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{{Esophageal stricture}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
 
The first intervention for esophageal stricture was done in the 17th century by halebone. The first bougienage was performed in 1801. In 1868, esophagoscope was developed for the first time. In 1877, first surgical [[resection]] for [[Esophageal cancer|esophageal carcinoma]] was performed by Vincenz Czerny. The first [[stent]] was introduced in 1990.  
==Historical Perspective==
 
===Discovery===
 
Esophageal cancer is one of the deadliest cancers due to its aggressive behavior and poor survival. It was mentioned in the works of ancient Chinese and Arabo-islamic physicians, centuries before the recognition of high incidence in the Asian esophageal cancer belt. Till the 19th century the disease was considered incurable and the main goal of the proposed treatments was to alleviate dysphagia and pain. The introduction of esophagoscope in 1868 by Adolf Kussmaul (1822-1902) contributed to the observation of the living esophagus and to the diagnosis of esophageal pathologies, paving the way for new therapeutic approaches. In 1877, Vincenz Czerny (1842-1916) performed the first successful resection of the cervical esophagus for carcinoma, followed by Franz Torek (1861-1938) who carried out in 1913 the first successful subtotal thoracic esophagectomy and Tohru Ohsawa (1882-1984) who performed the world’s first esophagectomy with an intrathoracic esophagogastric anastomosis. Nowadays, despite the advent of biomedical technology and the development of operation techniques, the surgical treatment of esophagus still remains a challenge. Key words: gastrointestinal cancer, history of on<ref name="pmid28952239">{{cite journal |vauthors=Karamanou M, Markatos K, Papaioannou TG, Zografos G, Androutsos G |title=Hallmarks in history of esophageal carcinoma |journal=J BUON |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=1088–1091 |year=2017 |pmid=28952239 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
Esophageal dilation has been performed for nearly 400 years. It was first described in the seventeenth century when a sponge was affixed to a piece of carved whalebone and used to dilate a patient with achalasia [2].Alexis Boyer  performed the first bougienage (as it is performed today) in 1801 to dilate an upper esophageal stricture [3]. Since then, a number of materials have been utilized to construct bougies. The word “bougie” is derived from a town in Algeria (Boujiyah) that was a medieval center for wax candle trade; the original bougies were made<ref name="pmid12172355">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lew RJ, Kochman ML |title=A review of endoscopic methods of esophageal dilation |journal=J. Clin. Gastroenterol. |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=117–26 |year=2002 |pmid=12172355 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[Disease name] was first discovered by [name of scientist], a [nationality + occupation], in [year]/during/following [event].
 
*The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].
*In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].
*In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].
 
==Outbreaks==
==Outbreaks==
*There have been no outbreaks of esophageal stricture.
There have been no outbreaks of esophageal [[stricture]].


==Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies==
==Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies==
* The esophagus was first named by the ancient Greeks as "oisophagos” at which “oiso” means carry and “phagema” means food<ref name="GranderathKamolz2006">{{cite journal|last1=Granderath|first1=Frank A.|last2=Kamolz|first2=Thomas|last3=Pointner|first3=Rudolph|year=2006|doi=10.1007/3-211-32317-1}}</ref>
* Esophageal dialtion was first done in the 17 century by a curved whalebone.<ref name="pmid12172355">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lew RJ, Kochman ML |title=A review of endoscopic methods of esophageal dilation |journal=J. Clin. Gastroenterol. |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=117–26 |year=2002 |pmid=12172355 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
* Esophageal dialtion was first done in the 17 century by a curved whalebone.<ref name="pmid12172355" />
* In 1801, the first bougienage was performed by Alexis Boyer.<ref name="pmid12172355" />  
* In 1801, the first bougienage was performed by Alexis Boyer.<ref name="pmid12172355" />  


*In 1868, esophagoscope was developed by Adolf Kussmaul to diagnose esophageal cancer as a one of the most causes of esophageal stricture.<ref name="pmid28952239" />
*In 1868, esophagoscope was developed by Adolf Kussmaul to diagnose [[esophageal cancer]] as a one of the most causes of esophageal [[stricture]].<ref name="pmid28952239">{{cite journal |vauthors=Karamanou M, Markatos K, Papaioannou TG, Zografos G, Androutsos G |title=Hallmarks in history of esophageal carcinoma |journal=J BUON |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=1088–1091 |year=2017 |pmid=28952239 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*In 1877, first resection of the cervical esophagus for carcinoma was performed by Vincenz Czerny.<ref name="pmid28952239" />  
*In 1877, first [[resection]] of the cervical [[esophagus]] for [[carcinoma]] was performed by Vincenz Czerny.<ref name="pmid28952239" />  
*In 1913, the first subtotal thoracic esophagectomy was performed by Franz Torek.<ref name="pmid28952239" />  
*In 1913, the first subtotal [[thoracic]] [[esophagectomy]] was performed by Franz Torek.<ref name="pmid28952239" />  
*In 1913, the first esophagectomy with an intrathoracic esophagogastric anastomosis was performed by Tohru Ohsawa.<ref name="pmid28952239" />
*In 1913, the first [[esophagectomy]] with an [[intrathoracic]] esophagogastric [[anastomosis]] was performed by Tohru Ohsawa.<ref name="pmid28952239" />
*In 1966, steroid injection added to endoscopic dilation to prevent stricture recurrence.<ref name="pmid5348158">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ashcraft KW, Holder TM |title=The expeimental treatment of esophageal strictures by intralesional steroid injections |journal=J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. |volume=58 |issue=5 |pages=685–91 passim |year=1969 |pmid=5348158 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*In 1966, [[steroid]] [[injection]] added to [[endoscopic]] [[dilation]] to prevent [[stricture]] recurrence.<ref name="pmid5348158">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ashcraft KW, Holder TM |title=The expeimental treatment of esophageal strictures by intralesional steroid injections |journal=J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. |volume=58 |issue=5 |pages=685–91 passim |year=1969 |pmid=5348158 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*In 1990 , first self expandable metal setent was introduced. <ref name="pmid21991527">{{cite journal |vauthors=Martinez JC, Puc MM, Quiros RM |title=Esophageal stenting in the setting of malignancy |journal=ISRN Gastroenterol |volume=2011 |issue= |pages=719575 |year=2011 |pmid=21991527 |pmc=3168502 |doi=10.5402/2011/719575 |url=}}</ref>
*In 1990, the first self expandable [[Stent|metal stent]] was introduced.<ref name="pmid21991527">{{cite journal |vauthors=Martinez JC, Puc MM, Quiros RM |title=Esophageal stenting in the setting of malignancy |journal=ISRN Gastroenterol |volume=2011 |issue= |pages=719575 |year=2011 |pmid=21991527 |pmc=3168502 |doi=10.5402/2011/719575 |url=}}</ref>
 
==Impact on Cultural History==
 


==Famous Cases==
==Famous Cases==
*The following are a few famous cases of [[disease name]]:
*The following are a few famous cases of esophageal stricture due to [[Esophageal cancer|esophageal carcinoma]]:  
**Humphrey DeForest Bogart
**Christopher Eric Hitchens
**Ron Silver
**Richard Dawson
**Jean Hagen
**Sylvia Maria Kristel 
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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Latest revision as of 21:40, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahda Alihashemi M.D. [2]

Overview

The first intervention for esophageal stricture was done in the 17th century by halebone. The first bougienage was performed in 1801. In 1868, esophagoscope was developed for the first time. In 1877, first surgical resection for esophageal carcinoma was performed by Vincenz Czerny. The first stent was introduced in 1990.

Outbreaks

There have been no outbreaks of esophageal stricture.

Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies

  • Esophageal dialtion was first done in the 17 century by a curved whalebone.[1]
  • In 1801, the first bougienage was performed by Alexis Boyer.[1]

Famous Cases

  • The following are a few famous cases of esophageal stricture due to esophageal carcinoma:
    • Humphrey DeForest Bogart
    • Christopher Eric Hitchens
    • Ron Silver
    • Richard Dawson
    • Jean Hagen
    • Sylvia Maria Kristel 

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Lew RJ, Kochman ML (2002). "A review of endoscopic methods of esophageal dilation". J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 35 (2): 117–26. PMID 12172355.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Karamanou M, Markatos K, Papaioannou TG, Zografos G, Androutsos G (2017). "Hallmarks in history of esophageal carcinoma". J BUON. 22 (4): 1088–1091. PMID 28952239.
  3. Ashcraft KW, Holder TM (1969). "The expeimental treatment of esophageal strictures by intralesional steroid injections". J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 58 (5): 685–91 passim. PMID 5348158.
  4. Martinez JC, Puc MM, Quiros RM (2011). "Esophageal stenting in the setting of malignancy". ISRN Gastroenterol. 2011: 719575. doi:10.5402/2011/719575. PMC 3168502. PMID 21991527.

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