https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Endocytosis&feed=atom&action=historyEndocytosis - Revision history2024-03-30T04:49:01ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.40.0https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Endocytosis&diff=714427&oldid=prevWikiBot: Robot: Automated text replacement (-{{WikiDoc Cardiology Network Infobox}} +, -<references /> +{{reflist|2}}, -{{reflist}} +{{reflist|2}})2012-09-04T17:07:44Z<p>Robot: Automated text replacement (-{{WikiDoc Cardiology Network Infobox}} +, -<references /> +{{reflist|2}}, -{{reflist}} +{{reflist|2}})</p>
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</table>WikiBothttps://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Endocytosis&diff=549140&oldid=prevBrian Blank at 19:57, 11 June 20092009-06-11T19:57:13Z<p></p>
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</table>Brian Blankhttps://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Endocytosis&diff=549137&oldid=prevBrian Blank at 19:55, 11 June 20092009-06-11T19:55:31Z<p></p>
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==Overview==<br />
'''Endocytosis''' is a process where [[cell (biology)|cell]]s absorb material ([[molecules]] such as proteins) from the outside by engulfing it with their [[cell membrane]]. It is used by all cells of the body because most substances important to them are large polar molecules, and thus cannot pass through the [[hydrophobic]] [[plasma membrane]]. The function of endocytosis is the opposite of [[exocytosis]].<br />
<br />
==Types==<br />
The absorption of material from the outside environment of the cell is commonly divided into two processes: [[phagocytosis]] and [[pinocytosis]].<br />
<br />
*'''[[Phagocytosis]]''' (literally, cell-eating) is the process by which cells ingest large objects, such as cells which have undergone [[apoptosis]], [[bacteria]], or [[virus]]es. The membrane folds around the object, and the object is sealed off into a large [[vacuole]] known as a [[phagosome]].<br />
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*'''[[Pinocytosis]]''' (literally, cell-drinking). This process is concerned with the uptake of [[solutes]] and single molecules such as [[proteins]].<br />
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*'''[[Receptor-mediated endocytosis|Receptor-mediated]]''' endocytosis is a more specific active event where the cytoplasm membrane folds inward to form coated pits. These inward budding vesicles bud to form cytoplasmic vesicles.<br />
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==Endocytosis pathways==<br />
There are three types of endocytosis: namely, macropinocytosis, caveolar endocytosis, and [[clathrin]]-mediated endocytosis.<br />
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*Macropinocytosis is the invagination of the [[cell membrane]] to form a pocket, which then pinches off into the cell to form a [[vesicle]] filled with extracellular fluid (and molecules within it). The filling of the pocket occurs in a non-specific manner. The vesicle then travels into the [[cytosol]] and fuses with other vesicles such as [[endosomes]] and [[lysosomes]].<br />
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*Caveolae consists of the protein caveolin-1 with a bilayer enriched in [[cholesterol]] and [[glycolipids]]. Caveolae are flask-shape pits in the membrane that resemble the shape of a cave (hence the name caveolae). Uptake of extracellular [[molecules]] are also believed to be specifically mediated via receptors in caveolae.<br />
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*Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is the specific uptake of large extracellular molecules such as proteins, membrane localized [[Receptor (biochemistry)|receptors]] and [[ion]]-channels. These receptors are associated with the cytosolic protein clathrin, which initiates the formation of a vesicle by forming a crystalline coat on the inner surface of the cell's membrane.<br />
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==Clathrin-mediated endocytosis==<br />
<br />
The major route for endocytosis in most cells, and the best-understood, is that mediated by the molecule [[clathrin]]. This large protein assists in the formation of a coated pit on the inner surface of the [[plasma membrane]] of the cell. This pit then buds into the cell to form a coated vesicle in the cytoplasm of the cell. In so doing, it brings into the cell not only a small area of the surface of the cell but also a small volume of fluid from outside the cell.<br />
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Vesicles selectively concentrate and exclude certain proteins during formation and are not representative of the membrane as a whole. [[AP2 adaptors]] are multisubunit complexes that perform this function at the plasma membrane. The best-understood receptors that are found concentrated in coated vesicles of mammalian cells are the [[LDL receptor]] (which removes [[LDL]] from the blood circulation), the transferrin receptor (which brings ferric ions bound by [[transferrin]] into the cell) and certain hormone receptors (such as that for [[Epidermal growth factor|EGF]]).<br />
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At any one moment, about 25% of the plasma membrane of a fibroblast is made up of coated pits. As a coated pit has a life of about a minute before it buds into the cell, a fibroblast takes up its surface by this route about once every 50 minutes. Coated vesicles formed from the plasma membrane have a diameter of about 100nm and a lifetime measured in a few seconds. Once the coat has been shed, the remaining vesicle fuses with [[endosomes]] and proceeds down the endocytic pathway. The actual budding-in process, whereby a pit is converted to a vesicle, is carried out by clathrin assisted by a set of cytoplasmic proteins, which includes [[dynamin]] and adaptors such as adaptin.<br />
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Coated pits and vesicles were first seen in thin sections of tissue in the electron microscope by Thomas Roth and Keith Porter in 1964. The importance of them for the clearance of LDL from blood was discovered by R. G Anderson, [[Michael S. Brown]] and [[Joseph L. Goldstein]] in 1976. Coated vesicles were first purified by Barbara Pearse, who discovered the clathrin coat molecule, also in 1976.<br />
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==Trans-endocytosis==<br />
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'''Trans-endocytosis''' is the [[biological process]] where material created in one [[cell (biology)|cell]] undergoes [[endocytosis]] (enters) into another cell. If the material is large enough, this can be observed using an [[electron microscope]].<ref>{{cite journal <br />
|author=Spacek J<br />
|coauthors=Harris K.<br />
|year=2004<br />
|month=Apr<br />
|title=Trans-endocytosis via spinules in adult rat hippocampus<br />
|journal=J Neurosci.<br />
|volume=24<br />
|issue=17<br />
|pages=4233-4241<br />
|pmid=15115819}}</ref> Trans-endocytosis from [[neurons]] to [[glia]] has been observed using time-lapse [[microscopy]].<ref>{{cite journal <br />
|author=Lauterbach J<br />
|coauthors=Klein R.<br />
|year=2006<br />
|month=Nov<br />
|title=Release of full-length EphB2 receptors from hippocampal neurons to cocultured glial cells<br />
|journal=J Neurosci.<br />
|volume=26<br />
|issue=45<br />
|pages=11575-11581<br />
|pmid=17093078}}</ref><br />
<br />
Trans-endocytosis also applies to [[molecule]]s. For example, this process is involved when a part of the protein [[Notch signaling|Notch]] is cleaved off and undergoes endocytosis into its neighboring cell.<ref>{{cite journal<br />
|author=Krämer H.<br />
|title=RIPping notch apart: a new role for endocytosis in signal transduction?<br />
|journal=Sci STKE. <br />
|year=2000<br />
|month=Apr<br />
|volume=2000<br />
|issue=29<br />
|pages=pe1<br />
|pmid=11752592}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal <br />
|author=Parks AL <br />
|coauthors=Klueg KM, Stout JR, Muskavitch MA.<br />
|year=2000 <br />
|month=Apr <br />
|title=Ligand endocytosis drives receptor dissociation and activation in the Notch pathway<br />
|journal=Development<br />
|volume=127 <br />
|issue=7<br />
|pages=1373-1385<br />
|pmid=10704384}}</ref> Without Notch trans-endocytosis, there would be too many neurons in a developing [[embryo]].<ref>{{cite journal <br />
|author=Klueg KM <br />
|coauthors=Muskavitch MA.<br />
|year=1999 <br />
|month=Oct <br />
|title=Ligand-receptor interactions and trans-endocytosis of Delta, Serrate and Notch: members of the Notch signalling pathway in Drosophila <br />
|journal=J Cell Sci. <br />
|volume=112 <br />
|issue=19 <br />
|pages=3289-3297 <br />
|pmid=10504334}}</ref> Trans-endocytosis is also involved in cell movement when the protein [[ephrin]] is [[binding (molecular)|bound]] by its [[receptor (biochemistry)|receptor]] from a neighboring cell.<ref>{{cite journal <br />
|author=Marston DJ<br />
|coauthors=Dickinson S, Nobes CD.<br />
|year=2003<br />
|month=Oct<br />
|title=Rac-dependent trans-endocytosis of ephrinBs regulates Eph-ephrin contact repulsion<br />
|journal=Nat Cell Biol.<br />
|volume=5<br />
|issue=<br />
|pages=879-888<br />
|pmid=12973357}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[Exocytosis]]<br />
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==External links==<br />
* [http://www.biologyreference.com/Dn-Ep/Endocytosis.html Endocytosis at biologyreference.com]<br />
* [http://www.endocytosis.org Endocytosis - researching endocytic mechanisms at endocytosis.org]<br />
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