|
|
| Line 6: |
Line 6: |
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|191}} | | | ICD9 = {{ICD9|191}} | |
| ICDO = 9440/3 | | | ICDO = 9440/3 | |
| Image = Glioblastoma - MR coronal with contrast.jpg| | | Image = | |
| Caption = Image 1a. Coronal [[MRI]] with contrast of a glioblastoma WHO grade IV in a 15-year-old boy| | | Caption = | |
| OMIM = 137800 | | | OMIM = 137800 | |
| OMIM_mult = | | | OMIM_mult = | |
| Line 16: |
Line 16: |
| MeshID = D005909 | | | MeshID = D005909 | |
| }} | | }} |
| {{SI}} | | {{Glioblastoma multiforme}} |
| {{CMG}} | | {{CMG}} |
|
| |
|
| ==Overview== | | ==[[Glioblastoma multiforme overview|Overview]]== |
| '''Glioblastoma multiforme''' (GBM), also known as [[Grading (tumors)|grade]] 4 [[astrocytoma]], is the most common and aggressive type of primary [[brain]] [[tumor]], accounting for 52% of all primary brain tumor cases and 20% of all intracranial tumors. Despite being the most prevalent form of primary brain tumor, GBMs occur in only 2-3 cases per 100,000 people in Europe and North America.
| |
|
| |
|
| Treatment can involve [[chemotherapy]], [[radiotherapy]], and [[surgery]], all of which are acknowledged as palliative measures, meaning that they do not provide a cure. The [[five-year survival rate]] of the disease has remained unchanged over the past 30 years and stands at less than three percent. Even with complete surgical [[resection]] of the tumor, combined with the best available treatment, the survival rate for GBM remains very low.
| | ==[[Glioblastoma multiforme historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
|
| |
|
| <div align="left">
| | ==[[Glioblastoma multiforme pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
| |
| Image:Glioblastoma (1).jpg|Glioblastoma (histology slide)
| |
| Image:Glioblastoma - MR sagittal with contrast.jpg|Image 1b. Sagittal [[MRI]] with contrast of a glioblastoma WHO grade IV in a 15-year-old boy
| |
| </gallery>
| |
| </div>
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Causes== | | ==[[Glioblastoma multiforme epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology & Demographics]]== |
| Almost all cases of GBM are sporadic, without a familial predilection, although [[chromosome|chromosomal]] aberrations such as [[PTEN (gene)|PTEN]] mutation, and [[p53]] mutation are commonly seen in these tumors. Growth factor aberrant signaling associated with [[Epidermal_growth_factor_receptor|EGFR]], and [[PDGF]] are also seen.
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Pathogenesis== | | ==[[Glioblastoma multiforme risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
| Glioblastomas multiforme are characterized by the presence of small areas of [[Necrosis|necrotizing]] [[tissue]] that is surrounded by highly-[[Tumor|anaplastic]] cells (pseudopalisading necrosis). This characteristic, as well as the presence of hyperplastic blood vessels, differentiates the tumor from Grade 3 [[astrocytomas]], which do not have these features. Although glioblastoma multiforme can be formed from lower-grade [[astrocytomas]], post-mortem autopsies have revealed that most glioblastomas multiforme are not caused by previous lesions in the brain
| |
|
| |
|
| Unlike [[oligodendroglioma]]s, glioblastomas multiforme can form in either the [[gray matter]] or the [[white matter]] of the brain; but most GBM arises from the deep white matter and quickly infiltrate the brain, often becoming very large before producing symptoms. The tumor may extend to the meningeal or [[ventricular]] wall, leading to the high protein content of [[cerebrospinal fluid]] (CSF) (> 100 mg/dL), as well as an occasional [[pleocytosis]] of 10 to 100 cells, mostly [[lymphocyte]]s. [[Malignant]] cells carried in the CSF may spread to the [[spinal cord]] or cause meningeal gliomatosis. However, [[metastasis]] of [[GBM]] beyond the [[central nervous system]] is extremely rare. About 50% of GBM occupy more than one lobe of a hemisphere or are bilateral. Tumors of this type usually arise from the [[cerebrum]] and may exhibit the classic infiltrate across the [[corpus callosum]], producing a butterfly (bilateral) [[glioma]].
| | ==[[Glioblastoma multiforme screening|Screening]]== |
|
| |
|
| The tumor may take on a variety of appearances, depending on the amount of hemorrhage, [[necrosis]], or its age. A CT scan will usually show a nonhomogeneous mass with a hypointense center and a variable ring of enhancement surrounded by [[edema]]. Part of a [[lateral ventricle]] is usually deformed, and both lateral and third ventricles may be displaced.
| | ==[[Glioblastoma multiforme causes|Causes of Glioblastoma multiforme]]== |
|
| |
|
| ==Symptoms== | | ==[[Glioblastoma multiforme differential diagnosis|Differentiating Glioblastoma multiforme from other Diseases]]== |
| Although common symptoms of the disease include [[seizure]], [[nausea]] and [[vomiting]], [[headache]], and [[hemiparesis]], the single most prevalent symptom is a progressive memory, personality, or neurological deficit due to [[temporal lobe|temporal]] and [[frontal lobe]] involvement. The kind of symptoms produced depends highly on the location of the tumor, more so than on its pathological properties. The tumor can start producing symptoms quickly, but occasionally is [[asymptomatic]] until it reaches an enormous size. See ''Symptoms'' section in:
| | |
| {{main|brain tumor}}
| | ==[[Glioblastoma multiforme natural history|Natural History, Complications & Prognosis]]== |
|
| |
|
| ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| Diagnosis of a suspected GBM on CT or MRI should rest on a '''stereotactic biopsy''' or by a [[craniotomy]], which can, at the same time, remove as much tumor as possible. Although the entire tumor can never be removed, in theory due to its multicentricity and diffuse character, partial resection ("debulking") can still prolong survival slightly.
| | [[Glioblastoma multiforme history and symptoms|History & Symptoms]] | [[Glioblastoma multiforme physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Glioblastoma multiforme laboratory tests|Lab Tests]] | [[Glioblastoma multiforme electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Glioblastoma multiforme x ray|X Ray]] | [[Glioblastoma multiforme CT|CT]] | [[Glioblastoma multiforme MRI|MRI]] | [[Glioblastoma multiforme echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Glioblastoma multiforme other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Glioblastoma multiforme other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
|
| |
|
| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| | | [[Glioblastoma multiforme medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Glioblastoma multiforme surgery|Surgery]] | [[Glioblastoma multiforme primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Glioblastoma multiforme secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Glioblastoma multiforme cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Glioblastoma multiforme future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
| Treatment of primary brain tumors and brain metastases consists of both symptomatic
| |
| and palliative therapies.
| |
| | |
| ===Symptomatic therapy===
| |
| Supportive treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and improving the patient’s
| |
| neurologic function. The primary supportive agents are [[anticonvulsant]]s and
| |
| [[corticosteroid]]s. | |
| | |
| *'''Anticonvulsants''' are administered to the ~25% of patients who have a seizure. Prospective studies have failed to show the efficacy for prophylactic anticonvulsants. Those receiving [[phenytoin]] concurrent with radiation may have serious skin reactions such as [[erythema multiforme]] and [[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]].
| |
| *'''Corticosteroids''', usually [[dexamethasone]] given 4 to 10 mg every 4 to 6 h, can reduce peritumoral edema (through rearrangement of the blood-brain barrier), diminishing mass effect and lowering intracranial pressure, with a decrease in headache or drowsiness.
| |
| | |
| ===Palliative therapy===
| |
| Palliative treatment usually is done to achieve a longer survival time, albeit only a slight increase [see below]. It includes surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
| |
| | |
| A maximally feasible resection with maximal tumor-free margins ("debulking") is usually performed along with external beam [[radiation]] and [[chemotherapy]]. Total cranial [[irradiation]] (4500 cGy) with a boosted dose (1500 to 2000 cGy) at the site of the tumor can increase survival by 5 months [see below]. The addition of the chemotherapeutic agent [[carmustine]] (BiCNU) alone increases survival slightly. Most oncologists prefer a combination chemotherapy consisting of [[procarbazine]], [[lomustine]], and [[vincristine]] (PCV regimen). Another combination includes [[carboplatin]] and [[cisplatin]]. Their efficacy is limited, and toxicity, particularly with the PCV regimen, can be considerable. Despite initial studies suggesting the superiority of PCV over BiCNU, there are now clear data demonstrating no benefit of PCV over BiCNU in either glioblastoma or anaplastic astrocytoma patients. [[Brachytherapy]] (implantation of radioactive beads or needles) and high-dose focus radiotherapy (stereotactic radiosurgery) have not shown to increase survival times.
| |
| | |
| In a large phase III trial, implantation of [[BiCNU]]-impregnated wafers - trade name Gliadel Wafers - at the time of primary resection, improved median survival to 13.9 months, compared with only 11.6 months for [[placebo]] wafers (P = .03), in newly-diagnosed patients with malignant glioma.<ref name="pmid12672279">{{cite journal |author=Westphal M, Hilt DC, Bortey E, ''et al'' |title=A phase 3 trial of local chemotherapy with biodegradable carmustine (BCNU) wafers (Gliadel wafers) in patients with primary malignant glioma |journal=Neuro-oncology |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=79-88 |year=2003 |pmid=12672279 |doi=10.1215/S1522-8517-02-00023-6}}</ref> Despite initial treatment, virtually all malignant gliomas recur. At relapse, patients may benefit from re-resection, focal radiotherapy techniques (such as [[radiosurgery]]), and different chemotherapeutic agents. Depending upon which chemotherapeutic agent was used at initial treatment, temozolomide, procarbazine, or a nitrosourea would be a reasonable conventional choice at recurrence. Clinical trials employing signal transduction inhibitors, epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, or antiangiogenic agents may also be available at tumor relapse.
| |
| | |
| The use of [[temozolomide]] alongside [[radiotherapy]] has shown survival benefit,<ref name="pmid15758009">{{cite journal |author=Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, ''et al'' |title=Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=352 |issue=10 |pages=987-96 |year=2005 |pmid=15758009 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa043330}}</ref> and is currently considered the standard of care by the [[National Cancer Institute]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/results/glioblastoma0604 |title=Temozolomide Plus Radiation Helps Brain Cancer - National Cancer Institute |accessdate=2007-09-15 |format= |work=}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| In recent studies, the antimalarial drug [[chloroquine]] has been shown to increase mid-term survival when given in combination with conventional therapy.<ref name="pmid16520474">{{cite journal |author=Sotelo J, Briceño E, López-González MA |title=Adding chloroquine to conventional treatment for glioblastoma multiforme: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=144 |issue=5 |pages=337-43 |year=2006 |pmid=16520474 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17341043">{{cite journal |author=Toler SM, Noe D, Sharma A |title=Selective enhancement of cellular oxidative stress by chloroquine: implications for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme |journal=Neurosurgical focus |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=E10 |year=2006 |pmid=17341043 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17350410">{{cite journal |author=Briceño E, Calderon A, Sotelo J |title=Institutional experience with chloroquine as an adjuvant to the therapy for glioblastoma multiforme |journal=Surgical neurology |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=388-91 |year=2007 |pmid=17350410 |doi=10.1016/j.surneu.2006.08.080}}</ref> Further research in this area needs to be done.
| |
| | |
| Another possible therapy technique is to [[Virotherapy|use viruses to attack the cancer]].<ref name="pmid17479104">{{cite journal |author=Hoffmann D, Wildner O |title=Comparison of herpes simplex virus- and conditionally replicative adenovirus-based vectors for glioblastoma treatment |journal=Cancer Gene Ther. |volume=14 |issue=7 |pages=627-39 |year=2007 |pmid=17479104 |doi=10.1038/sj.cgt.7701055}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| A recent paper titled reported on the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme with [[photodynamic therapy]] at Melbourne Royal Infirmary, Australia since 1986.<ref name="pmid15925768">{{cite journal |author=Stylli SS, Kaye AH, MacGregor L, Howes M, Rajendra P |title=Photodynamic therapy of high grade glioma - long term survival |journal=Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=389-98 |year=2005 |pmid=15925768 |doi=10.1016/j.jocn.2005.01.006}}</ref> Five year survival rates were over 30% with some patients surviving over 10 years.
| |
| | |
| Yet another recent - but still experimental - therapy approach is the treatment using [[nanoparticle]]s.
| |
| <ref>Maier-Hauff et al.: Intracranial thermotherapy using magnetic nanoparticles combined with external beam radiotherapy: results of a feasibility study on patients with glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurooncol. 2007 Jan;81(1):53-60. PMID 16773216 </ref>
| |
| These consist of an iron oxide core as well as a cover facilitating the infiltration of the particles into the cancer cells. The particles are injected directly into the tumor. The tumor enriched with the iron oxide particles is then repeatedly warmed via alternating magnetic fields to above 46 degrees Celsius. In animal models, considerably-improved survival terms arose<ref>Jordan et al.:The effect of thermotherapy using magnetic nanoparticles on rat malignant glioma. J Neurooncol. 2006 May;78(1):7-14. PMID 16314937</ref>; however, at present there are not any results from efficacy studies in man yet, but results are expected to be published later this year.
| |
| | |
| ====Recurrences====
| |
| Tumor recurrence after surgery or radiation is almost inevitable, usually within 2 cm of the original site, and 10% may develop new lesions at distant sites. Reoperation or [[brachytherapy]] has been attempted, with uncertain results.<ref name="pmid17331666">{{cite journal |author=Welsh J, Sanan A, Gabayan AJ, ''et al'' |title=GliaSite brachytherapy boost as part of initial treatment of glioblastoma multiforme: a retrospective multi-institutional pilot study |journal=Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=159-65 |year=2007 |pmid=17331666 |doi=10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.11.053}}</ref><ref name="pmid17512132">{{cite journal |author=Chen AM, Chang S, Pouliot J, ''et al'' |title=Phase I Trial of Gross Total Resection, Permanent Iodine-125 Brachytherapy, and Hyperfractionated Radiotherapy for Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2007 |pmid=17512132 |doi=10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.03.061}}</ref> The most aggressive therapy, a second surgery and chemotherapy, is, in general, used in those under 40 years of age whose original operation was many months earlier. If the PCV regimen has not been used, it may be tried; else, the newer agent [[temozolomide]] may be used. However, these regimens usually only increase the symptom-free interval, rather than prolong survival.
| |
| | |
| ==Prognosis==
| |
| The median survival time from the time of diagnosis without any treatment is 3 months. Increasing age (> 60 years of age) carries a worse prognostic risk. Death is usually due to [[cerebral edema]] or increased [[intracranial pressure]].
| |
| | |
| With standard treatment ([[radiotherapy]], [[chemotherapy]] (such as [[temozolomide]]), and surgery), the [[median]] survival is approximately 14 months.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Stupp R, Mason W, van den Bent M, Weller M, Fisher B, Taphoorn M, Belanger K, Brandes A, Marosi C, Bogdahn U, Curschmann J, Janzer R, Ludwin S, Gorlia T, Allgeier A, Lacombe D, Cairncross J, Eisenhauer E, Mirimanoff R | title = Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 352 | issue = 10 | pages = 987-96 | year = 2005 | id = PMID 15758009}}</ref> Less than 10% of these patients survive past 5 years.
| |
| | |
| A study published in 2007 reported the 2-year survival at 27.3%, 3-year survival 16.7% and 4 year survival 12.9%.<sup>14</sup>
| |
| | |
| Is Long-Term Survival in Glioblastoma Possible? Updated Results of the EORTC/NCIC Phase III Randomized Trial on Radiotherapy (RT) and Concomitant and Adjuvant Temozolomide (TMZ) versus RT Alone
| |
| R. Mirimanoff , W. Mason , M. Van den Bent , R. Kortmann , M. Taphoorn , A. Brandes , S. Villa , G. Cairncrosss , T. Gorlia , R. Stupp
| |
| International Journal of Radiation Oncology * Biology * Physics- November 2007 1 (Vol. 69, Issue 3, Page S2, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.07.004)
| |
| http://www.redjournal.org/article/PIIS036030160701187X/fulltext
| |
|
| |
|
| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{Reflist|2}} | | {{Reflist|2}} |
|
| |
|
| ==Additional reading==
| | {{Nervous tissue tumors}} |
| * [http://i.cmpnet.com/cancernetwork/handbook/pdf/26brain.pdf Cancer Management: Brain Tumors]
| |
| * [http://virtualtrials.com/pdf/williams2007.pdf Treatment Options for Glioblastoma and other Glios]
| |
|
| |
|
| ==External links==
| |
| *[http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials National Cancer Institute Clinical Trials]
| |
| *[http://nabraintumor.org/ North America Brain Tumor Coalition]
| |
| *[http://www.hirntumorhilfe.de German Brain Tumor Association]
| |
| *[http://www.isracast.com/tech_news/260106_tech.aspx Glioblastoma multiforme - A new Viro-therapy developed at the Hebrew University] - An IsraCast article
| |
| *[http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2692.htm Emedicine.com article on glioblastoma multiforme]
| |
| *[http://www.yasg.com Young Adults Surviving Glioblastoma support group]
| |
| *[http://www.kaylagbmfoundation.org A Glioblastoma Multiforme Foundation]
| |
| *[http://rad.usuhs.edu/medpix/medpix.html?mode=image_finder&action=search&srchstr=glioblastoma&srch_type=all#top Glioblastoma Images] MedPix Medical Image Database
| |
|
| |
| {{Nervous tissue tumors}}
| |
| {{SIB}}
| |
| [[Category:Neurosurgery]] | | [[Category:Neurosurgery]] |
| [[Category:Neurology]] | | [[Category:Neurology]] |
| Line 119: |
Line 53: |
| [[Category:Oncology]] | | [[Category:Oncology]] |
| [[Category:Overview complete]] | | [[Category:Overview complete]] |
|
| |
| [[de:Glioblastom]]
| |
| [[fr:Glioblastome multiforme]]
| |
| [[it:Glioblastoma multiforme]]
| |
| [[la:Glioblastoma multiforme]]
| |
| [[ja:膠芽腫]]
| |
| [[no:Glioblastoma multiforme]]
| |
| [[pl:Glejak wielopostaciowy]]
| |
| [[pt:Glioblastoma multiforme]]
| |
|
| |
|
| {{WikiDoc Help Menu}} | | {{WikiDoc Help Menu}} |
| {{WikiDoc Sources}} | | {{WikiDoc Sources}} |