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| Caption = An analogue [[medical thermometer]] showing the temperature of 38.7 °C| | | Caption = An analogue [[medical thermometer]] showing the temperature of 38.7 °C| |
| }} | | }} |
| {{SI}} | | {{Fever}} |
| {{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}; {{MUT}} | | {{CMG}};{{AE}} {{CZ}}; {{MUT}}; {{Ochuko}} |
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| {{SK}} Pyrexia; febrile response | | {{SK}} Pyrexia; febrile response |
| ==Overview==
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| '''Fever''' (also known as '''pyrexia''', or a '''febrile response''' from the [[Latin]] word ''[[febris]]'', meaning fever, and archaically known as '''ague''') is a frequent [[medicine|medical]] symptom that describes an increase in internal [[body temperature]] to levels that are above normal (the common oral measurement of [[normal human body temperature]] is 36.8±0.7 °C or 98.2±1.3 °F). Fever is most accurately characterized as a temporary elevation in the body's thermoregulatory set-point, usually by about 1–2°C. Fever differs from [[hyperthermia]], which is an increase in body temperature over the body's thermoregulatory set-point (due to excessive heat production or insufficient [[thermoregulation]], or both). [[Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich|Carl Wunderlich]] discovered that fever is not a disease but a symptom of disease.
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| The elevation in thermoregulatory set-point means that the previous "normal body temperature" is considered [[hypothermia|hypothermic]], and effector mechanisms kick in. The person who is developing the fever has a cold sensation, and an increase in [[heart rate]], [[muscle tone]] and [[shivering]] attempt to counteract the perceived [[hypothermia]], thereby reaching the new thermoregulatory set-point.
| | ==[[Fever overview|Overview]]== |
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| When a patient has or is suspected of having a fever, that person's body temperature is measured using thermometer. At a first glance, fever is present if:
| | ==[[Fever measurement of body temperature in fever|Measurement of Body Temperature in Fever]]== |
| * temperature in the anus (rectum/rectal) or in the ear (otic) is at or over 38.0°C (100.4°F)
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| * temperature in the mouth (oral) is at or over 37.5°C (99.5°F)
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| * temperature under the arm (axillary) is at or over 37.2°C (99.0°F)
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| However, there are many variations in normal body temperature, and this needs to be considered when measuring fever. The values given are for an otherwise healthy, non-fasting adult, dressed comfortably, indoors, in a room that is kept at a normal room temperature, during the morning, but not shortly after arising from sleep. Furthermore, for oral temperatures, the subject must not have eaten, drunk, or smoked anything in at least the previous fifteen minutes.
| | ==[[Fever variations in body temperature|Variations in Body Temperature]]== |
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| Body temperature normally fluctuates over the day, with the lowest levels at 4 a.m. and the highest at 6 p.m. Therefore, an oral temperature of 37.5°C (99.5°F) would strictly be a fever in the morning, but not in the afternoon. Normal body temperature may differ as much as 0.4°C (0.7°F) between individuals or from day to day. In women, temperature differs at various points in the [[menstrual cycle]], and this can be used for [[fertility awareness|family planning]] (although it is only one of the variables of temperature). Temperature is increased after meals, and psychological factors (like the first day in the hospital) also influence body temperature.
| | ==[[Fever pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
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| There are different locations where temperature can be measured, and these differ in temperature variability. [[Tympanic membrane]] [[thermometer]]s measure radiant heat energy from the tympanic membrane (infrared). These may be very convenient, but may also show more variability.
| | ==[[Fever classification|Classification]]== |
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| Children develop higher temperatures with activities like playing, but this is not fever because their set-point is normal. Elderly patients may have a decreased ability to generate body heat during a fever, so even a low-grade fever can have serious underlying causes in [[geriatrics]].
| | [[fever of unknown origin|Fever of unknown origin]] |
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| ==Mechanism== | | ==[[Fever causes|Causes]]== |
| | ===Drug Side Effect=== |
| | {{Columns-list|3| |
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| Temperature is regulated in the [[hypothalamus]], in response to [[PGE2]]. [[PGE2]] release, in turn, comes from a trigger, a pyrogen. The [[hypothalamus]] generates a response back to the rest of the body, making it increase the temperature set-point.
| | *[[Aldesleukin]] |
| | *[[Artemether/lumefantrine]] |
| | *[[Blinatumomab]] |
| | *[[Clobazam]] |
| | *[[Dexrazoxane]] |
| | *[[Ecallantide]] |
| | *[[Eltrombopag]] |
| | *[[Elosulfase alfa]] |
| | *[[Idursulfase]] |
| | *[[Micafungin sodium]] |
| | *[[Polidocanol]] |
| | *[[Teniposide]] |
| | }} |
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| [[Image:fever-conceptual.svg|thumb|center|400px|'''Hyperthermia''': Characterized on the left. Normal body temperature (thermoregulatory set-point) is shown in green, while the hyperthermic temperature is shown in red. As can be seen, hyperthermia can be conceptualized as an increase above the thermoregulatory set-point.<br />'''Hypothermia''': Characterized in the center: Normal body temperature is shown in green, while the hypothermic temperature is shown in blue. As can be seen, hypothermia can be conceptualized as a decrease below the thermoregulatory set-point.<br />'''Fever''': Characterized on the right: Normal body temperature is shown in green. It reads "New Normal" because the thermoregulatory set-point has risen. This has caused what was the normal body temperature (in blue) to be considered hypothermic.]] | | ==[[Fever usefulness of fever|Usefulness of Fever]]== |
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| ===Pyrogens=== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| A pyrogen is a substance that induces fever. These can be either [[internal]] ([[endogenous]]) or external ([[exogenous]]). The bacterial substance [[lipopolysaccharide]] (LPS) is an example of an exogenous pyrogen.
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| ====Endogenous====
| | [[Fever history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Fever physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Fever laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] |
| The cytokines (such as [[interleukin 1]]) are a part of the [[innate immune system]], produced by [[phagocytic cells]], and cause the increase in the thermoregulatory set-point in the hypothalamus. Other examples of endogenous pyrogens are [[interleukin 6]] (IL-6), and the [[tumor necrosis factor-alpha]].
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| These cytokine factors are released into general circulation where they migrate to the circumventricular [[organ (anatomy)|organ]]s of the [[brain]], where the [[blood-brain barrier]] is reduced. The cytokine factors bind with [[endothelium|endothelial receptor]]s on vessel walls, or interact with local [[microglial cell]]s. When these cytokine factors bind, they activate the [[arachidonic acid]] pathway.
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| ====Exogenous====
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| One model for the mechanism of [[fever]] caused by exogenous pyrogens includes LPS, which is a cell wall component of [[Gram-negative|gram-negative bacteria]]. An immunological protein called [[lipopolysaccharide-binding protein]] (LBP) binds to LPS. The LBP–LPS complex then binds to the [[CD14]] receptor of a nearby [[macrophage]]. This binding results in the synthesis and release of various endogenous [[cytokine]] factors, such as [[interleukin 1]] (IL-1), [[interleukin 6]] (IL-6), and the [[tumor necrosis factor-alpha]]. In other words, exogenous factors cause release of endogenous factors, which, in turn, activate the [[arachidonic acid]] pathway.
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| ===PGE2 release===
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| PGE2 release comes from the [[arachidonic acid]] pathway. This pathway (as it relates to fever), is mediated by the [[enzyme]]s [[phospholipase|phospholipase A2]] (PLA2), [[cyclooxygenase|cyclooxygenase-2]] (COX-2), and [[prostaglandin E2 synthase]]. These enzymes ultimately mediate the synthesis and release of PGE2.
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| PGE2 is the ultimate mediator of the febrile response. The set-point temperature of the body will remain elevated until PGE2 is no longer present. PGE2 acts on neurons in the [[preoptic area]] (POA) through the EP3 subtype of PGE receptors and the EP3-expressing neurons in the POA innervate the [[dorsomedial hypothalamus]] (DMH), the rostral [[raphe]] pallidus nucleus in the [[medulla oblongata]] (rRPa) and the [[paraventricular nucleus]] of the [[hypothalamus]] (PVN). Fever signals sent to the DMH and rRPa lead to stimulation of the [[sympathetic]] output system, which evokes non-shivering thermogenesis to produce body heat and skin vasoconstriction to decrease heat loss from the body surface. It is presumed that the innervation from the POA to the PVN mediates the neuroendocrine effects of fever through the pathway involving [[pituitary gland]] and various [[endocrine organs]].
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| ===Hypothalamus response===
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| The brain ultimately orchestrates '''heat effector mechanisms'''. These may be
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| * increased heat production by increased [[muscle tone]], [[shivering]] and hormones like epinephrine.
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| * prevention of heat loss, such as [[vasoconstriction]].
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| The [[autonomic nervous system]] may also activate [[brown adipose tissue]] to produce heat (non-exercise-associated [[thermogenesis]], also known as non-shivering thermogenesis), but this seems mostly important for babies. Increased heart rate and vasoconstriction contribute to increased [[blood pressure]] in fever.
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| ==Types==
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| Pyrexia (fever) can be classed as:
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| * [[low-grade fever|low grade]]: 38–39°C (100.4–102.2°F)
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| * moderate: 39–40°C (102.2–104.0°F)
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| * high-grade: 40–42°C (104.0–107.6°F)
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| * [[hyperpyrexia]]: over 42°C (107.6°F)
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| The last is clearly a [[medical emergency]] because it approaches the upper limit compatible with human life.
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| Most of the time, fever types can not be used to find the underlying cause. However, there are specific fever patterns that may occasionally hint the [[diagnosis]]:
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| *[[Pel-Ebstein fever]]: a specific kind of fever associated with [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]], being high for one week and low for the next week and so on. However, there is some debate as to whether this pattern truly exists.<ref>http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/333/1/66</ref>
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| *Continuous fever: temperature remains above normal throughout the day and does not fluctuate more than 1°C in 24 hours, e.g. [[lobar pneumonia]], [[typhoid]], [[urinary tract infection]], [[brucellosis]], or [[typhus]]. [[Typhoid fever]] may show a specific fever pattern, with a slow stepwise increase and a high plateau.
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| *Intermittent fever: temperature is present only for some hours of the day and becomes normal for remaining hours, e.g. [[malaria]], [[kala-azar]], [[pyaemia]], or [[septicemia]]. In malaria, there may be a fever with a periodicity of 24 hours (''quotidian''), 48 hours (''tertian fever''), or 72 hours (''quartan fever'', indicating ''Plasmodium vivax''). These patterns may be less clear in travelers.
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| *Remittent fever: temperature remains above normal throughout the day and fluctuates more than 1°C in 24 hours, e.g. [[infective endocarditis]].
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| Febricula<ref name=biologyonline>Febricula, definition from [http://www.biology-online.org/ Biology-Online.org], consulted June 7, 2006 [http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Febricula http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Febricula]</ref> is a mild fever of short duration, of indefinite origin, and without any distinctive pathology.
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| ==Common Causes==
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| Fever is a common symptom of many medical conditions:
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| * [[Infectious disease]], e.g. [[influenza]], [[common cold]], [[HIV]], [[malaria]], [[infectious mononucleosis]], or [[gastroenteritis]].
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| * Various skin [[inflammation]]s, e.g. [[boils]], [[pimples]], [[acne]], or [[abscess]].
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| * [[Immunology|Immunological]] diseases, e.g. [[lupus erythematosus]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]]s.
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| * Tissue destruction, which can occur in [[hemolysis]], [[surgery]], [[infarction]], [[crush syndrome]], [[rhabdomyolysis]], [[cerebral hemorrhage]], etc.
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| * [[Drug fever]]
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| ** directly caused by the drug, e.g. [[lamictal]], [[progesterone]], or [[chemotherapeutics]] causing [[tumor]] [[necrosis]].
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| ** as an adverse reaction to drugs, e.g. [[antibiotic]]s or [[Sulfonamide (medicine)|sulfa drug]]s.
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| ** after drug discontinuation, e.g. [[heroin]] withdrawal.
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| * [[Cancer]]s, e.g. [[Hodgkin disease]].
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| * [[Metabolic disorder]]s, e.g. [[gout]] or [[porphyria]].
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| * Thrombo-embolic processes, e.g. [[pulmonary embolism]] or [[deep venous thrombosis]].
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| Persistent fever which cannot be explained after repeated routine clinical inquiries, is called [[fever of unknown origin]].
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| ==Complete Differential Diagnosis of the Causes of Fever==
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| In Alphabetical Order. <ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>
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| {{Multicol}}
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| *[[2,4-Dinitrophenol]]
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| *[[Abacavir ]]
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| *[[Abatacept ]]
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| *[[Abrin]]
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| *[[Acetazolamide ]]
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| *[[Acetohexamide ]]
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| *[[Acute Chest Syndrome]]
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| *[[Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis]]
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| *[[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]]
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| *[[Acute myeloid leukemia]]
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| *[[Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy]]
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| *[[Acyclovir ]]
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| *[[Adalimumab ]]
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| *[[Adenoviridae]]
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| *[[Adiposis dolorosa]]
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| *[[Adjustable gastric band]]
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| *[[Adrenal hemorrhage]]
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| *[[African Hemmorhagic Fever]]
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| *[[African horse sickness]]
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| *[[African swine fever virus]]
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| *[[African Trypanosomiasis]]
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| *[[Albuterol ]]
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| *[[Aldesleukin ]]
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| *[[Alefacept ]]
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| *[[Alemtuzumab]]
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| *[[Alendronate ]]
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| *[[Alfuzosin ]]
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| *[[Alglucerase ]]
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| *[[Alkhurma virus]]
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| *[[Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis]]
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| *[[Allopurinol]]
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| *[[Alphavirus]]
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| *[[Altretamine ]]
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| *[[Alveolitis]]
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| *[[Aminopterin]]
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| *[[Amitriptyline ]]
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| *[[Amobarbital]]
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| *[[Amphotericin B]]
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| *[[Anagrelide ]]
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| *[[Anakinra ]]
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| *[[Anal abscess]]
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| *[[Anastrozole ]]
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| *[[Ancrod]]
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| *[[Anisindione ]]
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| *[[Anthrax]]
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| *[[Aphthovirus]]
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| *[[Appendicitis]]
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| *[[Arbovirus]]
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| *[[Arenavirus]]
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| *[[Aripiprazole ]]
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| *[[Arterivirus]]
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| *[[Asparaginase ]]
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| *[[Aspergillosis]]
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| *[[Astroviridae]]
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| *[[Atazanavir ]]
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| *[[Atelectasis]]
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| *[[Atorvastatin ]]
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| *[[Atovaquone ]]
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| *[[Atropine Ophthalmic ]]
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| *[[Auranofin ]]
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| *[[Babanki virus]]
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| *[[Babesiosis]]
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| *[[Bacillary angiomatosis]]
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| *[[Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Vaccine ]]
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| *[[Bacterial pneumonia]]
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| *[[Bartonellosis]]
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| *[[Benazepril ]]
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| *[[Benztropine Mesylate ]]
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| *[[Bepridil ]]
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| *[[Bevacizumab ]]
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| *[[Bezold's abscess]]
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| *[[Bisphosphonate]]
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| *[[BK virus]]
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| *[[Blackwater fever]]
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| *[[Blastomycosis]]
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| *[[Bleomycin]]
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| *[[Blood transfusion]]
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| *[[Blue diaper syndrome]]
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| *[[Bordetella pertussis]]
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| *[[Bornholm disease]]
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| *[[Borrelia]]
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| *[[Bortezomib ]]
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| *[[Boutonneuse fever]]
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| *[[Brain Abscess]]
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| *[[Brinzolamide Ophthalmic ]]
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| *[[Bronchitis]]
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| *[[Brucellosis]]
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| *[[Bubonic plague]]
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| *[[Bumetanide ]]
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| *[[Burkitt lymphoma]]
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| *[[Buruli ulcer]]
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| *[[Busulfan ]]
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| *[[Butabarbital ]]
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| *[[Butoconazole Vaginal Cream ]]
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| *[[Bwamba Fever]]
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| *[[Cabin fever]]
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| *[[Cadmium poisoning]]
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| *[[Caecitis]]
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| *[[Calcitriol ]]
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| *[[Campylobacter jejuni]]
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| *[[Candesartan ]]
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| *[[Capecitabine ]]
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| *[[Captopril ]]
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| *[[Carboplatin ]]
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| *[[Carbuncle]]
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| *[[Carisoprodol ]]
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| *[[Carmustine ]]
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| *[[Caroli's Disease]]
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| *[[Carteolol ]]
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| *[[Caspofungin]]
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| *[[Cat scratch fever]]
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| *[[Cefaclor]]
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| *[[Cellulitis]]
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| *[[Cephalosporin]]
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| *[[Cetuximab ]]
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| *[[Chagas disease]]
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| {{ColBreak}}
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| *[[Chickenpox]]
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| *[[Childbirth]]
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| *[[Chlamydia]]
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| *[[Chlamydophila pneumoniae]]
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| *[[Chlorambucil ]]
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| *[[Chlordiazepoxide ]]
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| *[[Chlorothiazide ]]
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| *[[Chlorthalidone ]]
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| *[[Cholangitis]]
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| *[[Cholecystitis]]
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| *[[Cholesterol Emboli Syndrome]]
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| *[[Chronic myelogenous leukemia]]
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| *[[Churg-Strauss Syndrome]]
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| *[[Ciclosporin]]
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| *[[Cidofovir ]]
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| *[[Cladribine ]]
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| *[[Clofarabine]]
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| *[[Clonazepam ]]
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| *[[Clorazepate ]]
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| *[[Clostridium Difficile]]
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| *[[Clotrimazole ]]
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| *[[CMV ]]
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| *[[Cocaine]]
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| *[[Coccidioidomycosis]]
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| *[[Cogan syndrome]]
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| *[[Colchicine]]
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| *[[Coley's Toxins]]
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| *[[Colistimethate ]]
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| *[[Colitis]]
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| *[[Colorado tick fever virus]]
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| *[[Community-acquired pneumonia]]
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| *[[Congenital syphilis]]
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| *[[Co-trimoxazole ]]
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| *[[Cotton fever]]
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| *[[Coxiella burnetii infection]]
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| *[[Coxsackie A virus]]
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| *[[Craniopharyngioma]]
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| *[[Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever]]
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| *[[Crohn's disease]]
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| *[[Croup]]
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| *[[Cryptosporidiosis]]
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| *[[Cyanocobalamin ]]
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| *[[Cyclobenzaprine ]]
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| *[[Cyclosporiasis]]
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| *[[Cystic Fibrosis]]
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| *Cystitis, infective
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| *[[Cytarabine ]]
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| *[[Cytokine release syndrome]]
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| *[[Dacarbazine ]]
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| *[[Dacryocystitis]]
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| *[[Dactinomycin ]]
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| *[[Dalteparin Sodium ]]
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| *[[Dapsone]]
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| *[[Daptomycin]]
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| *[[Darbepoetin alfa]]
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| *[[Darunavir ]]
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| *[[Daunorubicin ]]
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| *[[De Quervain's thyroiditis]]
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| *[[Deferasirox ]]
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| *[[Delavirdine ]]
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| *[[Dengue Fever]]
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| *[[Desipramine ]]
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| *[[Dextroamphetamine and Amphetamine ]]
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| *[[Dextromethorphan]]
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| *[[Diabetes insipidus]]
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| *[[Diazepam ]]
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| *[[Diclofenac]]
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| *[[Didanosine ]]
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| *[[Dientamoebiasis]]
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| *[[Diethylpropion ]]
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| *[[Diflunisal ]]
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| *[[Diltiazem ]]
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| *[[Dimercaprol]]
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| *[[Dinoprostone]]
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| *[[Diphtheria]]
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| *[[Disopyramide ]]
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| *[[Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation]]
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| *[[Diverticulitis]]
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| *[[Dobutamine ]]
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| *[[Dolasetron ]]
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| *[[Donepezil ]]
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| *[[Doxorubicin ]]
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| *[[Dressler's syndrome]]
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| *[[Ebola haemorrhagic fever]]
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| *[[Echovirus]]
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| *[[Efalizumab ]]
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| *[[Efavirenz ]]
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| *[[Empyema]]
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| *[[Emtricitabine ]]
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| *[[Enalapril ]]
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| *[[Enfuvirtide]]
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| *[[Enoxaparin ]]
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| *[[Entacapone ]]
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| *[[Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli]]
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| *[[Epiglottitis]]
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| *[[Epinastine Ophthalmic ]]
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| *[[Epoetin Alfa ]]
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| *[[Epstein-Barr virus]]
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| *[[Erlotinib ]]
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| *[[Estazolam ]]
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| *[[Estradiol Topical ]]
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| *[[Etanercept ]]
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| *[[Ethchlorvynol]]
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| *[[Ethosuximide ]]
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| *[[Etidronate ]]
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| *[[Etodolac ]]
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| *[[Etoposide]]
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| *[[Exopthalmos]]
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| *[[Ezetimibe ]]
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| *[[Fabry's Disease]]
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| *[[Famciclovir]]
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| *[[Familial Mediterranian Fever]]
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| *[[Fasciolopsiasis]]
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| *[[Fasciolosis]]
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| {{ColBreak}}
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| *[[Fat Embolism Syndrome]]
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| *[[Fenoprofen ]]
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| *[[Fetal alcohol syndrome]]
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| *[[Filgrastim ]]
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| *[[Filoviridae]]
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| *[[Fipexide]]
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| *[[Flavivirus]]
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| *[[Flavoxate ]]
| |
| *[[Floxuridine ]]
| |
| *[[Flucytosine]]
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| *[[Fludarabine Phosphate ]]
| |
| *[[Fluorouracil ]]
| |
| *[[Fluphenazine ]]
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| *[[Fluticasone and Salmeterol Inhalation ]]
| |
| *[[Fluvastatin ]]
| |
| *[[Fluvoxamine]]
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| *[[Fosamprenavir ]]
| |
| *[[Foscarnet Sodium ]]
| |
| *[[Fosinopril ]]
| |
| *[[Free-living amebic infection]]
| |
| *[[Furosemide ]]
| |
| *[[Furunculosis]]
| |
| *[[Fusarium]]
| |
| *[[Gabapentin ]]
| |
| *[[Gallbladder empyema]]
| |
| *[[Ganciclovir ]]
| |
| *[[Gastritis]]
| |
| *[[Gastroenteritis]]
| |
| *[[Gastrointestinal perforation]]
| |
| *[[Gatifloxacin ]]
| |
| *[[Gefitinib ]]
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| *[[Gemcitabine Hydrochloride ]]
| |
| *[[Giardiasis]]
| |
| *[[Glatiramer acetate]]
| |
| *[[Glipizide ]]
| |
| *[[Glyburide ]]
| |
| *[[Gonorrhea]]
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| *[[Goserelin ]]
| |
| *[[Gout]]
| |
| *[[Gradenigo's syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Granisetron ]]
| |
| *[[Grifulvin V]]
| |
| *[[Group A streptococcal infection]]
| |
| *[[Guanethidine ]]
| |
| *[[Haemophilus influenzae serotype B infection]]
| |
| *[[Haloperidol]]
| |
| *[[Hamman-Rich Syndrome]]
| |
| *Hand-foot-mouth syndrome
| |
| *[[Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Haverhill fever]]
| |
| *[[Hay fever]]
| |
| *[[Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis]]
| |
| *[[Heparin ]]
| |
| *[[Hepatitis A]]
| |
| *[[Hepatitis B]]
| |
| *[[Hepatitis E]]
| |
| *[[Hepato-biliary diseases]]
| |
| *[[Heroin withdrawl]]
| |
| *[[Herpangina]]
| |
| *[[Herpes zoster]]
| |
| *[[Herpesviridae]]
| |
| *[[Herxheimer reaction]]
| |
| *[[Hidradenitis suppurativa]]
| |
| *[[Histrelin ]]
| |
| *[[HIV/AIDS]]
| |
| *[[Hodgkin's lymphoma]]
| |
| *[[Hookworm]]
| |
| *Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
| |
| *[[Hydralazine ]]
| |
| *[[Hydrochlorothiazide ]]
| |
| *[[Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D with recurrent fever]]
| |
| *[[Ibandronate ]]
| |
| *[[Idarubicin ]]
| |
| *Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis
| |
| *[[Ifosfamide ]]
| |
| *[[Ileitis]]
| |
| *[[Imatinib ]]
| |
| *[[Imiglucerase ]]
| |
| *[[Imiquimod ]]
| |
| *[[Immune Globulin Intravenous ]]
| |
| *[[Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome]]
| |
| *Impetigo herpetiformis
| |
| *[[Indomethacin ]]
| |
| *[[Infectious mononucleosis]]
| |
| *[[Infective Endocarditis]]
| |
| *[[Influenza virus ]]
| |
| *[[Interstitial nephritis]]
| |
| * Intra-abdominal abscess
| |
| *[[Ipratropium and Albuterol Inhalation ]]
| |
| *[[Ischemic colitis]]
| |
| *[[Isocarboxazid ]]
| |
| *[[Itraconazole ]]
| |
| *[[Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia (JMML)]]
| |
| *[[Kaposi's sarcoma]]
| |
| *[[Kawasaki disease]]
| |
| *[[Kikuchi disease]]
| |
| *[[Krabbe disease]]
| |
| *[[La Crosse encephalitis]]
| |
| *[[Lamivudine ]]
| |
| *[[Langerhans cell histiocytosis]]
| |
| *[[Laryngitis]]
| |
| *[[Lassa Fever]]
| |
| *[[Legionellosis]]
| |
| *[[Leishmaniasis]]
| |
| *[[Lemierre's Syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Leptospirosis]]
| |
| {{ColBreak}}
| |
| *[[Levalbuterol Inhalation ]]
| |
| *[[Levetiracetam ]]
| |
| *[[Levomepromazine]]
| |
| *[[Linezolid]]
| |
| *[[Liothyronine ]]
| |
| *[[Lisinopril ]]
| |
| *[[Listeriosis]]
| |
| *[[Lithraea molleoides]]
| |
| *[[Lorazepam ]]
| |
| *[[Lovastatin ]]
| |
| *[[Loxapine ]]
| |
| *[[Ludwig's angina]]
| |
| *[[Lung abscess]]
| |
| *[[Lung cancer]]
| |
| *[[Lupoid hepatitis]]
| |
| *[[Lyme disease]]
| |
| *[[Lymphocytopenia]]
| |
| *[[Lymphogranuloma venereum]]
| |
| *Macrophage activation syndrome
| |
| *Malakoplakia
| |
| *[[Malaria]]
| |
| *[[Malignant hyperthermia]]
| |
| *[[Marburg hemorrhagic fever]]
| |
| *[[Mastitis]]
| |
| *[[Mastocytosis]]
| |
| *[[Mastoiditis]]
| |
| *[[Measles]]
| |
| *[[Mechlorethamine ]]
| |
| *[[Meclofenamate ]]
| |
| *[[Mediastinitis]]
| |
| *[[Mefenamic acid]]
| |
| *[[Melarsoprol]]
| |
| *[[Melioidosis]]
| |
| *[[Melphalan ]]
| |
| *[[Meningitis]]
| |
| *[[Meprobamate ]]
| |
| *[[Mercaptopurine]]
| |
| *[[Mesothelioma]]
| |
| *[[Metal fume fever]]
| |
| *[[Methadone withdrawl]]
| |
| *[[Methimazole ]]
| |
| *[[Methocarbamol ]]
| |
| *[[Methotrexate ]]
| |
| *[[Methsuximide ]]
| |
| *[[Methyclothiazide ]]
| |
| *[[Methyldopa and Hydrochlorothiazide ]]
| |
| *[[Methylphenidate]]
| |
| *[[Metolazone ]]
| |
| *[[Metoprolol]]
| |
| *[[Metronidazole]]
| |
| *Micafungin
| |
| *[[Miconazole ]]
| |
| *[[Mifepristone]]
| |
| *[[Miliary tuberculosis]]
| |
| *[[Minocycline]]
| |
| *[[Mitomycin ]]
| |
| *[[Modafinil ]]
| |
| *[[Moexipril ]]
| |
| *[[Moricizine ]]
| |
| *[[Moxifloxacin ophthalmic ]]
| |
| *[[Muckle-Wells syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Mumps]]
| |
| *[[Murray Valley encephalitis virus]]
| |
| *[[Mycobacterium avium complex]]
| |
| *[[Mycophenolate ]]
| |
| *[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]]
| |
| *[[Myxoma]]
| |
| *[[Nabumetone ]]
| |
| *[[Naegleria infection]]
| |
| *[[Nafcillin Sodium ]]
| |
| *[[Nalmefene]]
| |
| *[[Natalizumab ]]
| |
| *[[Necrotizing fasciitis]]
| |
| *[[Nefazodone ]]
| |
| *[[Nephroblastoma]]
| |
| *[[Neuroleptic malignant syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Neutropenia]]
| |
| *[[Nevirapine ]]
| |
| *[[Nilutamide ]]
| |
| *[[Nitrofurantoin ]]
| |
| *[[Nocardiosis]]
| |
| *[[Noma (disease)]]
| |
| *[[Norovirus infection]]
| |
| *[[Nortriptyline ]]
| |
| * Occult abscess
| |
| *[[Olanzapine ]]
| |
| *[[Omphalitis]]
| |
| *[[Omsk hemorrhagic fever]]
| |
| *[[Ondansetron ]]
| |
| *[[O'nyong'nyong virus]]
| |
| *[[Opisthorchis infection]]
| |
| *[[Oprelvekin]]
| |
| *[[Orbital cellulitis]]
| |
| *[[Oropouche virus]]
| |
| *[[Oseltamivir ]]
| |
| *[[Otitis media]]
| |
| *[[Oxacillin Sodium ]]
| |
| *[[Oxaliplatin ]]
| |
| *[[Oxamniquine]]
| |
| *[[Oxazepam ]]
| |
| *[[Oxcarbazepine ]]
| |
| *[[Oxybutynin ]]
| |
| *[[Oxycodone and aspirin ]]
| |
| *[[Paclitaxel]]
| |
| *[[Palifermin ]]
| |
| *[[Paliperidone ]]
| |
| *[[Pamidronate ]]
| |
| *[[Pancreatitis]]
| |
| *[[Paracoccidioidomycosis]]
| |
| *[[Paragonimus Infection]]
| |
| *[[Paratyphoid fever]]
| |
| *[[Pegaspargase ]]
| |
| *[[Peginterferon alfa-2a ]]
| |
| *[[Pel-Ebstein fever]]
| |
| *[[Pelvic inflammatory disease]]
| |
| *[[Pemetrexed ]]
| |
| *[[Penicilliosis]]
| |
| *Penicillamine
| |
| *[[Pentetic acid]]
| |
| {{ColBreak}}
| |
| *[[Pentostatin ]]
| |
| *Peplomycin
| |
| *[[Perianal abscess]]
| |
| *[[Pericoronitis]]
| |
| *[[Perindopril ]]
| |
| *[[Peritonitis]]
| |
| *[[Peritonsillar abscess]]
| |
| *Puerperal pyrexia
| |
| *[[Pharyngitis]]
| |
| *[[Pharyngoconjunctival fever]]
| |
| *[[Phenazopyridine ]]
| |
| *[[Phenelzine ]]
| |
| *[[Phenobarbital ]]
| |
| *[[Phentermine]]
| |
| *[[Phenytoin ]]
| |
| *[[Pimecrolimus topical ]]
| |
| *[[Pimozide ]]
| |
| *[[Pindolol ]]
| |
| *[[Piroxicam ]]
| |
| *[[Pityriasis rosea]]
| |
| *[[Pleurisy]]
| |
| *[[Plicamycin ]]
| |
| *[[Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia]]
| |
| *[[POEMS syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Poliomyelitis]]
| |
| *[[Polyarteritis nodosa]]
| |
| *[[Polytetrafluoroethylene]]
| |
| *[[Pontiac fever]]
| |
| *[[Posaconazole ]]
| |
| *[[Pravastatin ]]
| |
| *[[Prazepam ]]
| |
| *[[Praziquantel]]
| |
| *[[Prazosin and polythiazide ]]
| |
| *[[Pregabalin ]]
| |
| *[[Primaquine ]]
| |
| *[[Primidone ]]
| |
| *[[Procainamide]]
| |
| *[[Procarbazine ]]
| |
| *[[Prochlorperazine ]]
| |
| *[[Procyclidine ]]
| |
| *[[Propafenone ]]
| |
| *[[Propiomazine]]
| |
| *[[Propylthiouracil ]]
| |
| *[[Prostatitis]]
| |
| *[[Protriptyline ]]
| |
| *[[Pseudomembranous colitis/C.difficile]]
| |
| *[[Psittacosis]]
| |
| *[[Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis]]
| |
| *[[Pyelonephritis]]
| |
| *[[Pyrazinamide]]
| |
| *[[Pyrexia of unknown origin]]
| |
| *[[Q fever]]
| |
| *[[Quetiapine ]]
| |
| *[[Quinapril ]]
| |
| *[[Rabies vaccine ]]
| |
| *[[Ramipril ]]
| |
| *[[Ranitidine bismuth citrate ]]
| |
| *[[Rasagiline ]]
| |
| *[[Rat-bite fever]]
| |
| *[[Reactive Polyarticular Arthritis]]
| |
| *[[Renal Cell Carcinoma]]
| |
| *[[Retinoic acid syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Rheumatic fever]]
| |
| *[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
| |
| *[[Rhinovirus]]
| |
| *[[Ribavirin ]]
| |
| *[[Rickettsial infections]]
| |
| *[[Rifampicin]]
| |
| *[[Rift Valley fever virus]]
| |
| *[[Riluzole ]]
| |
| *[[Risedronate ]]
| |
| *[[Risperidone ]]
| |
| *[[Rituximab ]]
| |
| *[[Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever]]
| |
| *[[Roseola]]
| |
| *[[Ross River Fever]]
| |
| *[[Rosuvastatin ]]
| |
| *[[Rotavirus]]
| |
| *[[Rubella]]
| |
| *[[Salmonella enteritidis]]
| |
| *[[Salmonella typhi infection/ Typhoid fever]]
| |
| *[[Salsalate ]]
| |
| *[[Saquinavir ]]
| |
| *[[Sarcoidosis]]
| |
| *[[Sargramostim ]]
| |
| *[[Scarlet fever]]
| |
| *[[Schistosomiasis]]
| |
| *[[Scopolamine]]
| |
| *[[Scrofula]]
| |
| *[[Secobarbital ]]
| |
| *[[Selegiline ]]
| |
| *Sennetsu fever
| |
| *[[Sepsis]]
| |
| *[[Septic arthritis]]
| |
| *[[Serotonin syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Serum sickness]]
| |
| *[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Shigellosis]]
| |
| *[[Sibutramine]]
| |
| *[[Sickle-cell disease]]
| |
| *[[Silicosis]]
| |
| *[[Silver sulfadiazine ]]
| |
| *[[Simvastatin ]]
| |
| *[[Sindbis virus]]
| |
| *[[Sinusitis]]
| |
| *[[Sirolimus ]]
| |
| *[[Sleeping sickness]]
| |
| *[[Smallpox]]
| |
| *[[Sodium oxybate ]]
| |
| *[[Solanine]]
| |
| *[[Solifenacin ]]
| |
| *[[Spironolactone ]]
| |
| *[[Spotted Fever]]
| |
| *Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome
| |
| *[[Staphylococcal enteritis]]
| |
| *[[Still's disease]]
| |
| *[[Stool softeners ]]
| |
| {{ColBreak}}
| |
| *[[Strep throat]]
| |
| *[[Streptococcus pyogenes]]
| |
| *[[Streptokinase]]
| |
| *[[Streptozocin ]]
| |
| *[[Strontium-89 chloride ]]
| |
| *Stuve-Wiedemann syndrome
| |
| * Subacute thyroiditis
| |
| *[[Subdural hygroma]]
| |
| *Succimer
| |
| *[[Sulfadiazine ]]
| |
| *[[Sulfasalazine ]]
| |
| *[[Sulfinpyrazone ]]
| |
| *[[Sulfisoxazole ]]
| |
| *[[Sulindac ]]
| |
| *Sulprostone
| |
| *[[Sunitinib ]]
| |
| *[[Swine flu]]
| |
| *[[Synovial sarcoma]]
| |
| *[[Syphillis]]
| |
| *[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
| |
| *[[Takayasu's Arteritis]]
| |
| *[[Tamoxifen ]]
| |
| *[[Tamsulosin ]]
| |
| *[[Tanapox]]
| |
| *[[Temazepam ]]
| |
| *[[Temozolomide ]]
| |
| *[[Temporal arteritis]]
| |
| *[[Teniposide ]]
| |
| *[[Terbinafine ]]
| |
| *[[Teriparatide (rDNA origin) ]]
| |
| *[[Testosterone Transdermal ]]
| |
| *[[Thiabendazole]]
| |
| *[[Thioamide]]
| |
| *[[Thioguanine ]]
| |
| *[[Thiotepa ]]
| |
| *[[Thrombophlebitis]]
| |
| *[[Thyroid Medication ]]
| |
| *[[Ticarcillin Disodium ]]
| |
| *[[Ticlopidine ]]
| |
| *[[Tiludronate ]]
| |
| *[[Tiotropium Inhalation ]]
| |
| *[[Tipranavir ]]
| |
| *[[Tirofiban]]
| |
| *[[Tocainide ]]
| |
| *[[Tolazamide ]]
| |
| *[[Tolbutamide ]]
| |
| *[[Tolosa-Hunt syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Topotecan Hydrochloride ]]
| |
| *[[TORCH infections]]
| |
| *[[Toxic epidermal necrolysis]]
| |
| *[[Toxic megacolon]]
| |
| *[[Toxic Shock Syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Toxocara infection]]
| |
| *[[Tracheitis]]
| |
| *[[Trandolapril ]]
| |
| *[[Transfusion reaction]]
| |
| *[[Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease]]
| |
| *[[Tranylcypromine ]]
| |
| *[[Trastuzumab ]]
| |
| *[[Traveler's diarrhea]]
| |
| *[[Trazodone ]]
| |
| *[[Trench Fever]]
| |
| *[[Triamterene]]
| |
| *[[Triazolam ]]
| |
| *[[Trichinosis]]
| |
| *[[Trichothecene]]
| |
| *[[Trihexyphenidyl ]]
| |
| *[[Trimethadione ]]
| |
| *[[Trimetrexate Glucuronate ]]
| |
| *[[Trimipramine ]]
| |
| *[[Troleandomycin ]]
| |
| *Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia
| |
| *[[Tuberculosis]]
| |
| *[[Tularemia]]
| |
| *[[Ulcerative colitis]]
| |
| *Urate crystal arthropathy
| |
| *[[Urinary tract infection]]
| |
| *[[Valacyclovir ]]
| |
| *[[Valganciclovir ]]
| |
| *[[Valproate semisodium]]
| |
| *[[Valproic Acid ]]
| |
| *[[Varicella (Chickenpox) Vaccine ]]
| |
| *[[Varicella-zoster virus]]
| |
| *[[Vasculitis]]
| |
| *[[Verapamil ]]
| |
| *[[Vibrio parahaemolyticus]]
| |
| *[[Vibrio vulnificus]]
| |
| *[[Vinblastine ]]
| |
| *[[Vinorelbine Tartrate ]]
| |
| *[[Viral Hepatitis A]]
| |
| *[[Viral Hepatitis C]]
| |
| *[[Viral infections]]
| |
| *[[Visceral leishmaniasis]]
| |
| *[[Vitamin A]]
| |
| *[[Voriconazole]]
| |
| *[[Vorinostat ]]
| |
| *[[Weber-Christian disease]]
| |
| *[[Wegener Granulomatosis]]
| |
| *[[West Nile Virus]]
| |
| *[[Whipple's disease]]
| |
| *[[Yellow Fever Vaccine ]]
| |
| *[[Yellow Fever Virus]]
| |
| *[[Yersinia enterocolitica Infection (Yersiniosis)]]
| |
| *[[Yersinia Pestis Infection]]
| |
| *[[Yersinia pseudotuberculosis]]
| |
| *[[Zalcitabine ]]
| |
| *[[Zika fever]]
| |
| *[[Zinc oxide]]
| |
| *[[Ziprasidone ]]
| |
| *[[Zoledronate]]
| |
| *[[Zonisamide ]]
| |
| {{EndMultiCol}}
| |
| | |
| | |
| ===Complete Differential Diagnosis of the Causes of Fever===
| |
| (By organ system)
| |
| {|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
| |
| |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
| |
| |style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" |
| |
| [[Vasculitis]],
| |
| [[Infective Endocarditis]],
| |
| [[Dressler's syndrome]],
| |
| [[Cholesterol Emboli Syndrome]],
| |
| | |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[2,4-Dinitrophenol]],
| |
| [[Abrin]],
| |
| [[Cadmium poisoning]],
| |
| [[Colchicine]],
| |
| [[Lithraea molleoides]],
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Dermatologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Weber-Christian disease]],
| |
| [[Toxic epidermal necrolysis]],
| |
| [[Scrofula]],
| |
| [[Necrotizing fasciitis]],
| |
| [[Furunculosis]],
| |
| [[Cellulitis]],
| |
| [[Carbuncle]],
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Drug Side Effect'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Abacavir ]],
| |
| [[Abatacept ]],
| |
| [[Acetazolamide ]],
| |
| [[Acetohexamide ]],
| |
| [[Acyclovir ]],
| |
| [[Adalimumab ]],
| |
| [[Albuterol ]],
| |
| [[Aldesleukin ]],
| |
| [[Alefacept ]],
| |
| [[Alemtuzumab]],
| |
| [[Alendronate ]],
| |
| [[Alfuzosin ]],
| |
| [[Alglucerase ]],
| |
| [[Allopurinol]],
| |
| [[Altretamine ]],
| |
| [[Aminopterin]],
| |
| [[Amitriptyline ]],
| |
| [[Amobarbital]],
| |
| [[Amphotericin B]],
| |
| [[Anagrelide ]],
| |
| [[Anakinra ]],
| |
| [[Anastrozole ]],
| |
| [[Ancrod]],
| |
| [[Anisindione ]],
| |
| [[Aripiprazole ]],
| |
| [[Asparaginase ]],
| |
| [[Atazanavir ]],
| |
| [[Atorvastatin ]],
| |
| [[Atovaquone ]],
| |
| [[Atropine Ophthalmic ]],
| |
| [[Auranofin ]],
| |
| [[Benazepril ]],
| |
| [[Benztropine Mesylate ]],
| |
| [[Bepridil ]],
| |
| [[Bevacizumab ]],
| |
| [[Bisphosphonate]],
| |
| [[Bleomycin]],
| |
| [[Bortezomib ]],
| |
| [[Brinzolamide Ophthalmic ]],
| |
| [[Bumetanide ]],
| |
| [[Busulfan ]],
| |
| [[Butabarbital ]],
| |
| [[Butoconazole Vaginal Cream ]],
| |
| [[Calcitriol ]],
| |
| [[Candesartan ]],
| |
| [[Capecitabine ]],
| |
| [[Captopril ]],
| |
| [[Carboplatin ]],
| |
| [[Carisoprodol ]],
| |
| [[Carmustine ]],
| |
| [[Carteolol ]],
| |
| [[Caspofungin]],
| |
| [[Cefaclor]],
| |
| [[Cephalosporin]],
| |
| [[Cetuximab ]],
| |
| [[Chlorambucil ]],
| |
| [[Chlordiazepoxide ]],
| |
| [[Chlorothiazide ]],
| |
| [[Chlorthalidone ]],
| |
| [[Ciclosporin]],
| |
| [[Cidofovir ]],
| |
| [[Cladribine ]],
| |
| [[Clofarabine]],
| |
| [[Clonazepam ]],
| |
| [[Clorazepate ]],
| |
| [[Clotrimazole ]],
| |
| [[Cocaine]],
| |
| [[Colchicine]],
| |
| [[Colistimethate ]],
| |
| [[Co-trimoxazole ]],
| |
| [[Cyanocobalamin ]],
| |
| [[Cyclobenzaprine ]],
| |
| [[Cytarabine ]],
| |
| [[Dacarbazine ]],
| |
| [[Dactinomycin ]],
| |
| [[Dalteparin Sodium ]],
| |
| [[Dapsone]],
| |
| [[Daptomycin]],
| |
| [[Darbepoetin alfa]],
| |
| [[Darunavir ]],
| |
| [[Daunorubicin ]],
| |
| [[Deferasirox ]],
| |
| [[Delavirdine ]],
| |
| [[Desipramine ]],
| |
| [[Dextroamphetamine and Amphetamine ]],
| |
| [[Dextromethorphan]],
| |
| [[Diazepam ]],
| |
| [[Diclofenac]],
| |
| [[Diethylpropion ]],
| |
| [[Diflunisal ]],
| |
| [[Diltiazem ]],
| |
| [[Disopyramide ]],
| |
| [[Dobutamine ]],
| |
| [[Dolasetron ]],
| |
| [[Donepezil ]],
| |
| [[Doxorubicin ]],
| |
| [[Efalizumab ]],
| |
| [[Efavirenz ]],
| |
| [[Emtricitabine ]],
| |
| [[Enalapril ]],
| |
| [[Enfuvirtide]],
| |
| [[Enoxaparin ]],
| |
| [[Entacapone ]],
| |
| [[Epinastine Ophthalmic ]],
| |
| [[Epoetin Alfa ]],
| |
| [[Erlotinib ]],
| |
| [[Estazolam ]],
| |
| [[Estradiol Topical ]],
| |
| [[Etanercept ]],
| |
| [[Ethosuximide ]],
| |
| [[Etidronate ]],
| |
| [[Etodolac ]],
| |
| [[Etoposide]],
| |
| [[Ezetimibe ]],
| |
| [[Famciclovir]],
| |
| [[Fenoprofen ]],
| |
| [[Fipexide]],
| |
| [[Filgrastim ]],
| |
| [[Flavoxate ]],
| |
| [[Floxuridine ]],
| |
| [[Flucytosine]],
| |
| [[Fludarabine Phosphate ]],
| |
| [[Fluorouracil ]],
| |
| [[Fluphenazine ]],
| |
| [[Fluticasone and Salmeterol Inhalation ]],
| |
| [[Fluvastatin ]],
| |
| [[Fluvoxamine]],
| |
| [[Fosamprenavir ]],
| |
| [[Foscarnet Sodium ]],
| |
| [[Fosinopril ]],
| |
| [[Furosemide ]],
| |
| [[Gabapentin ]],
| |
| [[Gatifloxacin ]],
| |
| [[Gefitinib ]],
| |
| [[Gemcitabine Hydrochloride ]],
| |
| [[Glatiramer acetate]],
| |
| [[Glipizide ]],
| |
| [[Glyburide ]],
| |
| [[Goserelin ]],
| |
| [[Granisetron ]],
| |
| [[Grifulvin V]],
| |
| [[Guanethidine ]],
| |
| [[Haloperidol]],
| |
| [[Heparin ]],
| |
| [[Histrelin ]],
| |
| [[Hydralazine ]],
| |
| [[Hydrochlorothiazide ]],
| |
| [[Ibandronate ]],
| |
| [[Idarubicin ]],
| |
| [[Ifosfamide ]],
| |
| [[Imatinib ]],
| |
| [[Imiglucerase ]],
| |
| [[Imiquimod ]],
| |
| [[Immune Globulin Intravenous ]],
| |
| [[Indomethacin ]],
| |
| [[Ipratropium and Albuterol Inhalation ]],
| |
| [[Isocarboxazid ]],
| |
| [[Itraconazole ]],
| |
| [[Lamivudine ]],
| |
| [[Levalbuterol Inhalation ]],
| |
| [[Levetiracetam ]],
| |
| [[Levomepromazine]],
| |
| [[Linezolid]],
| |
| [[Liothyronine ]],
| |
| [[Lisinopril ]],
| |
| [[Lorazepam ]],
| |
| [[Lovastatin ]],
| |
| [[Loxapine ]],
| |
| [[Mechlorethamine ]],
| |
| [[Meclofenamate ]],
| |
| [[Mefenamic acid]],
| |
| [[Melphalan ]],
| |
| [[Meprobamate ]],
| |
| [[Mercaptopurine]],
| |
| [[Methadone withdrawl]],
| |
| [[Methimazole ]],
| |
| [[Methocarbamol ]],
| |
| [[Methsuximide ]],
| |
| [[Methyclothiazide ]],
| |
| [[Methyldopa and Hydrochlorothiazide ]],
| |
| [[Methylphenidate]],
| |
| [[Metolazone ]],
| |
| [[Metoprolol]],
| |
| [[Metronidazole]],
| |
| [[Miconazole ]],
| |
| [[Mifepristone]],
| |
| [[Minocycline]],
| |
| [[Mitomycin ]],
| |
| [[Modafinil ]],
| |
| [[Moexipril ]],
| |
| [[Moricizine ]],
| |
| [[Moxifloxacin ophthalmic ]],
| |
| [[Nabumetone ]],
| |
| [[Nafcillin Sodium ]],
| |
| [[Nalmefene]],
| |
| [[Natalizumab ]],
| |
| [[Nefazodone ]],
| |
| [[Nilutamide ]],
| |
| [[Nitrofurantoin ]],
| |
| [[Nortriptyline ]],
| |
| [[Olanzapine ]],
| |
| [[Ondansetron ]],
| |
| [[Oprelvekin]],
| |
| [[Oseltamivir ]],
| |
| [[Oxacillin Sodium ]],
| |
| [[Oxaliplatin ]],
| |
| [[Oxamniquine]],
| |
| [[Oxazepam ]],
| |
| [[Oxcarbazepine ]],
| |
| [[Paclitaxel]],
| |
| [[Palifermin ]],
| |
| [[Paliperidone ]],
| |
| [[Pamidronate ]],
| |
| [[Pegaspargase ]],
| |
| [[Pemetrexed ]],
| |
| [[Pentetic acid]],
| |
| [[Pentostatin ]],
| |
| [[Perindopril ]],
| |
| [[Phenazopyridine ]],
| |
| [[Phenobarbital ]],
| |
| [[Phenytoin ]],
| |
| [[Pimecrolimus topical ]],
| |
| [[Pimozide ]],
| |
| [[Pindolol ]],
| |
| [[Piroxicam ]],
| |
| [[Plicamycin ]],
| |
| [[Posaconazole ]],
| |
| [[Pravastatin ]],
| |
| [[Prazepam ]],
| |
| [[Praziquantel]],
| |
| [[Prazosin and polythiazide ]],
| |
| [[Pregabalin ]],
| |
| [[Primaquine ]],
| |
| [[Primidone ]],
| |
| [[Procainamide]],
| |
| [[Procarbazine ]],
| |
| [[Prochlorperazine ]],
| |
| [[Procyclidine ]],
| |
| [[Propafenone ]],
| |
| [[Propiomazine]],
| |
| [[Propylthiouracil ]],
| |
| [[Protriptyline ]],
| |
| [[Pyrazinamide]],
| |
| [[Quetiapine ]],
| |
| [[Quinapril ]],
| |
| [[Ramipril ]],
| |
| [[Ranitidine bismuth citrate ]],
| |
| [[Rasagiline ]],
| |
| [[Ribavirin ]],
| |
| [[Rifampicin]],
| |
| [[Riluzole ]],
| |
| [[Risedronate ]],
| |
| [[Risperidone ]],
| |
| [[Rituximab ]],
| |
| [[Rosuvastatin ]],
| |
| [[Salsalate ]],
| |
| [[Saquinavir ]],
| |
| [[Sargramostim ]],
| |
| [[Scopolamine]],
| |
| [[Secobarbital ]],
| |
| [[Sibutramine]],
| |
| [[Silver sulfadiazine ]],
| |
| [[Simvastatin ]],
| |
| [[Sirolimus ]],
| |
| [[Sodium oxybate ]],
| |
| [[Solanine]],
| |
| [[Spironolactone ]],
| |
| [[Stool softeners ]],
| |
| [[Streptozocin ]],
| |
| [[Strontium-89 chloride ]],
| |
| [[Sulfadiazine ]],
| |
| [[Sulfasalazine ]],
| |
| [[Sulfinpyrazone ]],
| |
| [[Sulfisoxazole ]],
| |
| [[Sulindac ]],
| |
| [[Sunitinib ]],
| |
| [[Tamoxifen ]],
| |
| [[Tamsulosin ]],
| |
| [[Tanapox]],
| |
| [[Temazepam ]],
| |
| [[Temozolomide ]],
| |
| [[Teniposide ]],
| |
| [[Terbinafine ]],
| |
| [[Teriparatide (rDNA origin) ]],
| |
| [[Testosterone Transdermal ]],
| |
| [[Thiabendazole]],
| |
| [[Thioamide]],
| |
| [[Thioguanine ]],
| |
| [[Thiotepa ]],
| |
| [[Thyroid Medication ]],
| |
| [[Ticarcillin Disodium ]],
| |
| [[Ticlopidine ]],
| |
| [[Tiludronate ]],
| |
| [[Tiotropium Inhalation ]],
| |
| [[Tipranavir ]],
| |
| [[Tirofiban]],
| |
| [[Tocainide ]],
| |
| [[Tolazamide ]],
| |
| [[Tolbutamide ]],
| |
| [[Topotecan Hydrochloride ]],
| |
| [[Trandolapril ]],
| |
| [[Tranylcypromine ]],
| |
| [[Trastuzumab ]],
| |
| [[Trazodone ]],
| |
| [[Triamterene]],
| |
| [[Triazolam ]],
| |
| [[Trichothecene]],
| |
| [[Trihexyphenidyl ]],
| |
| [[Trimethadione ]],
| |
| [[Trimetrexate Glucuronate ]],
| |
| [[Trimipramine ]],
| |
| [[Troleandomycin ]],
| |
| [[Valacyclovir ]],
| |
| [[Valproate semisodium]],
| |
| [[Valproic Acid ]],
| |
| [[Verapamil ]],
| |
| [[Vinblastine ]],
| |
| [[Vinorelbine Tartrate ]],
| |
| [[Voriconazole]],
| |
| [[Vorinostat ]],
| |
| [[Zalcitabine ]],
| |
| [[Ziprasidone ]],
| |
| [[Zoledronate]],
| |
| [[Zonisamide ]],
| |
| | |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Sinusitis]],
| |
| [[Pharyngoconjunctival fever]],
| |
| [[Pharyngitis]],
| |
| [[Peritonsillar abscess]],
| |
| [[Otitis media]],
| |
| [[Orbital cellulitis]],
| |
| [[Mastoiditis]],
| |
| [[Ludwig's angina]],
| |
| [[Laryngitis]],
| |
| [[Gradenigo's syndrome]],
| |
| [[Dacryocystitis]],
| |
| [[Croup]],
| |
| [[Bezold's abscess]],
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Endocrine'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| Subacute thyroiditis,
| |
| [[Exopthalmos]],
| |
| [[Diabetes insipidus]],
| |
| [[De Quervain's thyroiditis]],
| |
| [[Adrenal hemorrhage]],
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Environmental'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Zinc oxide]],
| |
| [[Silicosis]],
| |
| [[Polytetrafluoroethylene]],
| |
| [[Metal fume fever]],
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Gastroenterologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Ulcerative colitis]],
| |
| [[Toxic megacolon]],
| |
| [[Pseudomembranous colitis/C.difficile]],
| |
| [[Peritonitis]],
| |
| [[Perianal abscess]],
| |
| [[Pancreatitis]],
| |
| [[Ischemic colitis]],
| |
| Intra-abdominal abscess,
| |
| [[Ileitis]],
| |
| [[Hepato-biliary diseases]],
| |
| [[Gastritis]],
| |
| [[Gastroenteritis]],
| |
| [[Gastrointestinal perforation]],
| |
| [[Diverticulitis]],
| |
| [[Crohn's disease]],
| |
| [[Colitis]],
| |
| [[Cholangitis]],
| |
| [[Cholecystitis]],
| |
| [[Caroli's Disease]],
| |
| [[Caecitis]],
| |
| [[Appendicitis]],
| |
| [[Anal abscess]],
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Genetic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Muckle-Wells syndrome]],
| |
| [[Sickle-cell disease]],
| |
| [[Krabbe disease]],
| |
| [[Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D with recurrent fever]],
| |
| [[Fabry's Disease]],
| |
| [[Cystic Fibrosis]],
| |
| [[Familial Mediterranian Fever]],
| |
| [[Blue diaper syndrome]],
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Hematologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation]],
| |
| [[Blood Transfusion]],
| |
| [[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]],
| |
| [[Acute myeloid leukemia]],
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Iatrogenic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Transfusion reaction]],
| |
| [[Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease]],
| |
| [[Serotonin syndrome]],
| |
| [[Malignant hyperthermia]],
| |
| [[Adjustable gastric band]],
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Infectious Disease'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Adenoviridae]],
| |
| [[African Hemmorhagic Fever]],
| |
| [[African horse sickness]],
| |
| [[African swine fever virus]],
| |
| [[African Trypanosomiasis]],
| |
| [[Alkhurma virus]],
| |
| [[Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis]],
| |
| [[Alphavirus]],
| |
| [[Anthrax]],
| |
| [[Aphthovirus]],
| |
| [[Arbovirus]],
| |
| [[Arenavirus]],
| |
| [[Aripiprazole ]],
| |
| [[Arterivirus]],
| |
| [[Aspergillosis]],
| |
| [[Astroviridae]],
| |
| [[Babanki virus]],
| |
| [[Bacillary angiomatosis]],
| |
| [[Bartonellosis]],
| |
| [[BK virus]],
| |
| [[Blackwater fever]],
| |
| [[Blastomycosis]],
| |
| [[Bordetella pertussis]],
| |
| [[Bornholm disease]],
| |
| [[Borrelia]],
| |
| [[Boutonneuse fever]],
| |
| [[Brucellosis]],
| |
| [[Bubonic plague]],
| |
| [[Buruli ulcer]],
| |
| [[Bwamba Fever]],
| |
| [[Cabin fever]],
| |
| [[Campylobacter jejuni]],
| |
| [[Cat scratch fever]],
| |
| [[Chagas disease]],
| |
| [[Chickenpox]],
| |
| [[Chlamydia]],
| |
| [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae]],
| |
| [[Clostridium Difficile]],
| |
| [[CMV ]],
| |
| [[Coccidioidomycosis]],
| |
| [[Colorado tick fever virus]],
| |
| [[Cotton fever]],
| |
| [[Coxiella burnetii infection]],
| |
| [[Coxsackie A virus]],
| |
| [[Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever]],
| |
| [[Cryptosporidiosis]],
| |
| [[Cyclosporiasis]],
| |
| [[Dengue Fever]],
| |
| [[Dientamoebiasis]],
| |
| [[Diphtheria]],
| |
| [[Ebola haemorrhagic fever]],
| |
| [[Echovirus]],
| |
| [[Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli]],
| |
| [[Epstein-Barr virus]],
| |
| [[Fasciolosis]],
| |
| [[Fasciolopsiasis]],
| |
| [[Filoviridae]],
| |
| [[Flavivirus]],
| |
| [[Fusarium]],
| |
| [[Giardiasis]],
| |
| [[Gonorrhea]],
| |
| [[Group A streptococcal infection]],
| |
| [[Haemophilus influenzae]],
| |
| [[Haverhill fever]],
| |
| [[Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome]],
| |
| [[Herpangina]],
| |
| [[Hepatitis A]],
| |
| [[Hepatitis B]],
| |
| [[Hepatitis C]],
| |
| [[Hepatitis E]],
| |
| [[Herpes zoster]],
| |
| [[Herpesviridae]],
| |
| [[HIV/AIDS]],
| |
| [[Hookworm]],
| |
| [[Infectious mononucleosis]],
| |
| [[Influenza virus ]],
| |
| [[Lassa Fever]],
| |
| [[Legionellosis]],
| |
| [[Leishmaniasis]],
| |
| [[Leptospirosis]],
| |
| [[Lemierre's Syndrome]],
| |
| [[Listeriosis]],
| |
| [[Lyme disease]],
| |
| [[Malaria]],
| |
| [[Measles]],
| |
| [[Melioidosis]],
| |
| [[Miliary tuberculosis]],
| |
| [[Mumps]],
| |
| [[Murray Valley encephalitis virus]],
| |
| [[Mycobacterium avium complex]],
| |
| [[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]],
| |
| [[Naegleria infection]],
| |
| [[Nocardiosis]],
| |
| [[Noma (disease)]],
| |
| [[Norovirus infection]],
| |
| [[Omsk hemorrhagic fever]],
| |
| [[O'nyong'nyong virus]],
| |
| [[Opisthorchis infection]],
| |
| [[Oropouche virus]],
| |
| [[Paracoccidioidomycosis]],
| |
| [[Paragonimus Infection]],
| |
| [[Paratyphoid fever]],
| |
| [[Penicilliosis]],
| |
| [[Pityriasis rosea]],
| |
| [[Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia]],
| |
| [[Poliomyelitis]],
| |
| [[Pontiac fever]],
| |
| [[Psittacosis]],
| |
| [[Q fever]],
| |
| [[Rat-bite fever]],
| |
| [[Rhinovirus]],
| |
| [[Rheumatic fever]],
| |
| [[Rickettsial infections]],
| |
| [[Rift Valley fever virus]],
| |
| [[Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever]],
| |
| [[Roseola]],
| |
| [[Ross River Fever]],
| |
| [[Rotavirus]],
| |
| [[Rubella]],
| |
| [[Salmonella enteritidis]],
| |
| [[Salmonella typhi infection/ Typhoid fever]],
| |
| [[Scarlet fever]],
| |
| [[Schistosomiasis]],
| |
| [[Septic arthritis]],
| |
| [[Shigellosis]],
| |
| [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome]],
| |
| [[Sindbis virus]],
| |
| [[Sleeping sickness]],
| |
| [[Smallpox]],
| |
| [[Marburg hemorrhagic fever]],
| |
| [[Mediterranean spotted fever]],
| |
| [[Staphylococcal enteritis]],
| |
| [[Streptococcus pyogenes]],
| |
| [[Swine flu]],
| |
| [[Syphillis]],
| |
| [[TORCH infections]],
| |
| [[Toxic Shock Syndrome]],
| |
| [[Toxocara infection]],
| |
| [[Traveler's diarrhea]],
| |
| [[Trench Fever]], | |
| [[Trichinosis]],
| |
| [[Tularemia]],
| |
| [[Varicella-zoster virus]],
| |
| [[Vibrio parahaemolyticus]],
| |
| [[Vibrio vulnificus]],
| |
| [[Visceral leishmaniasis]],
| |
| [[West Nile Virus]],
| |
| [[Whipple's disease]],
| |
| [[Yellow Fever Virus]],
| |
| [[Yersinia enterocolitica Infection (Yersiniosis)]],
| |
| [[Yersinia Pestis Infection]],
| |
| [[Yersinia pseudotuberculosis]],
| |
| [[Zika fever]],
| |
| | |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Septic arthritis]],
| |
| [[Reactive Polyarticular Arthritis]],
| |
| | |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Neurologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Subdural hygroma]],
| |
| [[Neuroleptic malignant syndrome]],
| |
| [[Meningitis]],
| |
| [[La Crosse encephalitis]],
| |
| [[Krabbe disease]],
| |
| [[Craniopharyngioma]],
| |
| [[Brain Abscess]],
| |
| [[Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis]],
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Blue diaper syndrome]],
| |
| [[Gout]],
| |
| [[Porphyria]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Pelvic inflammatory disease]],
| |
| [[Childbirth]],
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Oncologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]],
| |
| [[Acute myeloid leukemia]],
| |
| [[Pel-Ebstein fever]],
| |
| [[Synovial sarcoma]],
| |
| [[Renal Cell Carcinoma]],
| |
| [[Myxoma]],
| |
| [[Mesothelioma]],
| |
| [[Lung cancer]],
| |
| [[Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia (JMML)]],
| |
| [[Kaposi's sarcoma]],
| |
| [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]],
| |
| [[Craniopharyngioma]],
| |
| [[Chronic myelogenous leukemia]],
| |
| | |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Opthalmologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Tolosa-Hunt syndrome]],
| |
| [[Temporal arteritis]],
| |
| [[Cogan syndrome]],
| |
| [[Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy]],
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Vitamin A]],
| |
| [[Coley's Toxins]],
| |
| [[Didanosine ]],
| |
| [[Ethchlorvynol]],
| |
| [[Ganciclovir ]],
| |
| [[Melarsoprol]],
| |
| [[Methotrexate ]],
| |
| [[Mycophenolate ]],
| |
| [[Nevirapine ]],
| |
| [[Oxybutynin ]],
| |
| [[Oxycodone and aspirin ]],
| |
| [[Peginterferon alfa-2a ]],
| |
| [[Phenelzine ]],
| |
| [[Phentermine]],
| |
| [[Selegiline ]],
| |
| [[Solifenacin ]],
| |
| [[Valganciclovir ]],
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Psychiatric'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Pulmonary'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Tuberculosis]],
| |
| [[Tracheitis]],
| |
| [[Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis]],
| |
| [[Pleurisy]],
| |
| [[Lung cancer]],
| |
| [[Lung abscess]],
| |
| [[Empyema]],
| |
| [[Community-acquired pneumonia]],
| |
| [[Bronchitis]],
| |
| [[Atelectasis]],
| |
| [[Alveolitis]],
| |
| [[Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis]],
| |
| [[Acute Chest Syndrome]],
| |
| |- | |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Urinary tract infection]],
| |
| [[Pyelonephritis]],
| |
| [[Interstitial nephritis]],
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| | |
| [[Wegener Granulomatosis]], | |
| [[Varicella (Chickenpox) Vaccine ]],
| |
| [[Yellow Fever Vaccine ]],
| |
| [[Takayasu's Arteritis]],
| |
| [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]],
| |
| [[Still's disease]],
| |
| [[Serum sickness]],
| |
| [[Sarcoidosis]],
| |
| [[Rheumatoid arthritis]],
| |
| [[Rabies vaccine ]],
| |
| [[Polyarteritis nodosa]],
| |
| [[Lupoid hepatitis]],
| |
| [[Langerhans cell histiocytosis]],
| |
| [[Kawasaki disease]],
| |
| [[Hay fever]],
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| [[Churg-Strauss Syndrome]],
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| [[Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Vaccine ]],
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Sexual'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|
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| [[Syphillis]],
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| [[Lymphogranuloma venereum]],
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Trauma'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Urologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|
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| [[Prostatitis]],
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Miscellaneous'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|
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| [[Retinoic acid syndrome]],
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| [[POEMS syndrome]],
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| [[Omphalitis]],
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| Occult abscess,
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| [[Neutropenia]],
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| [[Mastitis]],
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| [[Lymphocytopenia]],
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| [[Kikuchi disease]],
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| [[Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome]],
| |
| [[Herxheimer reaction]],
| |
| [[Heroin withdrawl]],
| |
| [[Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis]],
| |
| [[Fetal alcohol syndrome]],
| |
| [[Fat Embolism Syndrome]],
| |
| [[Cytokine release syndrome]],
| |
| [[Congenital syphilis]],
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| [[Cocaine]],
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| [[Adiposis dolorosa]],
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |}
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| | |
| ==Usefulness of fever==
| |
| There are arguments for and against the usefulness of fever, and the issue is controversial.<ref name="Schaffner">Schaffner A. Fever—useful or noxious symptom that should be treated? ''Ther Umsch'' 2006; '''63''': 185-8. PMID 16613288</ref><ref name=value>Soszynski D. The pathogenesis and the adaptive value of fever. ''Postepy Hig Med Dosw'' 2003; '''57''': 531-54. PMID 14737969</ref> There are studies using [[warm-blooded]] [[vertebrates]]<ref name="VUB">Su, F.; Nguyen, N.D.; Wang, Z.; Cai, Y.; Rogiers, P.; Vincent, J.L. Fever control in septic shock: beneficial or harmful? ''Shock'' 2005; '''23''': 516-20. PMID 15897803</ref> and [[human]]s<ref name="humans">Schulman, C.I.; Namias, N.; Doherty, J., et al. The effect of antipyretic therapy upon outcomes in critically ill patients: a randomized, prospective study. ''Surg Infect (Larchmt)'' 2005; '''6''':369-75. PMID 16433601</ref> ''[[in vivo]]'', with some suggesting that they recover more rapidly from infections or critical illness due to fever.
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| | |
| Theoretically, fever has been conserved during evolution because of its advantage for host defense.<ref name="Schaffner" /> There are certainly some important immunological reactions that are sped up by temperature, and some [[pathogen]]s with strict temperature preferences could be hindered.<ref name=Fischler>Fischler, M.P.; Reinhart, W.H. Fever: friend or enemy? ''Schweiz Med Wochenschr'' 1997; '''127''': 864-70. PMID 9289813</ref> The overall conclusion seems to be that both aggressive treatment of fever<ref name="humans" /> and too little fever control<ref name=Schaffner /> can be detrimental. This depends on the clinical situation, so careful assessment is needed.
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| | |
| Fevers may be useful to some extent since they allow the body to reach high temperatures. This causes an unbearable environment for some pathogens. White blood cells also rapidly proliferate due to the suitable environment and can also help fight off the harmful pathogens and microbes that invaded the body.
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|
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| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| Fever should not necessarily be treated. Fever is an important signal that there's something wrong in the body, and it can be used for follow-up. Moreover, not all fevers are of infectious origin.
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| Even when treatment is not indicated, however, febrile patients are generally advised to keep themselves adequately hydrated, as the [[dehydration]] produced by a mild fever can be more dangerous than the fever itself. Water is generally used for this purpose, but there is always a small risk of [[hyponatremia]] if the patient drinks too much water. For this reason, some patients drink sports drinks or products designed specifically for this purpose.
| | [[Fever medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Fever primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Fever secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Fever cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] |
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| Most people take medication against fever because the symptoms cause discomfort. Fever increases [[heart rate]] and [[metabolism]], thus potentially putting an additional strain on elderly patients, patients with [[heart disease]], etc. This may even cause [[delirium]]. Therefore, potential benefits must be weighed against risks in these patients. In any case, fever must be brought under control in instances when fever escalates to [[hyperpyrexia]] and tissue damage is imminent.
| | ==Case Studies== |
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|
| Treatment of fever should be based primarily on lowering the set-point, but facilitating heat loss may also contribute. The former is accomplished with [[antipyretic]]s. Wet cloth or pads are also used for treatment, and applied to the forehead. Heat loss may be an effect of (possibly a combination of) [[heat conduction]], [[convection]], [[radiation]], or [[evaporation]] ([[sweating]], perspiration). This may be particularly important in babies, where drugs should be avoided. However, if [[water]] that is too cold is used, it induces [[vasoconstriction]] and prevents adequate heat loss.
| | [[Fever case study one|Case #1]] |
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| ==References==
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| ===Articles===
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| ===Books===
| |
| * Rhoades, R. and Pflanzer, R. Human physiology, third edition, chapter 27 ''Regulation of body temperature'', p. 820 ''Clinical focus: pathogenesis of fever''. ISBN 0-03-005159-2
| |
| * Kasper, D.L.; Braunwald, E.; Fauci, A.S.; Hauser, S.L.; Longo, D.L.; Jameson, J.L. ''[[Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine]]''. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005. ISBN 0-07-139140-1.
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|
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| == External links ==
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| * [http://www.seattlechildrens.org/child_health_safety/health_advice/fever.asp What to do if your child has a fever] from Seattle Children's Hospital
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| * [http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/body/fever.html Fever and Taking Your Child's Temperature]
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| * [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm US National Institute of Health factsheet]
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| * [http://hcd2.bupa.co.uk/fact_sheets/html/fever.html BUPA factsheet]
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| {{Symptoms and signs}} | | {{Symptoms and signs}} |
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| [[ar:حمى]]
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| [[bn:জ্বর]]
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| [[bg:Треска (болест)]]
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| [[ca:Febre]]
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| [[cs:Horečka]]
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| [[da:Feber]]
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| [[de:Fieber]]
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| [[es:Fiebre]]
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| [[eo:Febro]]
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| [[eu:Sukar]]
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| [[fr:Fièvre]] | | [[fr:Fièvre]] |
| [[io:Febro]]
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| [[it:Febbre]]
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| [[he:חום (תסמין למחלה)]]
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| [[la:Febris]]
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| [[ln:Fɛ́fɛlɛ]]
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| [[ms:Demam]]
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| [[nl:Koorts]]
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| [[ja:発熱]] | | [[ja:発熱]] |
| [[no:Feber]]
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| [[nn:Feber]]
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| [[ps:تبه]]
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| [[pt:Febre]] | | [[pt:Febre]] |
| [[qu:Ruphariy]]
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| [[ru:Лихорадка]] | | [[ru:Лихорадка]] |
| [[si:උණ]]
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| [[simple:Fever]]
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| [[fi:Kuume]]
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| [[sv:Feber]]
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| [[ta:காய்ச்சல்]]
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| [[uk:Лихоманка]]
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| [[yi:פיווער]]
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| [[zh:发热]] | | [[zh:发热]] |
| | {{WH}} |
| | {{WS}} |
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| | [[pl:Gorączka]] |
| | [[tr:Ateş]] |
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| | [[Category:Medical signs]] |
| [[Category:Symptoms]] | | [[Category:Symptoms]] |
| [[Category:Signs and symptoms]] | | [[Category:Signs and symptoms]] |
| [[Category:Emergency medicine]] | | [[Category:Emergency medicine]] |
| [[Category:Physical examination]] | | [[Category:Physical examination]] |
| [[Category:Infectious disease]]
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| [[Category:Primary care]]
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| [[pl:Gorączka]]
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| [[tr:Ateş]]
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