Goserelin

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Goserelin
Adult Indications & Dosage
Pediatric Indications & Dosage
Contraindications
Warnings & Precautions
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Use in Specific Populations
Administration & Monitoring
Overdosage
Pharmacology
Clinical Studies
How Supplied
Images
Patient Counseling Information
Precautions with Alcohol
Brand Names
Look-Alike Names

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rabin Bista, M.B.B.S. [2]

Disclaimer

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Overview

Goserelin is a Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) agonist that is FDA approved for the treatment of locally confined carcinoma of the prostate, and palliative treatment of advanced carcinoma of the prostate. Common adverse reactions include hot flashes, sexual dysfunction, decreased erections and lower urinary tract symptoms.

Adult Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)

Indications

Stage B2-C Prostatic Carcinoma
  • ZOLADEX is indicated for use in combination with flutamide for the management of locally confined Stage T2b-T4 (Stage B2-C) carcinoma of the prostate. Treatment with ZOLADEX and flutamide should start 8 weeks prior to initiating radiation therapy and continue during radiation therapy
Dosage
  • When ZOLADEX is given in combination with radiotherapy and flutamide for patients with Stage T2b-T4 (Stage B2-C) prostatic carcinoma, treatment should be started 8 weeks prior to initiating radiotherapy and should continue during radiation therapy. A treatment regimen using one ZOLADEX 3.6 mg depot, followed in 28 days by one ZOLADEX 10.8 mg depot, should be administered.
Prostatic Carcinoma
  • ZOLADEX is indicated in the palliative treatment of advanced carcinoma of the prostate.
  • In controlled studies of patients with advanced prostatic cancer comparing ZOLADEX 3.6 mg to orchiectomy, the long-term endocrine responses and objective responses were similar between the two treatment arms. Additionally, duration of survival was similar between the two treatment arms in a major comparative trial.
  • In controlled studies of patients with advanced prostatic cancer, ZOLADEX 10.8 mg implant produced pharmacodynamically similar effect in terms of suppression of serum testosterone to that achieved with ZOLADEX 3.6 mg implant. Clinical outcome similar to that produced with the use of the ZOLADEX 3.6 mg implant administered every 28 days is predicted with the ZOLADEX 10.8 mg implant administered every 12 weeks.
  • The automatic safety feature of the syringe aids in the prevention of needlestick injury.
Dosage
  • For the management of advanced prostate cancer, ZOLADEX is intended for long-term administration unless clinically inappropriate.
Renal or Hepatic Impairment
  • No dosage adjustment is necessary for patients with renal or hepatic impairment.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Goserelin in adult patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

  • Breast cancer, Adjuvant treatment of hormone receptor-positive, axillary lymph node-positive disease in premenopausal women[1][2]
  • Dysfunctional uterine bleeding[3]
  • In vitro fertilization[4]
  • Precocious puberty[5]

Pediatric Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)

There is limited information regarding FDA-Labeled Use of Goserelin in pediatric patients.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Goserelin in pediatric patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Goserelin in pediatric patients.

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity
  • Anaphylactic reactions to ZOLADEX have been reported in the medical literature. ZOLADEX is contraindicated in those patients who have a known hypersensitivity to GnRH, GnRH agonist analogues or any of the components in ZOLADEX.
Pregnancy
  • Expected hormonal changes that occur with ZOLADEX treatment increase the risk for pregnancy loss. ZOLADEX may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus

Warnings

Tumor Flare Phenomenon
  • Initially, ZOLADEX, like other GnRH agonists, causes transient increases in serum levels of testosterone. Transient worsening of symptoms, or the occurrence of additional signs and symptoms of prostatic cancer, may occasionally develop during the first few weeks of ZOLADEX treatment. A small number of patients may experience a temporary increase in bone pain, which can be managed symptomatically. As with other GnRH agonists, isolated cases of ureteral obstruction and spinal cord compression have been observed. If spinal cord compression or renal impairment secondary to ureteral obstruction develops, standard treatment of these complications should be instituted, and in extreme cases an immediate orchiectomy.
Hypersensitivity

Hypersensitivity, antibody formation and acute anaphylactic reactions have been reported with GnRH agonist analogues.

  • Of 115 women worldwide treated with ZOLADEX and tested for development of binding to goserelin following treatment with ZOLADEX, one patient showed low-titer binding to goserelin. On further testing of this patient's plasma obtained following treatment, her goserelin binding component was found not to be precipitated with rabbit antihuman immunoglobulin polyvalent sera. These findings suggest the possibility of antibody formation.
Hyperglycemia and Diabetes
  • Hyperglycemia and an increased risk of developing diabetes have been reported in men receiving GnRH agonists. Hyperglycemia may represent development of diabetes mellitus or worsening of glycemic control in patients with diabetes. Monitor blood glucose and/or glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) periodically in patients receiving a GnRH agonist and manage with current practice for treatment of hyperglycemia or diabetes.
Cardiovascular Diseases

Increased risk of developing myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death and stroke has been reported in association with use of GnRH agonists in men. The risk appears low based on the reported odds ratios, and should be evaluated carefully along with cardiovascular risk factors when determining a treatment for patients with prostate cancer. Patients receiving a GnRH agonist should be monitored for symptoms and signs suggestive of development of cardiovascular disease and be managed according to current clinical practice.

Effect on QT/QTc Interval

Androgen deprivation therapy may prolong the QT/QTc interval. Providers should consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy outweigh the potential risks in patients with congenital long QT syndrome, congestive heart failure, frequent electrolyte abnormalities, and in patients taking drugs known to prolong the QT interval. Electrolyte abnormalities should be corrected. Consider periodic monitoring of electrocardiograms and electrolytes.

Adverse Reactions

Clinical Trials Experience

Clinical Trials
  • ZOLADEX has been found to be generally well tolerated in clinical trials. Adverse reactions reported in these trials were rarely severe enough to result in the patients' withdrawal from ZOLADEX treatment. As seen with other hormonal therapies, the most commonly observed adverse events during ZOLADEX therapy were due to the expected physiological effects from decreased testosterone levels. These included hot flashes, sexual dysfunction and decreased erections.
  • Tumor Flare Phenomenon: Initially, ZOLADEX, like other GnRH agonists, causes transient increases in serum levels of testosterone. A small percentage of patients experienced a temporary worsening of signs and symptoms, usually manifested by an increase in cancer-related pain which was managed symptomatically. Isolated cases of exacerbation of disease symptoms, either ureteral obstruction or spinal cord compression, occurred at similar rates in controlled clinical trials with both ZOLADEX and orchiectomy. The relationship of these events to therapy is uncertain
Stage B2-C Prostatic Carcinoma
  • Treatment with ZOLADEX and flutamide did not add substantially to the toxicity of radiation treatment alone. The following adverse experiences were reported during a multicenter clinical trial comparing ZOLADEX + flutamide + radiation versus radiation alone. The most frequently reported (greater than 5%) adverse experiences are listed below:
  • Additional adverse event data was collected for the combination therapy with radiation group over both the hormonal treatment and hormonal treatment plus radiation phases of the study. Adverse experiences occurring in more than 5% of patients in this group, over both parts of the study, were hot flashes (46%), diarrhea (40%), nausea (9%), and skin rash (8%).
Prostatic Carcinoma
  • Two controlled clinical trials using ZOLADEX 10.8 mg versus ZOLADEX 3.6 mg were conducted. During a comparative phase, patients were randomized to receive either a single 10.8 mg implant or three consecutive 3.6 mg implants every 4 weeks over weeks 0-12. During this phase, the only adverse event reported in greater than 5% of patients was hot flashes, with an incidence of 47% in the ZOLADEX 10.8 mg group and 48% in the ZOLADEX 3.6 mg group.
  • From weeks 12-48 all patients were treated with a 10.8 mg implant every 12 weeks. During this noncomparative phase, the following adverse events were reported in greater than 5% of patients:

The following adverse events were reported in greater than 1%, but less than 5% of patients treated with ZOLADEX 10.8 mg implant every 12 weeks. Some of these are commonly reported in elderly patients.

WHOLE BODY
  • Abdominal pain
  • Back pain
  • Flu syndrome
  • Headache
  • Sepsis
  • Aggravation reaction
CARDIOVASCULAR
  • Angina pectoris
  • Cerebral ischemia
  • Cerebrovascular accident
  • Heart failure
  • Pulmonary embolus
  • Varicose veins
DIGESTIVE
  • Diarrhea
  • Hematemesis
ENDOCRINE
  • Diabetes mellitus
HEMATOLOGIC
  • Anemia
METABOLIC
  • Peripheral edema
NERVOUS SYSTEM
  • Dizziness
  • Paresthesia
  • Urinary retention
RESPIRATORY
  • Cough increased
  • Dyspnea
  • Pneumonia
SKIN
  • Herpes simplex
  • Pruritus
=UROGENITAL
  • Bladder neoplasm
  • Breast pain
  • Hematuria
  • Impotence
  • Urinary frequency
  • Urinary incontinence
  • Urinary tract disorder
  • Urinary tract infection
  • Urination impaired
  • The following adverse events not already listed above were reported in patients receiving ZOLADEX 3.6 mg in other clinical trials. Inclusion does not necessarily represent a causal relationship to ZOLADEX 10.8 mg.
WHOLE BODY
  • Allergic reaction
  • Chills
  • Fever
  • Infection
  • Injection site reaction
  • Lethargy
  • Malaise
CARDIOVASCULAR
  • Arrhythmia
  • Chest pain
  • Hemorrhage
  • Hypertension
  • Migraine
  • Myocardial infarction
  • Palpitations
  • Peripheral vascular disorder
  • Tachycardia
DIGESTIVE
  • Anorexia
  • Constipation
  • Dry mouth
  • Dyspepsia
  • Flatulence
  • Increased appetite
  • Nausea
  • Ulcer
  • Vomiting
HEMATOLOGIC
  • Ecchymosis
METABOLIC
  • Edema
  • Gout
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Weight increase
MUSCULOSKELETAL
  • Arthralgia
  • Hypertonia
  • Joint disorder
  • Leg cramps
  • Myalgia
  • Osteoporosis
NERVOUS SYSTEM
  • Anxiety
  • Depression
  • Emotional lability
  • Headache
  • Insomnia
  • Nervousness
  • Somnolence
  • Thinking abnormal
RESPIRATORY
  • Bronchitis
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Epistaxis
  • Rhinitis
  • Sinusitis
  • Upper respiratory infection
  • Voice alterations
SKIN
  • Acne
  • Alopecia
  • Dry skin
  • Hair disorders
  • Rash
  • Seborrhea
  • Skin discoloration
  • Sweating
SPECIAL SENSES
  • Amblyopia
  • Dry eyes
UROGENITAL
  • Breast tenderness
  • Decreased erections
  • Renal insufficiency
  • Sexual dysfunction
  • Urinary obstruction

======Changes in Laboratory Values During Treatment

  • Plasma Enzymes: Elevation of liver enzymes (AST, ALT) have been reported in female patients exposed to ZOLADEX 3.6 mg (representing less than 1% of all patients). There was no other evidence of abnormal liver function. Causality between these changes and ZOLADEX have not been established.
  • Lipids: In a controlled trial in females, ZOLADEX 3.6 mg implant therapy resulted in a minor, but statistically significant effect on serum lipids (i.e., increases in LDL cholesterol of 21.3 mg/dL; increases in HDL cholesterol of 2.7 mg/dL; and triglycerides increased by 8.0 mg/dL).

Postmarketing Experience

  • The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of ZOLADEX. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Hypercalcemia
  • In patients with bone metastases.
Bone Mineral Density
  • Osteoporosis, decreased bone mineral density and bony fracture in men.
Changes in Blood Pressure
  • Hypotension and hypertension have been reported. These changes are usually transient, resolving either during continued therapy or after cessation of therapy.
Pituitary Apoplexy and Tumors
  • Pituitary apoplexy (a clinical syndrome secondary to infarction of the pituitary gland) and pituitary adenoma have been diagnosed. Most of the pituitary apoplexy cases occurred within 2 weeks of the first dose, and some occurred within the first hour. In these cases, pituitary apoplexy has presented as sudden headache, vomiting, visual changes, ophthalmoplegia, altered mental status, and sometimes cardiovascular collapse. Immediate medical attention has been required. Pituitary tumors have been reported.
Acne
  • Usually within one month of starting treatment.
Other Adverse Reactions
  • Psychotic disorders, convulsions and mood swings.

Drug Interactions

  • No formal drug-drug interaction studies have been performed.
  • No drug interaction studies with other drugs have been conducted with ZOLADEX. No confirmed interactions have been reported between ZOLADEX and other drugs.
Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions
  • Administration of ZOLADEX in therapeutic doses results in suppression of the pituitary-gonadal system. Because of this suppression, diagnostic tests of pituitary-gonadotropic and gonadal functions conducted during treatment may show results which are misleading.

Use in Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category (FDA): X

  • Based on mechanism of action in humans and findings of increased pregnancy loss in animal studies, ZOLADEX may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Expected hormone changes that occur with ZOLADEX treatment increase the risk for pregnancy loss. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus [seeCONTRAINDICATIONS (4.2)].
  • ZOLADEX crosses the placenta in rats and rabbits following subcutaneous administration. Administration of goserelin to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis resulted in increased preimplantation loss and increased resorptions. When pregnant rats received goserelin throughout gestation and lactation, there was a dose-related increase in umbilical hernia in offspring. In additional reproduction studies in rats, goserelin decreased fetus and pup survival. Human dose/exposure multiples could not be calculated from available animal data.
  • Actual animal doses: rat (≥ 2 mcg/kg/day for pregnancy loss; ≥ 10 mcg/kg/day for umbilical hernia in offspring); rabbits (> 20 mcg/kg/day).


Pregnancy Category (AUS): There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Goserelin in women who are pregnant.

Labor and Delivery

There is no FDA guidance on use of Goserelin during labor and delivery.

Nursing Mothers

  • It is not known if goserelin is excreted in human milk. Goserelin is excreted in the milk of lactating rats. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from ZOLADEX, a decision should be made to either discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.

Pediatric Use

  • Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.

Geriatic Use

  • There is no need for any dosage adjustment when administering ZOLADEX 10.8 mg to geriatric patients.

Gender

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Goserelin with respect to specific gender populations.

Race

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Goserelin with respect to specific racial populations.

Renal Impairment

  • In clinical trials with the solution formulation of goserelin, subjects with impaired renal function (creatinine clearance < 20 mL/min) had a serum elimination half-life of 12.1 hours compared to 4.2 hours for subjects with normal renal function (creatinine clearance > 70 mL/min). However, there was no evidence for any accumulation of goserelin on multiple dosing of the ZOLADEX 10.8 mg depot to subjects with impaired renal function. There was no evidence for any increase in incidence of adverse events in renally impaired patients administered the 10.8 mg depot. These data indicate that there is no need for any dosage adjustment when administering ZOLADEX 10.8 mg to subjects with impaired renal function.

Hepatic Impairment

  • The total body clearances and serum elimination half-lives were similar between normal subjects and patients with moderate hepatic impairment (alanine transaminase < 3xULN and asparate aminotransferase < 3xULN) when treated with a 250 mcg subcutaneous formulation of goserelin. This pharmacokinetic study indicates that no dose adjustment is needed in patients with moderately impaired liver function. There is no pharmacokinetic data with goserelin in patients with severe hepatic insufficiency.

Females of Reproductive Potential and Males

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Goserelin in women of reproductive potentials and males.

Immunocompromised Patients

There is no FDA guidance one the use of Goserelin in patients who are immunocompromised.

Body Weight

  • A decline of approximately 1 to 2.5% in the AUC after administration of a 10.8 mg depot was observed with a kilogram increase in body weight. In obese patients who have not responded clinically, testosterone levels should be monitored closely.

Administration and Monitoring

Administration

  • ZOLADEX, at a dose of 10.8 mg, should be administered subcutaneously every 12 weeks into the anterior abdominal wall below the navel line using an aseptic technique under the supervision of a physician.
  • While a delay of a few days is permissible, every effort should be made to adhere to the 12-week schedule
Administration Technique
  • The proper method of administration of ZOLADEX is described in the instructions that follow.
  • Put the patient in a comfortable position with the upper part of the body slightly raised. Prepare an area of the anterior abdominal wall below the navel line with an alcohol swab.
  • Examine the foil pouch and syringe for damage. Remove the syringe from the opened foil pouch and hold the syringe at a slight angle to the light. Check that at least part of the ZOLADEX implant is visible.
  • Grasp the blue plastic safety tab and pull away from the syringe, and discard. Remove needle cover. Unlike liquid injections, there is no need to remove air bubbles as attempts to do so may displace the ZOLADEX implant.
  • Holding the syringe around the protective sleeve, using an aseptic technique, pinch the skin of the patient’s anterior abdominal wall below the navel line. With the bevel of the needle facing up, insert the needle at a 30 to 45 degree angle to the skin in one continuous deliberate motion until the protective sleeve touches the patient’s skin.
  • NOTE: The ZOLADEX syringe cannot be used for aspiration. If the hypodermic needle penetrates a large vessel, blood will be seen instantly in the syringe chamber. If a vessel is penetrated, withdraw the needle and inject with a new syringe elsewhere.
  • Do not penetrate into muscle or peritoneum.
  • To administer the ZOLADEX implant and to activate the protective sleeve, grasp the barrel at the finger grip and depress the plunger until you cannot depress it any further. If the plunger is not depressed fully, the protective sleeve will NOT activate. When the protective sleeve ‘clicks’, the protective sleeve will automatically begin to slide to cover the needle.
  • NOTE: The needle does not retract.
  • Withdraw the needle and allow protective sleeve to slide and cover needle. Dispose of the syringe in an approved sharps collector.
  • NOTE: In the unlikely event of the need to surgically remove ZOLADEX, it may be localized by ultrasound.

Monitoring

  • Transient worsening of tumor symptoms may occur during the first few weeks of treatment with ZOLADEX, which may include ureteral obstruction and spinal cord compression. Monitor patients at risk for complications of tumor flare
  • Hyperglycemia and an increased risk of developing diabetes have been reported in men receiving GnRH analogs. Monitor blood glucose level and manage according to current clinical practice.
  • Increased risk of myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death and stroke has been reported in association with use of GnRH analogs in men. Monitor for cardiovascular disease and manage according to current clinical practice

IV Compatibility

There is limited information regarding IV Compatibility of Goserelin in the drug label.

Overdosage

  • The pharmacologic properties of ZOLADEX and its mode of administration make accidental or intentional overdosage unlikely. There is no experience of overdosage from clinical trials. Animal studies indicate that no increased pharmacologic effect occurred at higher doses or more frequent administration. Subcutaneous doses of the drug as high as 1 mg/kg/day in rats and dogs did not produce any nonendocrine related sequelae; this dose is up to 250 times the estimated human daily dose based on the body surface area. If overdosage occurs, it should be managed symptomatically.

Pharmacology

There is limited information regarding Goserelin Pharmacology in the drug label.

Mechanism of Action

  • ZOLADEX is a synthetic decapeptide analogue of GnRH. ZOLADEX acts as an inhibitor of pituitary gonadotropin secretion when administered in the biodegradable formulation.
  • In animal and in vitro studies, administration of goserelin resulted in the regression or inhibition of growth of the hormonally sensitive dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary tumor and Dunning R3327 prostate tumor.

Structure

  • ZOLADEX® (goserelin acetate implant) is a GnRH agonist. Goserelin acetate is chemically described as an acetate salt of [D-Ser(But)6,Azgly10]. Its chemical structure is pyro-Glu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-D-Ser(But)-Leu-Arg-Pro-Azgly-NH2 acetate [C59H84N18O14 ·(C2H4O2)x where x = 1 to 2.4]

Pharmacodynamics

  • Following initial administration, ZOLADEX causes an initial increase in serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels with subsequent increases in serum levels of testosterone. Chronic administration of ZOLADEX leads to sustained suppression of pituitary gonadotropins, and serum levels of testosterone consequently fall into the range normally seen in surgically castrated men approximately 21 days after initiation of therapy. This leads to accessory sex organ regression.
  • In clinical trials using ZOLADEX 3.6 mg with follow-up of more than 2 years, suppression of serum testosterone to castrate levels has been maintained for the duration of therapy.

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption
  • The pharmacokinetics of ZOLADEX have been determined in healthy male volunteers and patients. In healthy males, radiolabeled goserelin was administered as a single 250 mcg (aqueous solution) dose by the subcutaneous route. The absorption of radiolabeled drug was rapid, and the peak blood radioactivity levels occurred between 0.5 and 1.0 hour after dosing.
  • The overall pharmacokinetic profile of goserelin following administration of a ZOLADEX 10.8 mg depot to patients with prostate cancer was determined. The initial release of goserelin from the depot was relatively rapid resulting in a peak concentration at 2 hours after dosing. From Day 4 until the end of the 12-week dosing interval, the sustained release of goserelin from the depot produced reasonably stable systemic exposure. Mean (Standard Deviation) pharmacokinetic data are presented in Table 4. There is no clinically significant accumulation of goserelin following administration of four depots administered at 12-week intervals.

Nonclinical Toxicology

There is limited information regarding Nonclinical Toxicology of Goserelin in the drug label.

Clinical Studies

There is limited information regarding Clinical Studies of Goserelin in the drug label.

How Supplied

Storage

There is limited information regarding Goserelin Storage in the drug label.

Images

Drug Images

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Package and Label Display Panel

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Patient Counseling Information

There is limited information regarding Patient Counseling Information of Goserelin in the drug label.

Precautions with Alcohol

  • Alcohol-Goserelin interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.

Brand Names

Look-Alike Drug Names

Drug Shortage Status

Price

References

The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.

  1. Goel S, Sharma R, Hamilton A, Beith J (2009). "LHRH agonists for adjuvant therapy of early breast cancer in premenopausal women". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD004562. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004562.pub4. PMID 19821328.
  2. Hackshaw A, Baum M, Fornander T, Nordenskjold B, Nicolucci A, Monson K; et al. (2009). "Long-term effectiveness of adjuvant goserelin in premenopausal women with early breast cancer". J Natl Cancer Inst. 101 (5): 341–9. doi:10.1093/jnci/djn498. PMC 2650713. PMID 19244174.
  3. Vercellini P, Fedele L, Maggi R, Vendola N, Bocciolone L, Colombo A (1993). "Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist for chronic anovulatory uterine bleeding and severe anemia". J Reprod Med. 38 (2): 127–9. PMID 8445603.
  4. Tapanainen JS, Hovatta O (1994). "Pituitary down-regulation with goserelin (Zoladex) for in vitro fertilisation". Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 101 Suppl 10: 27–8. PMID 8199101.
  5. de Brito VN, Latronico AC, Arnhold IJ, Lo LS, Domenice S, Albano MC; et al. (1999). "Treatment of gonadotropin dependent precocious puberty due to hypothalamic hamartoma with gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist depot". Arch Dis Child. 80 (3): 231–4. PMC 1717869. PMID 10325702.
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