Emtricitabine warnings and precautions: Difference between revisions
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===Lactic Acidosis/Severe Hepatomegaly with Steatosis=== | ===Lactic Acidosis/Severe Hepatomegaly with Steatosis=== | ||
Lactic acidosis and severe [[hepatomegaly]] with [[steatosis]], including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogs alone or in combination, including emtricitabine and other antiretrovirals. A majority of these cases have been in women. Obesity and prolonged nucleoside exposure may be risk factors. Particular caution should be exercised when administering nucleoside analogs to any patient with known risk factors for liver diseases; however, cases have also been reported in patients with no known risk factors. Treatment with EMTRIVA should be suspended in any patient who develops clinical or laboratory findings suggestive of lactic acidosis or pronounced [[hepatotoxicity]] (which may include hepatomegaly and steatosis even in the absence of marked [[transaminase]] elevations). | [[Lactic acidosis]] and severe [[hepatomegaly]] with [[steatosis]], including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of [[nucleoside]] analogs alone or in combination, including emtricitabine and other antiretrovirals. A majority of these cases have been in women. Obesity and prolonged nucleoside exposure may be risk factors. Particular caution should be exercised when administering nucleoside analogs to any patient with known risk factors for liver diseases; however, cases have also been reported in patients with no known risk factors. Treatment with EMTRIVA should be suspended in any patient who develops clinical or laboratory findings suggestive of lactic acidosis or pronounced [[hepatotoxicity]] (which may include hepatomegaly and steatosis even in the absence of marked [[transaminase]] elevations). | ||
===Patients Coinfected with HIV-1 and HBV=== | ===Patients Coinfected with HIV-1 and HBV=== | ||
It is recommended that all patients with HIV-1 be tested for the presence of chronic [[Hepatitis]] | It is recommended that all patients with HIV-1 be tested for the presence of chronic [[Hepatitis B virus]] (HBV) before initiating antiretroviral therapy. EMTRIVA is not approved for the treatment of chronic HBV infection and the safety and efficacy of EMTRIVA have not been established in patients coinfected with [[HBV]] and [[HIV-1]]. Severe acute exacerbations of Hepatitis B have been reported in patients after the discontinuation of EMTRIVA. In some patients infected with HBV and treated with EMTRIVA, the exacerbations of hepatitis B were associated with liver decompensation and [[liver failure]]. Hepatic function should be monitored closely with both clinical and laboratory follow-up for at least several months in patients who are coinfected with HIV-1 and HBV and discontinue EMTRIVA. If appropriate, initiation of anti-Hepatitis B therapy may be warranted. | ||
===Coadministration with Related Products=== | ===Coadministration with Related Products=== | ||
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===Fat Redistribution=== | ===Fat Redistribution=== | ||
Redistribution/accumulation of body fat including central obesity, dorsocervical fat enlargement (buffalo hump), peripheral wasting, facial wasting, breast enlargement, and "cushingoid appearance" have been observed in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. The mechanism and long-term consequences of these events are currently unknown. A causal relationship has not been established. | Redistribution/accumulation of body fat including central obesity, dorsocervical fat enlargement ([[buffalo hump]]), peripheral wasting, facial wasting, breast enlargement, and "cushingoid appearance" have been observed in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. The mechanism and long-term consequences of these events are currently unknown. A causal relationship has not been established. | ||
===Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome=== | ===Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome=== | ||
[[Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome]] has been reported in patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy, including EMTRIVA. During the initial phase of combination antiretroviral treatment, patients whose immune system responds may develop an inflammatory response to indolent or residual opportunistic infections | [[Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome]] has been reported in patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy, including EMTRIVA. During the initial phase of combination antiretroviral treatment, patients whose immune system responds may develop an inflammatory response to indolent or residual [[opportunistic infections]] (such as [[Mycobacterium avium]] infection, [[cytomegalovirus]], [[Pneumocystis jirovecii]] pneumonia (PCP), or [[tuberculosis]]), which may necessitate further evaluation and treatment. | ||
Autoimmune disorders (such as Graves' disease, [[polymyositis]], and Guillain-Barré syndrome) have also been reported to occur in the setting of immune reconstitution, however, the time to onset is more variable, and can occur many months after initiation of treatment.<ref name="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = EMTRIVA (EMTRICITABINE) CAPSULE EMTRIVA (EMTRICITABINE) SOLUTION [GILEAD SCIENCES, INC.] | url = http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=d6599395-3944-44f9-97f2-e0424c6b6a1f#nlm34089-3 | publisher = | date = | accessdate = }}</ref> | Autoimmune disorders (such as [[Graves' disease]], [[polymyositis]], and [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]]) have also been reported to occur in the setting of immune reconstitution, however, the time to onset is more variable, and can occur many months after initiation of treatment.<ref name="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = EMTRIVA (EMTRICITABINE) CAPSULE EMTRIVA (EMTRICITABINE) SOLUTION [GILEAD SCIENCES, INC.] | url = http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=d6599395-3944-44f9-97f2-e0424c6b6a1f#nlm34089-3 | publisher = | date = | accessdate = }}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 16:39, 5 January 2014
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Zaghw, M.D. [2]
Warnings and Precautions
Lactic Acidosis/Severe Hepatomegaly with Steatosis
Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogs alone or in combination, including emtricitabine and other antiretrovirals. A majority of these cases have been in women. Obesity and prolonged nucleoside exposure may be risk factors. Particular caution should be exercised when administering nucleoside analogs to any patient with known risk factors for liver diseases; however, cases have also been reported in patients with no known risk factors. Treatment with EMTRIVA should be suspended in any patient who develops clinical or laboratory findings suggestive of lactic acidosis or pronounced hepatotoxicity (which may include hepatomegaly and steatosis even in the absence of marked transaminase elevations).
Patients Coinfected with HIV-1 and HBV
It is recommended that all patients with HIV-1 be tested for the presence of chronic Hepatitis B virus (HBV) before initiating antiretroviral therapy. EMTRIVA is not approved for the treatment of chronic HBV infection and the safety and efficacy of EMTRIVA have not been established in patients coinfected with HBV and HIV-1. Severe acute exacerbations of Hepatitis B have been reported in patients after the discontinuation of EMTRIVA. In some patients infected with HBV and treated with EMTRIVA, the exacerbations of hepatitis B were associated with liver decompensation and liver failure. Hepatic function should be monitored closely with both clinical and laboratory follow-up for at least several months in patients who are coinfected with HIV-1 and HBV and discontinue EMTRIVA. If appropriate, initiation of anti-Hepatitis B therapy may be warranted.
Coadministration with Related Products
EMTRIVA is a component of ATRIPLA (a fixed-dose combination of efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate), COMPLERA (a fixed-dose combination of emtricitabine, rilpivirine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate), STRIBILD (a fixed-dose combination of elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate), and TRUVADA (a fixed-dose combination of emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate). EMTRIVA should not be coadministered with ATRIPLA, COMPLERA, STRIBILD, or TRUVADA. Due to similarities between emtricitabine and lamivudine, EMTRIVA should not be coadministered with other drugs containing lamivudine, including Combivir (lamivudine/zidovudine), Epivir or Epivir-HBV (lamivudine), Epzicom (abacavir sulfate/lamivudine), or Trizivir (abacavir sulfate/lamivudine/zidovudine).
New Onset or Worsening Renal Impairment
Emtricitabine is principally eliminated by the kidney. Reduction of the dosage of EMTRIVA is recommended for patients with impaired renal function [See Dosage and Administration (2.5) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
Fat Redistribution
Redistribution/accumulation of body fat including central obesity, dorsocervical fat enlargement (buffalo hump), peripheral wasting, facial wasting, breast enlargement, and "cushingoid appearance" have been observed in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. The mechanism and long-term consequences of these events are currently unknown. A causal relationship has not been established.
Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome has been reported in patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy, including EMTRIVA. During the initial phase of combination antiretroviral treatment, patients whose immune system responds may develop an inflammatory response to indolent or residual opportunistic infections (such as Mycobacterium avium infection, cytomegalovirus, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP), or tuberculosis), which may necessitate further evaluation and treatment.
Autoimmune disorders (such as Graves' disease, polymyositis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome) have also been reported to occur in the setting of immune reconstitution, however, the time to onset is more variable, and can occur many months after initiation of treatment.[1]
References
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.