Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions
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| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |'''Ki67''' | | align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |'''Ki67''' | ||
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Complete Hydatidiform Mole'''<ref name="pmid26421650">{{cite journal |vauthors=Candelier JJ |title=The hydatidiform mole |journal=Cell Adh Migr |volume=10 |issue=1-2 |pages=226–35 |date=March 2016 |pmid=26421650 |pmc=4853053 |doi=10.1080/19336918.2015.1093275 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22439034">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cavaliere A, Ermito S, Dinatale A, Pedata R |title=Management of molar pregnancy |journal=J Prenat Med |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=15–7 |date=January 2009 |pmid=22439034 |pmc=3279094 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sun SY, Melamed A, Joseph NT, Gockley AA, Goldstein DP, Bernstein MR, Horowitz NS, Berkowitz RS |title=Clinical Presentation of Complete Hydatidiform Mole and Partial Hydatidiform Mole at a Regional Trophoblastic Disease Center in the United States Over the Past 2 Decades |journal=Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=367–70 |date=February 2016 |pmid= |doi=10.1097/IGC.0000000000000608 |url=}}</ref> | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Complete mole|Complete Hydatidiform Mole]]'''<ref name="pmid26421650">{{cite journal |vauthors=Candelier JJ |title=The hydatidiform mole |journal=Cell Adh Migr |volume=10 |issue=1-2 |pages=226–35 |date=March 2016 |pmid=26421650 |pmc=4853053 |doi=10.1080/19336918.2015.1093275 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22439034">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cavaliere A, Ermito S, Dinatale A, Pedata R |title=Management of molar pregnancy |journal=J Prenat Med |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=15–7 |date=January 2009 |pmid=22439034 |pmc=3279094 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sun SY, Melamed A, Joseph NT, Gockley AA, Goldstein DP, Bernstein MR, Horowitz NS, Berkowitz RS |title=Clinical Presentation of Complete Hydatidiform Mole and Partial Hydatidiform Mole at a Regional Trophoblastic Disease Center in the United States Over the Past 2 Decades |journal=Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=367–70 |date=February 2016 |pmid= |doi=10.1097/IGC.0000000000000608 |url=}}</ref> | ||
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* [[Vaginal bleeding]] | * [[Vaginal bleeding]] | ||
* Inappropriately large for date [[uterine]] size | * Inappropriately large for date [[uterine]] size | ||
* [[Hyperemesis]] | * [[Hyperemesis]] | ||
* Vaginal passage of grape-like vescicles | * [[Vaginal]] passage of grape-like vescicles | ||
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* High rate of progression (15-20%) | * High rate of progression (15-20%) | ||
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* Present | * Present | ||
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* Benign | * [[Benign]] | ||
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* 46, XX or 46 XY (Paternal dispermy) | * 46, XX or 46 XY (Paternal dispermy) | ||
| Line 63: | Line 63: | ||
* Dilation and curettage (suction) | * Dilation and curettage (suction) | ||
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Partial Hydatidiform Mole'''<ref name="pmid2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Watson EJ, Hernandez E, Miyazawa K |title=Partial hydatidiform moles: a review |journal= |volume=42 |issue=9 |pages=540–4 |date=September 1987 |pmid= |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8035368">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goldstein DP, Berkowitz RS |title=Current management of complete and partial molar pregnancy |journal=J Reprod Med |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=139–46 |date=March 1994 |pmid=8035368 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7070731">{{cite journal |vauthors=Szulman AE, Surti U |title=The clinicopathologic profile of the partial hydatidiform mole |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=597–602 |date=May 1982 |pmid=7070731 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Molar pregnancy|Partial Hydatidiform Mole]]'''<ref name="pmid2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Watson EJ, Hernandez E, Miyazawa K |title=Partial hydatidiform moles: a review |journal= |volume=42 |issue=9 |pages=540–4 |date=September 1987 |pmid= |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8035368">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goldstein DP, Berkowitz RS |title=Current management of complete and partial molar pregnancy |journal=J Reprod Med |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=139–46 |date=March 1994 |pmid=8035368 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7070731">{{cite journal |vauthors=Szulman AE, Surti U |title=The clinicopathologic profile of the partial hydatidiform mole |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=597–602 |date=May 1982 |pmid=7070731 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
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* [[Vaginal bleeding]] | * [[Vaginal bleeding]] | ||
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* Absent | * Absent | ||
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* Benign | * [[Benign]] | ||
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* 69,XXY or XYY | * 69,XXY or XYY | ||
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* Dilation and curettage (suction) | * Dilation and curettage (suction) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Invasive Molar Pregnancy''' | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia|Invasive Molar Pregnancy]]''' | ||
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* [[Vaginal bleeding]] | * [[Vaginal bleeding]] | ||
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* High | * High | ||
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* Consequence of molar pregnancy | * Consequence of [[molar pregnancy]] | ||
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* May be present | * May be present | ||
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* [[Weight loss]] | * [[Weight loss]] | ||
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* Neoplastic | * [[Neoplastic]] | ||
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* High | * High | ||
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* Absent | * Absent | ||
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* Lymphatic | * [[Lymphatic system|Lymphatic]] | ||
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* 46,XX or XY | * 46,XX or XY | ||
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* Hysterectomy | * Hysterectomy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Ovarian Tumors'''<ref name="pmid2050306">{{cite journal |vauthors=Farahmand SM, Marchetti DL, Asirwatham JE, Dewey MR |title=Ovarian endodermal sinus tumor associated with pregnancy: review of the literature |journal=Gynecol. Oncol. |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=156–60 |date=May 1991 |pmid=2050306 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3806533">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hopkins MP, Duchon MA |title=Adnexal surgery in pregnancy |journal=J Reprod Med |volume=31 |issue=11 |pages=1035–7 |date=November 1986 |pmid=3806533 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3532382">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lavery JP, Koontz WL, Layman L, Shaw L, Gumpel U |title=Sonographic evaluation of the adnexa during early pregnancy |journal=Surg Gynecol Obstet |volume=163 |issue=4 |pages=319–23 |date=October 1986 |pmid=3532382 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2722058">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dgani R, Shoham Z, Atar E, Zosmer A, Lancet M |title=Ovarian carcinoma during pregnancy: a study of 23 cases in Israel between the years 1960 and 1984 |journal=Gynecol. Oncol. |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=326–31 |date=June 1989 |pmid=2722058 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20651229">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lengyel E |title=Ovarian cancer development and metastasis |journal=Am. J. Pathol. |volume=177 |issue=3 |pages=1053–64 |date=September 2010 |pmid=20651229 |pmc=2928939 |doi=10.2353/ajpath.2010.100105 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29731792">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goel A, Rao NM, Santhi V, Byna SS, Grandhi B, Conjeevaram J |title=Immunohistochemical Characterization of Normal Ovary and Common Epithelial Ovarian Neoplasm with a Monoclonal Antibody to Cytokeratin and Vimentin |journal=Iran J Pathol |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=23–29 |date=2018 |pmid=29731792 |pmc=5929385 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14708717">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rebmann V, Regel J, Stolke D, Grosse-Wilde H |title=Secretion of sHLA-G molecules in malignancies |journal=Semin. Cancer Biol. |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=371–7 |date=October 2003 |pmid=14708717 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30675307">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhou P, Xiong T, Chen J, Li F, Qi T, Yuan J |title=Clinical significance of melanoma cell adhesion molecule CD146 and VEGFA expression in epithelial ovarian cancer |journal=Oncol Lett |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=2418–2424 |date=February 2019 |pmid=30675307 |pmc=6341705 |doi=10.3892/ol.2018.9840 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15673959">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mita S, Nakai A, Maeda S, Takeshita T |title=Prognostic significance of Ki-67 antigen immunostaining (MIB-1 monoclonal antibody) in ovarian cancer |journal=J Nippon Med Sch |volume=71 |issue=6 |pages=384–91 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15673959 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Ovarian tumor|Ovarian Tumors]]'''<ref name="pmid2050306">{{cite journal |vauthors=Farahmand SM, Marchetti DL, Asirwatham JE, Dewey MR |title=Ovarian endodermal sinus tumor associated with pregnancy: review of the literature |journal=Gynecol. Oncol. |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=156–60 |date=May 1991 |pmid=2050306 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3806533">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hopkins MP, Duchon MA |title=Adnexal surgery in pregnancy |journal=J Reprod Med |volume=31 |issue=11 |pages=1035–7 |date=November 1986 |pmid=3806533 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3532382">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lavery JP, Koontz WL, Layman L, Shaw L, Gumpel U |title=Sonographic evaluation of the adnexa during early pregnancy |journal=Surg Gynecol Obstet |volume=163 |issue=4 |pages=319–23 |date=October 1986 |pmid=3532382 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2722058">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dgani R, Shoham Z, Atar E, Zosmer A, Lancet M |title=Ovarian carcinoma during pregnancy: a study of 23 cases in Israel between the years 1960 and 1984 |journal=Gynecol. Oncol. |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=326–31 |date=June 1989 |pmid=2722058 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20651229">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lengyel E |title=Ovarian cancer development and metastasis |journal=Am. J. Pathol. |volume=177 |issue=3 |pages=1053–64 |date=September 2010 |pmid=20651229 |pmc=2928939 |doi=10.2353/ajpath.2010.100105 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29731792">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goel A, Rao NM, Santhi V, Byna SS, Grandhi B, Conjeevaram J |title=Immunohistochemical Characterization of Normal Ovary and Common Epithelial Ovarian Neoplasm with a Monoclonal Antibody to Cytokeratin and Vimentin |journal=Iran J Pathol |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=23–29 |date=2018 |pmid=29731792 |pmc=5929385 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14708717">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rebmann V, Regel J, Stolke D, Grosse-Wilde H |title=Secretion of sHLA-G molecules in malignancies |journal=Semin. Cancer Biol. |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=371–7 |date=October 2003 |pmid=14708717 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30675307">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhou P, Xiong T, Chen J, Li F, Qi T, Yuan J |title=Clinical significance of melanoma cell adhesion molecule CD146 and VEGFA expression in epithelial ovarian cancer |journal=Oncol Lett |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=2418–2424 |date=February 2019 |pmid=30675307 |pmc=6341705 |doi=10.3892/ol.2018.9840 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15673959">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mita S, Nakai A, Maeda S, Takeshita T |title=Prognostic significance of Ki-67 antigen immunostaining (MIB-1 monoclonal antibody) in ovarian cancer |journal=J Nippon Med Sch |volume=71 |issue=6 |pages=384–91 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15673959 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
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* | * [[Vaginal bleeding]] or discharge | ||
* Weight loss | * [[Weight loss]] | ||
* Urinary frequency/urgency | * [[Urinary frequency]]/[[Urinary urgency|urgency]] | ||
* Change in bowel habits | * Change in bowel habits | ||
* Loss of appetite | * [[Loss of appetite]] | ||
* Pelvic pressure/pain | * [[Pelvic]] pressure/pain | ||
* Abdominal pain | * [[Abdominal pain]] | ||
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* Neoplastic | * [[Neoplastic]] | ||
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* Elevated (Dysgerminoma and Embryonal carcinoma) | * Elevated ([[Dysgerminoma]] and Embryonal carcinoma) | ||
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* Overall incidence in pregnancy is 2.4-5.7% (1/300 to 1/556 pregnancies) | * Overall incidence in pregnancy is 2.4-5.7% (1/300 to 1/556 pregnancies) | ||
* Incidence of malignancy is 1/15,000 to 1/32,000 pregnancies | * Incidence of malignancy is 1/15,000 to 1/32,000 pregnancies | ||
* Germ cell and epithelial tumors are most common | * [[Germ cell tumor|Germ cell]] and [[Ovarian tumor|epithelial tumors]] are most common | ||
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* Absent | * Absent | ||
| Line 212: | Line 212: | ||
* Direct extension or seeding | * Direct extension or seeding | ||
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* 46,XX | * [[46,XX]] | ||
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* Negative (Epithelial tumors may be positive for cytokeratin AE1/AE3) | * Negative (Epithelial tumors may be positive for [[cytokeratin]] AE1/AE3) | ||
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* Positive | * Positive | ||
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* Elevated in dysgerminomas and embryonal carcinoma) | * Elevated in [[Dysgerminoma|dysgerminomas]] and [[embryonal carcinoma]]) | ||
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* Positive (especially in epithelial cancers) | * Positive (especially in epithelial cancers) | ||
| Line 231: | Line 231: | ||
* Intravenous/intraperitoneal chemotherapy | * Intravenous/intraperitoneal chemotherapy | ||
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Spontaneous Abortion'''<ref name="pmid15516387">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barnhart K, Sammel MD, Chung K, Zhou L, Hummel AC, Guo W |title=Decline of serum human chorionic gonadotropin and spontaneous complete abortion: defining the normal curve |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=104 |issue=5 Pt 1 |pages=975–81 |date=November 2004 |pmid=15516387 |doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000142712.80407.fd |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16225027">{{cite journal |vauthors=Griebel CP, Halvorsen J, Golemon TB, Day AA |title=Management of spontaneous abortion |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=72 |issue=7 |pages=1243–50 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16225027 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Spontaneous abortions|Spontaneous Abortion]]'''<ref name="pmid15516387">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barnhart K, Sammel MD, Chung K, Zhou L, Hummel AC, Guo W |title=Decline of serum human chorionic gonadotropin and spontaneous complete abortion: defining the normal curve |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=104 |issue=5 Pt 1 |pages=975–81 |date=November 2004 |pmid=15516387 |doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000142712.80407.fd |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16225027">{{cite journal |vauthors=Griebel CP, Halvorsen J, Golemon TB, Day AA |title=Management of spontaneous abortion |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=72 |issue=7 |pages=1243–50 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16225027 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
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* Vaginal bleeding | * [[Vaginal bleeding]] | ||
* Lower abdominal pain | * [[Lower abdominal pain]] | ||
* Lower back pain | * [[Lower back pain]] | ||
* Vaginal passage of fetal tissue | * [[Vaginal]] passage of [[Fetal|fetal tissue]] | ||
* Reduced uterine size and regression of signs and | * Reduced [[uterine]] size and regression of [[Symptoms and Signs|signs and symptoms]] of [[pregnancy]] | ||
* Firm cervix | * Firm [[cervix]] | ||
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* Not applicable | * Not applicable | ||
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* Decline in levels within 24 hours | * Decline in levels within 24 hours | ||
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* Aneuploid pregnancy | * [[Aneuploidy|Aneuploid]] [[pregnancy]] | ||
* History of recurrent pregnancy loss | * History of [[recurrent pregnancy loss]] | ||
* | * | ||
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* Not applicable | * Not applicable | ||
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* 47,XX, +21 or 47, XY, +21 (Down's syndrome) | * [[Down syndrome|47,XX, +21 or 47, XY, +21 (Down's syndrome)]] | ||
* 47,XX,+18 or 47, XY, +18 (Edward's syndrome) | * [[Edward's syndrome|47,XX,+18 or 47, XY, +18 (Edward's syndrome)]] | ||
* 47,XX, +13 or 47, XY, +13 (Patau syndrome) | * [[Patau's Syndrome|47,XX, +13 or 47, XY, +13 (Patau syndrome)]] | ||
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* Negative | * Negative | ||
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* Expectant management if no complications | * Expectant management if no complications | ||
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Ectopic Pregnancy'''<ref name="pmid16217116">{{cite journal |vauthors=Murray H, Baakdah H, Bardell T, Tulandi T |title=Diagnosis and treatment of ectopic pregnancy |journal=CMAJ |volume=173 |issue=8 |pages=905–12 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16217116 |pmc=1247706 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.050222 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1534771">{{cite journal |vauthors=Murphy AA, Nager CW, Wujek JJ, Kettel LM, Torp VA, Chin HG |title=Operative laparoscopy versus laparotomy for the management of ectopic pregnancy: a prospective trial |journal=Fertil. Steril. |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=1180–5 |date=June 1992 |pmid=1534771 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Ectopic pregnancy|Ectopic Pregnancy]]'''<ref name="pmid16217116">{{cite journal |vauthors=Murray H, Baakdah H, Bardell T, Tulandi T |title=Diagnosis and treatment of ectopic pregnancy |journal=CMAJ |volume=173 |issue=8 |pages=905–12 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16217116 |pmc=1247706 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.050222 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1534771">{{cite journal |vauthors=Murphy AA, Nager CW, Wujek JJ, Kettel LM, Torp VA, Chin HG |title=Operative laparoscopy versus laparotomy for the management of ectopic pregnancy: a prospective trial |journal=Fertil. Steril. |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=1180–5 |date=June 1992 |pmid=1534771 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
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* Abdominal/pelvic pain | * [[Abdominal]]/[[pelvic pain]] | ||
* Vaginal bleeding | * [[Vaginal bleeding]] | ||
* Amenorrhea | * [[Amenorrhea]] | ||
* Nausea | * [[Nausea]] | ||
* Syncope | * [[Syncope]] | ||
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* Not applicable | * Not applicable | ||
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* Failure of hCG doubling (especially during the first 8 weeks) | * Failure of [[Human chorionic gonadotropin|hCG]] doubling (especially during the first 8 weeks) | ||
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* Previous ectopic pregnancy | * Previous [[ectopic pregnancy]] | ||
* Intrauterine exposure to diethylstillbestrol | * Intrauterine exposure to [[Diethylstilbestrol|diethylstillbestrol]] | ||
* Current use of intrauterine contraceptive device | * Current use of [[Intrauterine device|intrauterine contraceptive device]] | ||
* Advanced maternal age | * Advanced maternal age | ||
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| Line 296: | Line 296: | ||
* Not applicable | * Not applicable | ||
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* 46,XX or 46, XY | * [[46,XX]] or 46, XY | ||
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* Negative | * Negative | ||
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* Negative | * Negative | ||
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* A rising β-hCG concentration that fails to reach 50% or plateaus | * A rising [[Beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin|β-hCG]] concentration that fails to reach 50% or plateaus | ||
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* Negative | * Negative | ||
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* Surgical laproscopy | * Surgical laproscopy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Normal Term Pregnancy''' | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Pregnancy|Normal Term Pregnancy]]''' | ||
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* Uterine enlargment | * [[Uterine]] enlargment | ||
* Nausea with or without vomiting | * [[Nausea]] with or without [[vomiting]] | ||
* Breast tenderness | * [[Breast]] [[tenderness]] | ||
* Amenorrhea | * [[Amenorrhea]] | ||
* Cervix is firm, long and closed | * [[Cervix]] is firm, long and closed | ||
* Headache | * [[Headache]] | ||
* Urinary urgency | * [[Urinary urgency]] | ||
* Fatigue | * [[Fatigue]] | ||
| | | | ||
* Not applicable | * Not applicable | ||
| Line 337: | Line 337: | ||
* Not applicable | * Not applicable | ||
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* 46,XX or 46, XY | * [[46,XX]] or [[Males|46, XY]] | ||
| | | | ||
* Negative | * Negative | ||
Revision as of 19:59, 11 March 2019
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [2]Monalisa Dmello, M.B,B.S., M.D. [3]
Overview
Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, placental-site trophoblastic tumor [PSTT] and epitheloid trophoblastic tumor [ETT]) should be differentiated from other conditions presenting with similar symptoms and signs such as increase in uterine size, vaginal bleeding and amenorrhea. The differentials include molar pregnancy (complete and partial moles), ovarian tumors, spontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancy and normal term pregnancy.
Differentiating Choriocarcinoma From Other Diseases
Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, placental-site trophoblastic tumor [PSTT] and epitheloid trophoblastic tumor [ETT]) should be differentiated from other conditions presenting with similar symptoms and signs such as increase in uterine size, vaginal bleeding and amenorrhea. The differentials include the following:
| Differential Diagnosis | Clinical Features | Karyotype | Immunostaining | Management | |||||||||||
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| Presenting Complaints | Potential for Neoplastic Conversion | Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (Beta-hCG) Baseline Levels | History of Pregnancy | Theca Leutin Cysts | Metastatic Route | Cytokeratin 18 | HLA-G | Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) | Transformation-Related Protein 63 (P63) | Human Placental Lactogen (hPL) | Melanoma Cell Adhesion Molecule (Mel-CAM) | Ki67 | |||
| Complete Hydatidiform Mole[1][2][3] |
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| Partial Hydatidiform Mole[4][5][6] |
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| Invasive Molar Pregnancy |
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| Choriocarcinoma[7][8][9] |
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| Placental-site Trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) and Epitheloid Trophoblastic Tumor (ETT)[10][11][12][13] |
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| Ovarian Tumors[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] |
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| Spontaneous Abortion[23][24] |
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| Ectopic Pregnancy[25][26] |
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| Normal Term Pregnancy |
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References
- ↑ Candelier JJ (March 2016). "The hydatidiform mole". Cell Adh Migr. 10 (1–2): 226–35. doi:10.1080/19336918.2015.1093275. PMC 4853053. PMID 26421650.
- ↑ Cavaliere A, Ermito S, Dinatale A, Pedata R (January 2009). "Management of molar pregnancy". J Prenat Med. 3 (1): 15–7. PMC 3279094. PMID 22439034.
- ↑ Sun SY, Melamed A, Joseph NT, Gockley AA, Goldstein DP, Bernstein MR, Horowitz NS, Berkowitz RS (February 2016). "Clinical Presentation of Complete Hydatidiform Mole and Partial Hydatidiform Mole at a Regional Trophoblastic Disease Center in the United States Over the Past 2 Decades". Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer. 26 (2): 367–70. doi:10.1097/IGC.0000000000000608.
- ↑ Watson EJ, Hernandez E, Miyazawa K (September 1987). "Partial hydatidiform moles: a review". 42 (9): 540–4.
- ↑ Goldstein DP, Berkowitz RS (March 1994). "Current management of complete and partial molar pregnancy". J Reprod Med. 39 (3): 139–46. PMID 8035368.
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