https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Fusarium&feed=atom&action=historyFusarium - Revision history2024-03-29T16:03:43ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.40.0https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Fusarium&diff=715185&oldid=prevWikiBot: Robot: Automated text replacement (-{{WikiDoc Cardiology Network Infobox}} +, -<references /> +{{reflist|2}}, -{{reflist}} +{{reflist|2}})2012-09-04T17:31:59Z<p>Robot: Automated text replacement (-{{WikiDoc Cardiology Network Infobox}} +, -<references /> +{{reflist|2}}, -{{reflist}} +{{reflist|2}})</p>
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</table>WikiBothttps://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Fusarium&diff=674708&oldid=prevWikiBot: Bot: Automated text replacement (-{{SIB}} + & -{{EJ}} + & -{{EH}} + & -{{Editor Join}} + & -{{Editor Help}} +)2012-08-09T02:55:47Z<p>Bot: Automated text replacement (-{{SIB}} + & -{{EJ}} + & -{{EH}} + & -{{Editor Join}} + & -{{Editor Help}} +)</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Taxobox | color = lightblue<br />
| name = ''Fusarium''<br />
| image = Fusarium verticillioides 01.jpg<br />
| image_width = 240px<br />
| image_caption = ''Fusarium verticillioides''<br />
| regnum = [[Fungi]]<br />
| phylum = [[Ascomycota]]<br />
| classis = [[Sordariomycetes]]<br />
| ordo = [[Hypocreales]]<br />
| genus = '''''Fusarium'''''<br />
}}<br />
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{{CMG}}<br />
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'''''Fusarium''''' is a large genus of [[filamentous]] [[fungi]] widely distributed in soil and in association with plants. Most species are harmless [[saprobes]] and are relatively abundant members of the soil microbial community. Some species produce [[mycotoxins]] in cereal crops that can affect human and animal health if they enter the food chain. The main toxins produced by these ''Fusarium'' species are [[fumonisins]] and [[trichothecenes]]. <br />
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==Pathogens==<br />
The genus includes a number of economically important plant [[pathogen]]ic species. The genome of the wheat and maize pathogen, ''Fusarium graminearum'', has been sequenced. In addition, some species may cause a range of [[opportunistic infection]]s in humans. In humans with normal immune systems, fusarial infections may occur in the [[nail (anatomy)|nails]] ([[onychomycosis]]) and in the [[cornea]] ([[keratomycosis]] or mycotic keratitis).<ref name=Baron>{{cite book | author = Walsh TJ, Dixon DM | title = Spectrum of Mycoses. ''In:'' Baron's Medical Microbiology ''(Baron S ''et al'', eds.)| edition = 4th ed. | publisher = Univ of Texas Medical Branch | year = 1996 | id = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.4006 (via NCBI Bookshelf)] ISBN 0-9631172-1-1 }}</ref> In humans whose immune systems are weakened in a particular way ([[neutropenia]], i.e., very low count of the white blood cell type called [[neutrophils]]), aggressive fusarial infections penetrating the entire body and bloodstream (disseminated infections) may be caused by members of the ''[[Fusarium solani]]'' complex, ''[[Fusarium oxysporum]]'', ''[[Fusarium verticillioides]]'', ''[[Fusarium proliferatum]]'' and rarely other fusarial species.<ref name=Howard>{{cite book | author = Howard DH | title = Pathogenic Fungi in Humans and Animals | edition = 2nd ed. | publisher = Marcel Dekker | year = 2003| id = [http://books.google.ca/books?id=my7KbbJi2b4C&dq=Marcel+Dekker+Howard+Fungi&psp=1 (via Google Books)] ISBN 0-8247-0683-8 }}</ref> The neutropenia in such cases is almost always the result of [[chemotherapy]] against certain kinds of [[leukemia]] or else heavy use of immunosuppressive drugs in problematic cases of major [[organ transplant]] surgery.<br />
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==Crop Damage==<br />
===Barley===<br />
[[Fusarium graminearum]] commonly infects barley if there is rain late in the season. It is of economic impact to the Malting and Brewing industries as well as feed barley. Fusarium contamination in barley can result in head blight and in extreme contaminations the barley can appear pink. [3]<br />
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[[Fusarium graminearum]] can also cause root rot and seedling blight. The total losses in the US of barley and wheat crops between 1991 and 1996 have been estimated at $3 billion. [3]<br />
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==Use as human food==<br />
[[Fusarium venenatum]] is produced industrially for use as a human food by Marlow Foods, Ltd., and is marketed under the name [[Quorn]] in Europe and North America.<br />
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==Biological warfare==<br />
Mass casualties occurred in the [[Soviet Union]] in the 1930s and 1940s when ''Fusarium''-contaminated wheat flour was baked into bread, causing [[alimentary toxic aleukia]] with a 60% mortality rate. Symptoms began with [[abdominal pain]], [[diarrhea]], [[vomiting]], and [[prostration]]. Within days [[fever]], [[chills]], [[myalgia]]s and [[bone marrow]] depression with [[granulocytopenia]] and secondary [[sepsis]]. Further symptoms included [[pharyngeal]] or [[laryngeal]] [[ulceration]] and diffuse bleeding into the skin ([[petechiae]] and [[ecchymoses]]), [[melena]], bloody diarrhea, [[hematuria]], [[hematemesis]], [[epistaxis]], [[vaginal bleeding]], [[Pancytopenia]] and [[gastrointestinal]] ulceration. ''Fusarium sporotrichoides'' contamination was found in affected grain in 1932, spurring research for medical purposes and for use in [[biological warfare]]. The active ingredient was found to be [[trichothecene]] [[T-2 mycotoxin]], and was produced in quantity and weaponized prior to the passage of the [[Biological Weapons Convention]] in 1972. The Soviets were accused of using the agent, dubbed ''"yellow rain"'', to cause 6,300 deaths in [[Laos]], [[Kampuchea]], and [[Afghanistan]] between 1975 and 1981.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/docstore/bulletin/pdf/issue9/bu0024.pdf|title=Toxic effects of mycotoxins in humans|date=September 1, 1999|author=World Health Organization|accessdate=2007-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drugpolicy.org/docUploads/Mycoherbicide06.pdf|title=Repeating mistakes of the past: another mycoherbicide research bill|author=Drug Policy Alliance|date=2006|accessdate=2007-05-27}}</ref><br />
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Following an outbreak of ''[[Fusarium oxysporum]]'' that affected [[coca]] plantations in [[Peru]], and other crops planted in the area, the [[United States]] has proposed the use of the agent as a [[mycoherbicide]] in drug eradication. In 2000, a proposal was passed to use the agent as part of [[Plan Colombia]]. In response to concerns that use of the fungus could be perceived as [[biological warfare]], the [[Clinton Administration]] "waived" this use of ''Fusarium''. A subsequent law passed in 2006 has mandated the testing of [[mycoherbicide]] agents - either ''[[Fusarium oxysporum]]'' or ''[[Pleospora papaveracea]]'' - in field trials in U.S. territory.<ref name="tni">{{cite web|url=http://www.tni.org/docs/200705111419584743.pdf|title=Evaluating Mycoherbicides for Illicit Drug Crop Control:<br />
Rigorous Scientific Scrutiny is Crucial}}</ref> Use of ''[[Fusarium oxysporum]]'' for these tests has raised concerns because resistant [[coca]] from the previous outbreak has been widely cultivated, and the fungus has been implicated in the birth of 31 [[anencephalic]] children in the [[Rio Grande]] region of [[Texas]] in 1991, the loss of [[palm tree]]s in [[Los Angeles]], and eye infections from [[contact lens]] solutions. The alternative ''[[Pleospora papaveracea]]'' is less well-known; despite decades of study in the [[Soviet]] biowarfare lab in [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbekistan]], the relevant mycotoxins reportedly have not yet been isolated, named, or studied.<ref name="tni" /><br />
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==References==<br />
<references /><br />
[3] Brewing Microbiology 3rd Edition Priest and Campbell, ISBN0-306-47288-0<br />
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== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.doctorfungus.org/thefungi/fusarium.htm Doctor Fungus]<br />
* [http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/3122.html ''Fusarium'' and ''Verticillium'' Wilts of Tomato, Potato, Pepper, and Eggplant]<br />
* [http://www.bugwood.org/container/fusarium.html ''Fusarium'' Root Rot in Container Tree Nurseries]<br />
* [http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/plantanswers/turf/publications/fusarium.html ''Fusarium'' Blight on Turfgrass]<br />
* [http://paridss.usask.ca/specialcrop/pulse_diseases/pea/fusarium.html Pea ''Fusarium'' Wilt]<br />
* [http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/f_oxys.htm ''Fusarium'' oxysporum]<br />
* [http://www.logicalimages.com/resourcesFusariumKeratitis.htm ''Fusarium'' Keratitis]<br />
* [http://www.fusarium-news.com Latest News on ''Fusarium'' Eye Fungus Contact Lens Infections]<br />
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[[Category:Plant pathogens and diseases]]<br />
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