Source: http://www.who.int/gho/hiv/en/
Estimated number of people living with HIV, 2016– By WHO regionSource: http://www.who.int/gho/hiv/en/


In 2013, the prevalence estimates were as follows:

  • Total = 35 million
  • Adults = 31.8 million
  • Women = 16 million
  • Children (<15 years) = 3.2 million

Age

  • Globally, an estimated 2.5 million children are living with HIV. An estimated 400,000 children are infected yearly.[6]

[6]


The following table demonstrates the estimated number of AIDS diagnoses in the United States in 2011 distributed by age at time of diagnosis:

Source: https://www.cdc.gov/
  • Owing to the development and success of ART over the past 25 years, the population of individuals with HIV infection is aging.
  • For example, in the United States, more than half of the patients receiving care for HIV infection are older than 50 years of age and 18% are older than 60 years.[7]

Gender

In the United States, males are more commonly affected than females. This may be related to the higher prevalence of HIV in homosexual men.

Source: https://www.cdc.gov/

Prevalence by Mode of Transmission

Source: https://www.cdc.gov/

Race/Ethinicity

  • HIV type 1 (HIV-1) is the most common and predominant type in the United states; however, HIV type 2 (HIV-2) is endemic in other countries (e.g., West Africa).[8]
  • In the United States, HIV is most common among African-American males and females from Native Hawaiian, Hispanic, and Latin origin.
Source: https://www.cdc.gov/

Mortality

  • UNAIDS and the WHO estimate that AIDS has killed more than 25 million people since it was first recognized in 1981, making it one of the most destructive epidemics in recorded history.
  • The total number of deaths attributable to HIV/AIDS in 2013 according to the WHO:
    • Total = 1.5 million
    • Adults = 1.3 million
    • Children (>15 years) = 190,000
  • In 2016, 1.0 million people died from HIV-related causes globally.
  • HIV is a major global public health issue and has claimed more than 35 million lives so far.
  • Between 2000 and 2016, HIV-related deaths fell by one third with 13.1 million lives saved due to ART.


Estimated number of people dying from HIV-related causes, 2016 – By WHO region.Source: http://www.who.int/gho/hiv/en/

Treatment

  • The number of patients receiving antiretroviral therapy has been on the rise since the introduction of these agents.
  • In 2013, approximately 12.5 million individuals were receiving antiretroviral therapy.
  • Between 2000 and 2016, new HIV infections fell by 39% due to the antiretroviral therapy.
  • Between 2000 and 2016, HIV-related deaths fell by one third with 13.1 million lives saved due to ART.
  • Global ART coverage for pregnant and breastfeeding women living with HIV is high at 76%.
  • In 2016, almost 8 out of 10 pregnant women living with HIV, or 1.1 million women, received antiretrovirals (ARVs).
  • In mid-2017, 20.9 million people living with HIV were receiving antiretroviral therapy globally.
  • 54% of adults living with HIV are currently receiving lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART).
  • 43% of children living with HIV are currently receiving lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART).
Source: http://www.who.int/en/

Developing Countries

  • Sub-Saharan Africa remains by far the worst affected region, with an estimated 23.8 to 28.9 million people currently living with HIV. More than 60% of all people living with HIV are in Sub-Saharan Africa, as are more than three quarters (76%) of all women living with HIV.
  • In 2007, Sub-Saharan Africa accounted for 76% of all AIDS deaths and approximately 35% of all new infections worldwide. Unlike other regions, most people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa in 2007 (61%) were women. Adult prevalence in 2007 was an estimated 5.0%, and AIDS continued to be the single largest cause of mortality in this region.[6] South Africa has the largest population of HIV patients in the world, followed by Nigeria and India.[9] South & South East Asia are the second worst affected regions; in 2007, an estimated 18% of all people living with AIDS, and an estimated 300,000 deaths from AIDS were attributable to these regions.[6] The estimated adult prevalence of AIDS in India is approximately 0.36%.[6] Life expectancy has fallen dramatically in the worst-affected countries; for example, in 2006 it was estimated that it had dropped from 65 to 35 years in Botswana.[10]
By WHO infographics


Ending the HIV Epidemic Plan

  • This strategy has been adopted by the United States since 2019
  • The target is reduction of the number of new HIV infections by 75% by 2025 and by 90% by 2030.
  • It includes 4 elements:

References

  1. ↑ {{cite journal | author=Palella FJ Jr, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, et al | title=Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators | journal=N. Engl. J. Med | year=1998 | pages=853–860 | volume=338 | issue=13 | pmid=9516219
  2. ↑ Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (1982). "Update on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)--United States". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 31 (37): 507–8, 513–4. PMID 6815471.
  3. ↑ Saag MS (2021). "HIV Infection - Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment". N Engl J Med. 384 (22): 2131–2143. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1915826. PMID 34077645 Check |pmid= value (help).
  4. ↑ "WHO 2013 statistics".
  5. ↑ Peters H, Francis K, Sconza R, Horn A, S Peckham C, Tookey PA; et al. (2017). "UK Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission Rates Continue to Decline: 2012-2014". Clin Infect Dis. 64 (4): 527–528. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw791. PMID 28174911.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 UNAIDS, WHO (December 2007). "2007 AIDS epidemic update" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-03-12.
  7. ↑ Marcus JL, Leyden WA, Alexeeff SE, Anderson AN, Hechter RC, Hu H; et al. (2020). "Comparison of Overall and Comorbidity-Free Life Expectancy Between Insured Adults With and Without HIV Infection, 2000-2016". JAMA Netw Open. 3 (6): e207954. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.7954. PMC 7296391 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32539152 Check |pmid= value (help).
  8. ↑ Saag MS (2021). "HIV Infection - Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment". N Engl J Med. 384 (22): 2131–2143. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1915826. PMID 34077645 Check |pmid= value (help).
  9. ↑ McNeil DG Jr (2007-11-20). "U.N. agency to say it overstated extent of H.I.V. cases by millions". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
  10. ↑ Kallings LO (2008). "The first postmodern pandemic: 25 years of HIV/AIDS". J Intern Med. 263 (3): 218–43. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x. PMID 18205765.


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