Germ cell tumor risk factors: Difference between revisions
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===Dysgerminoma=== | ===Dysgerminoma=== | ||
*Common [[risk factors]] in the [[development]] of [[dysgerminoma]] are [[gonadal dysgenesis]], [[androgen insensitivity syndrome]] and [[gonadoblastoma]].<ref name="wqd">{{cite book | last = Kliegman | first = Robert | title = Nelson textbook of pediatrics | publisher = Elsevier/Saunders | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-1-4377-0755-7 }}</ref> | *Common [[risk factors]] in the [[development]] of [[dysgerminoma]] are [[gonadal dysgenesis]], [[androgen insensitivity syndrome]] and [[gonadoblastoma]].<ref name="wqd">{{cite book | last = Kliegman | first = Robert | title = Nelson textbook of pediatrics | publisher = Elsevier/Saunders | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-1-4377-0755-7 }}</ref> | ||
==Risk Factors== | |||
Common [[Risk factor|risk factors]] in [[Testicle|testicular]] seminoma include:<ref name="riskfactorsfortesticulargermcelltumotrssnkjb">Risk factors for testicular germ cell tumors. Dr Matt A. Morgan and Dr Andrew Dixon et al. Radiopaedia 2016. Accessed on February 25, 2016</ref><ref name="seminomariskfactorsmlmn1">Causes of seminoma. US National Library of Medicine 2016. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001288.htm. Accessed on February 29, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid17916870">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khan O, Protheroe A |title=Testis cancer |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=83 |issue=984 |pages=624–32 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17916870 |pmc=2600126 |doi=10.1136/pgmj.2007.057992 |url=http://pmj.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17916870}}</ref><ref name="pmid22508459">{{cite journal |vauthors=McGlynn KA, Trabert B |title=Adolescent and adult risk factors for testicular cancer |journal=Nat Rev Urol |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=339–49 |date=April 2012 |pmid=22508459 |pmc=4031676 |doi=10.1038/nrurol.2012.61 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29262668">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boccellino M, Vanacore D, Zappavigna S, Cavaliere C, Rossetti S, D'Aniello C, Chieffi P, Amler E, Buonerba C, Di Lorenzo G, Di Franco R, Izzo A, Piscitelli R, Iovane G, Muto P, Botti G, Perdonà S, Caraglia M, Facchini G |title=Testicular cancer from diagnosis to epigenetic factors |journal=Oncotarget |volume=8 |issue=61 |pages=104654–104663 |date=November 2017 |pmid=29262668 |pmc=5732834 |doi=10.18632/oncotarget.20992 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28241106">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ghazarian AA, Kelly SP, Altekruse SF, Rosenberg PS, McGlynn KA |title=Future of testicular germ cell tumor incidence in the United States: Forecast through 2026 |journal=Cancer |volume=123 |issue=12 |pages=2320–2328 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28241106 |pmc=5629636 |doi=10.1002/cncr.30597 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26560314">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gurney J, Shaw C, Stanley J, Signal V, Sarfati D |title=Cannabis exposure and risk of testicular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=BMC Cancer |volume=15 |issue= |pages=897 |date=November 2015 |pmid=26560314 |pmc=4642772 |doi=10.1186/s12885-015-1905-6 |url=}}</ref> | |||
===Common Risk Factors=== | |||
* Caucasian race | |||
* [[Undescended testicle]] | |||
* [[Family history]] of [[Testicle|testicular]] [[cancer]] | |||
* Personal history of [[testicular cancer]] (previous tumor in contralateral testis) | |||
* [[Klinefelter syndrome]] | |||
* Impaired [[spermatogenesis]] | |||
* [[Hypospadias]] | |||
* [[Testicular]] microlithiasis | |||
* [[Testicular]] [[dysgenesis]] | |||
*[[Testicular]] [[Feminization (biology)|feminization]] | |||
*[[Klinefelter's Syndrome|Klinefelter syndrome]] | |||
===Less Common Risk Factors=== | |||
:*[[Infection|Infections]] such as [[HIV]], [[orchitis]] | |||
:*History of [[trauma]] | |||
:*[[Organ transplant]] [[immunosuppression]] | |||
:*Canabis exposure | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
Revision as of 18:23, 19 August 2019
Risk Factors
- Ovarian germ cell tumors tend to affect individuals with gonadal dysgenesis at a greater extent.[1]
- Maternal hormonal factors are another things associated with the increased risk of the development of ovarian germ cell tumors in daughters. These factors include:[2][3][4]
- Maternal use of exogenous hormones (ie, supportive hormones or oral contraceptives)
- Maternal high body mass index
- Other reproductive factors also has been observed to be associated with the development of these tumors such as:
- Parity
- Oral contraceptive use
- Age at first and last births
Mature teratoma
- Common risk factors in the malignant transformation of mature teratoma include:
Dysgerminoma
- Common risk factors in the development of dysgerminoma are gonadal dysgenesis, androgen insensitivity syndrome and gonadoblastoma.[7]
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in testicular seminoma include:[8][9][10][11][12][13][14]
Common Risk Factors
- Caucasian race
- Undescended testicle
- Family history of testicular cancer
- Personal history of testicular cancer (previous tumor in contralateral testis)
- Klinefelter syndrome
- Impaired spermatogenesis
- Hypospadias
- Testicular microlithiasis
- Testicular dysgenesis
Less Common Risk Factors
- Infections such as HIV, orchitis
- History of trauma
- Organ transplant immunosuppression
- Canabis exposure
References
- ↑ Pleskacova, J.; Hersmus, R.; Oosterhuis, J.W.; Setyawati, B.A.; Faradz, S.M.; Cools, M.; Wolffenbuttel, K.P.; Lebl, J.; Drop, S.L.; Looijenga, L.H. (2010). "Tumor Risk in Disorders of Sex Development". Sexual Development. 4 (4–5): 259–269. doi:10.1159/000314536. ISSN 1661-5433.
- ↑ Sharpe, Richard M.; Skakkebaek, Niels E. (2008). "Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: mechanistic insights and potential new downstream effects". Fertility and Sterility. 89 (2): e33–e38. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.026. ISSN 0015-0282.
- ↑ Skakkebæk, N.E.; Rajpert-De Meyts, E.; Main, K.M. (2001). "Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects: Opinion". Human Reproduction. 16 (5): 972–978. doi:10.1093/humrep/16.5.972. ISSN 1460-2350.
- ↑ Walker AH, Ross RK, Haile RW, Henderson BE (April 1988). "Hormonal factors and risk of ovarian germ cell cancer in young women". Br. J. Cancer. 57 (4): 418–22. PMC 2246577. PMID 3390378.
- ↑ Hackethal A, Brueggmann D, Bohlmann MK, Franke FE, Tinneberg HR, Münstedt K (December 2008). "Squamous-cell carcinoma in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: systematic review and analysis of published data". Lancet Oncol. 9 (12): 1173–80. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70306-1. PMID 19038764.
- ↑ Park, Jeong-Yeol; Kim, Dae-Yeon; Kim, Jong-Hyeok; Kim, Yong-Man; Kim, Young-Tak; Nam, Joo-Hyun (2008). "Malignant transformation of mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: Experience at a single institution". European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 141 (2): 173–178. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.07.032. ISSN 0301-2115.
- ↑ Kliegman, Robert (2011). Nelson textbook of pediatrics. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4377-0755-7.
- ↑ Risk factors for testicular germ cell tumors. Dr Matt A. Morgan and Dr Andrew Dixon et al. Radiopaedia 2016. Accessed on February 25, 2016
- ↑ Causes of seminoma. US National Library of Medicine 2016. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001288.htm. Accessed on February 29, 2016
- ↑ Khan O, Protheroe A (October 2007). "Testis cancer". Postgrad Med J. 83 (984): 624–32. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2007.057992. PMC 2600126. PMID 17916870.
- ↑ McGlynn KA, Trabert B (April 2012). "Adolescent and adult risk factors for testicular cancer". Nat Rev Urol. 9 (6): 339–49. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2012.61. PMC 4031676. PMID 22508459.
- ↑ Boccellino M, Vanacore D, Zappavigna S, Cavaliere C, Rossetti S, D'Aniello C, Chieffi P, Amler E, Buonerba C, Di Lorenzo G, Di Franco R, Izzo A, Piscitelli R, Iovane G, Muto P, Botti G, Perdonà S, Caraglia M, Facchini G (November 2017). "Testicular cancer from diagnosis to epigenetic factors". Oncotarget. 8 (61): 104654–104663. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.20992. PMC 5732834. PMID 29262668.
- ↑ Ghazarian AA, Kelly SP, Altekruse SF, Rosenberg PS, McGlynn KA (June 2017). "Future of testicular germ cell tumor incidence in the United States: Forecast through 2026". Cancer. 123 (12): 2320–2328. doi:10.1002/cncr.30597. PMC 5629636. PMID 28241106.
- ↑ Gurney J, Shaw C, Stanley J, Signal V, Sarfati D (November 2015). "Cannabis exposure and risk of testicular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis". BMC Cancer. 15: 897. doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1905-6. PMC 4642772. PMID 26560314.